2014中考英语名词冠词代词数词知识点综合复习(共6页)

1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上中考名词冠词代词数词复习教学目标：中考名词冠词代词数词综合复习。教学内容：一、名词I. 名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名.地名.人名，团体.机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数：1. 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-

2、dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-da

3、ys, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-

4、truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数： 规则例词1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集体名词总是用作复数peopl

5、e, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）audience, class, family, couple, group, government, population, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表示“某国人”加-sAmer

6、icans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches表示性别,将两部分变为复数women singers,

7、 men teachersIII. 名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。1. s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加s或者Dickens novels, Cha

8、rless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店铺，所有格后名词省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示时间todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自然现象the earths

9、atmosphere, the trees branches3表示国家城市等地方的名词the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群体the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及价值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定词组a birds eye view, a stones throw, at on

10、es wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于无生命的东西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词：the struggle of the oppressed【名词易错考题分析】 1. _ fathers made them have piano lessons. A. Peter and AnnsB. Peters and Anns C. Peters and AnnD. Peter

11、and Ann【解析】此题容易误选A或C。错误的原因是由于受思维定势的影响。平时考生们做多了“This is Lucy and Lilys bedroom. ”这样的题，那么一看到这样的题就想到只是在后面一个单词后面用所有格。其实，到底用一个所有格，还是用两个所有格，取决于它们所修饰的名词：如果所修饰的名词是单数可数名词，就只在后面一个名词后面用所有格；如果所修饰的名词是复数可数名词，就两个名词都用所有格。答案为B。2. There are a lot _ people today than yesterday. A. ofB. /C. mostD. more【解析】此题容易误选A。有不少考生

12、因受“ a lot of +名词”这一思维定势的影响，一看到a lot，就选择了A。其实，该句中的a lot是用来修饰形容词的比较级more的，than引导的是比较状语从句。答案为D。3. “Excuse me, are you _? ” “No, we are _. ”A. American, EnglishmanB. American, Germans C. American, GermenD. Englishman, Americans【解析】先从词性来看，American 和 German 既可以用作名词也可以用作形容词，用作名词时，其复数形式分别为Americans 和 German

13、s；选项中的Englishman只能用作名词，其复数形式是Englishmen。先看第一空：如果单从Excuse me, are you _?来看，要是填Englishman，就应该在其前加不定冠词，即说成Excuse me, are you an Englishman? 但是，根据答语中的 we are可知，问句中的you 其实是指“你”，而是指“你们”，所以如果用Englishman，就应换成 Englishmen 才对。由此可排除选项D。再看第二空：由于German的复数是Germans，不是Germen，由此可确定C错误；再根据we are可知，其后若用名词Englishman，必须要

14、用复数Englishmen，而不能是单数，所以排除A。所以此题答案为B。4. Come on, kids. Help yourselves to some_ if you likeA. fish and chickenB. fishes and chicken C. fish and chickens D. fishes and chickens答案A。解析fish(鱼肉)和chicken(鸡肉)都是不可数名词。5. She is not young because she has .A. a little white hair B. a few white hairs C. little w

15、hite hair D. few white hairs答案B。解析有一些词如hair(头发)，fruit(水果)，通常是用它们的单数形式来表示总称; 但表示“几根头发” “若干种水果”时，则要用复数形式，如：a few white hairs几根白发several foreign fruits几种外国水果6. Would you like to have a look at some pants? They may fit you wellWell, I'd like to try those blue_.Apairs Bone Cpant Dpair答案A。解析pants要用a p

16、air of来修饰，由those blue确定其后接pairs的复数形式，故选A。7. How's Joy's skirt? Her skirt is more beautiful than        . A. her sister's and Kate        B. her sister and Kate  C. her sister and Kate's  &#

17、160;     D. her sister's and Kate's答案 D。 解析当某物为几个人所共有时，只在最后一个名词后用所有格形式；如表示两者或两者以上分别所有，应在每个名词后用所有格形式。8. Come and see me in With pleasureThats what I'm expectingAtwo or three days'Btwo or three day's timeCtwo or three days' time答案：C解析：in后接一段时间，此处表示“两三天的时间”，要

18、用名词所有格形式，因two or three days是复数，直接加“”，故选C。 二、冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。I. 不定冠词的用法：1指一类人或事，相当于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相当于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相当于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或

19、事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to

20、meet.II. 定冠词的用法：1表示某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较

21、级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990s11用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.I

22、II. 零冠词的用法：1专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前H

23、e likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful animals.【冠词易错考题分析】1. A spaceship flies at about eleven kilometers _ second. A. /B. theC. aD. an【解析】此题容易误选B。这是由于思维定势引起的，很多同学认为这里的secon

24、d是序数词，前面应该用定冠词the修饰。其实，second是“秒”的意思。正确答案为C。2. _ India and China are of _ same continent. A. /; theB. The ; theC. /; /D. /; a【解析】此题容易误选D。这是由于受汉语思维的影响造成的，因为译成汉语时这句话的意思是“印度和中国在同一个大洲”，汉语里说“同一个”，在英语中要说“the same”，这就是此题的陷阱所在。正确答案为A。3. As _ writer, he was _ complete failure. A. a, a    

25、          B. a, the          C. 不填，不填            D. a, 不填【解析】选A，其中的 failure 在此指“失败的人”，为可数名词。4. The education of _ young is always _ hot and serio

26、us topic.A. 不填, 不填         B. the, a          C. 不填, the           D. the, 不填【解析】选B。the young 意为“年轻人”，定冠词用于某些形容词前表示一类人或事物；第二空填不定冠词修饰名词 topic。5. In the mark

27、et, vegetables are sold by _ kilogram, I mean, by _ weight. A. the; 不填        B.不填; 不填        C. the; the             D.不填；the【解析】选A。介词by表示“以计”时，若后接单数可数名词，其前要用定

28、冠词，如：by the week 按周，按星期 / by the ton 按吨 / by the yard 按码 / by the meter 按米；若后接抽象名词，则通常不用冠词，如：by volume 按体积 / by weight 按重量。6. Did you happen to see _ black and _ white cat? Sorry, I didnt. Are they missing?    A. a; 不填           B

29、. the; 不填           C. the; the              D. a; the【解析】选C。Are they missing? 中的代词they 是一个很重要的信息词，它表明是两只猫而不是一只猫，所以C。the black and the white cat 可视为 the black cat and the white cat

30、 之省略。若选A，则表示“一只黑白相间的猫”。三代词：I. 代词可以分为以下七大类：1人称代词主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代词形容词性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名词性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代词this

31、, that, these, those, such, some5疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII. 不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some与any:1) one可

32、以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?3) some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一

33、个。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (

34、of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the stud

35、ents are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed t

36、he exam. 2) another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either all表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定

37、用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.【代词易错考题分析】 1. I hear someone _at the door. Please go and see who _ is. A. knock, heB. knocking, heC.

38、 knock, itD. knocking, it【解析】此题容易误选A或B。这是由于汉语思维的影响引起的。大家都知道hear sb. do sth. 意为“听见某人做某事”，hear sb. doing sth. 意为“听见某人正在做某事”，这样一来很多人就会选择A或B，因为后面“去看看他是谁”从汉语的角度来看是没有错的。其实，在英语中常常用it来指代身份(姓名、职业等)不详的人。有人敲门时我们常常用英语问“Who is it?”正确答案为D。2. Lucy and I are classmates. We _ in Class One. A. all areB. are allC. both areD. are both【解析】此题容易误选A或C。这里受到汉语思维的影响引起的，译成汉语正好是“我们都在一班”。表示都要用both，both一般放在be动词、情态动词或助动词之后，行为动词之前。正确答案为D。3. There is _ egg at home. Will you please get _ for me, please?A. no, someB. no