初高中定语从句学生易犯错误浅议

1、初高中定语从句学生易犯错误浅议定语从句是高中英语的重点，也是历年来高考的热点，从高一开始，高中学生就开始学习定语从句，它是高一英语的重点语法项目。但在目前的初中英语课本中就出现了定语从句这一语法。在近年的中考英语试题中，不少省市的中考题就多次考查了定语从句。在高考英语试题中，定语从句更是命题的热点和焦点。在全国各地的高考试题中，也多次出现了有定语从句的内容。但是，由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，初学者，尤其是初中学生，在使用定语从句时往往容易犯一些错误，最常见的有如下几种：一.混淆限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别.。1）.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的

2、部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired

3、 last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：误：He seems not to have grasped what I meant , that greatly u

4、psets me.正: He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 汉意:他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。误:Liquid water changes to vapor, that is called evaporation.正:Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 汉意:液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。析：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 二、在定语从句中增加了多余的定语。如： 1误：Most

5、of the friends I invited them didnt come 正： Most of the friends I invited didnt come译：我邀请的朋友中大部分没有来。 析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom， who或that。 2误：The dictionary that you are looking for it is in the office 正：The dictionary that you are looking for is in the office译：你正在寻找的书在办公室。析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。

6、三、把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错。如： 1误：Anyone who break the traffic rules will be fined 正：Anyone who breaks the traffic rules will be fined 译：任何违犯交通规则的人将被罚款。 析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。 2误：Those who has finished the tasks may go to the moves after school 正：Those who have finished the tasks may go to the mo

7、ves after school译：那些完成了任务的人可以在放学后去看电影。 析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。 3误：He is the only one of the teachers who know four languages in our school 正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows four languages in our school 译：他是我们学校中唯一懂四门语言的人。 析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only on

8、e，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。 又如：My mother is the only nurse that （who） speaks Japanese in this hospital。（此句不能用speak）（我妈妈是这个医院里唯一说日语的护士） 4误：He is one of the students that is hard-working now 正：He is one of the students that are hard-working now 译：他是目前勤奋的学生之一。 析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修

9、饰的是名词复数the students，而不是单数one。 四、误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代hard-working词。如： 1误：Children never eat vegetables often keep bad health 正：Children who（that） eat vegetables often keep bad health 译：从不吃蔬莱的人经常身体不好。 析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 2误：The key opens the bike is missing 正：The key thatwhich opens the bik

10、e is missing 译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。 析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。 五、定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词。如： 1误：The house where he lives in needs repairing 正：The house where he lives needs repairing 或：The house he lives in needs repairing 译：他住的房子需要修理。 析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在

11、这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。 2误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing 正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing 或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing 译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。 析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。 六、在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用

12、了关系代词或关系副词。 1误：I still remember the day when we spent together 正：I still remember the day thatwhich we spent together 译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。 析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。 2误：This is the house where we lived in last year 正：This is the house whichthat we lived in last year 译：这是我们去年

13、住过的那个房子。 析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。 七、在先行词reason后错用关系副词why。如： 1误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？ 正：Have you asked her for the reason thatwhich may explain her absence？ 译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？ 析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。 2误：I dont

14、 believe the reason why he has given for his being late 正：I dont believe the reason thatwhich he has given for his being late 译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。 析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状语 。 八.、误将强调句型当定语从句。如： 1误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out 正：It was in the kitchen that the f

15、ire broke out 译：大火发生在厨房。 析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。 2误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didnt come？ 正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didnt come？ 译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？ 析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night， yo

16、u didnt come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。九. 混淆as和 which 非限定性定语从句的区别. 由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。区别在于：As一般放在句首，which在句中。误That we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.正:As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.误：The sun heats the earth，As is very import

17、ant to us.正： The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than

18、we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词