Different-Attitude-to-Time

1、Different Attitude to Time1.Time is one of the most central differences that separate cultural ways of doing things. In the west, time tends to be seen as quantitative, measured in units that reflect the march of progress. It is logical, sequential, and present-focused, moving toward a future the eg

2、o cannot touch and a past that is not a part of now. To them the expression "time is money" is frequently heard. This approach to time is called monochronic time -it is an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.时间是导致不同的文化做事方式最主要的差异之一。在西方,时间往往被

3、视为定量,测量单位,反映了前进的步伐。它是逻辑的,连续的,和现在集中的,朝着未来的自我不能触摸和过去,不是现在的一部分。对他们而言，“时间就是金钱”之类的表达是经常听到的。这种时间的方法称为单向计时制- - - - -一个每次都支持线性结构同时也关注一个事件或一次互动的方法。2.In the East, it seems that time has unlimited continuity with no strict boundary. Birth and death are not such absolute ends since the universe continues and hu

4、mans, though changing form, continue as part of it. People may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time, called polychronic time. This may mean many conversations in a moment, such as a meeting in which people speak simultaneously, "talking over" each other as they

5、discuss their subjects.在东方，时间似乎有无限的连续性没有严格的边界。生与死自从宇宙和人类诞生以来不是绝对的。尽管它在不断变化着形式，但是它还是继续作为宇宙和人类的一部分存在着。人们可能会在这个时间内同时参加很多事情的方法,称为多向计时制。这可能意味着许多对话在一个时刻,比如一次会议的人说“讨论”的同时,他们彼此讨论他们的主题。3.Monochronic culture typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task

6、 until it is finished. Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. They love to plan in detail, make lists, keep tracks of activities, and organize time into a daily routine. Onl

7、y after one task is completed are they comfortable moving to another, and switching back and forth from one task to another is not only wasteful and distracting, it is also uncomfortable.单一文化代表性地强调在指定的时期，每次只做一件简单的事直到完成。单一时间的人会把时间分成确定的单位（例如秒，分，小时等），连续的组块看起来有组织的，量化的和有预定的。他们喜欢计划到细节，列清单，活动之间保持联系，有组织的把一天

8、路线分配好，只有当一件任务完成后他们才会舒服去做另外一件事，如果中途转回，从这一件事到另外一件事不仅浪费时间分散注意力，这也会让人不舒服。4. In contrast, polychronic culture are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans

9、 and meet deadlines in their own way. Switching from one activity to another is both stimulating and productive and the most desirable way to work.相比之下，多期文化一次参与很多事情，通常给予每个不同层次的关注。多元时间的人不喜欢强加于他们的详细计划，但想要以自己的方式，制定自己的计划，并按时完成。从一个活动切换到另一个，是既刺激又富有成效且最理想的工作方式。5.P-time cultures deal with time holistically.

10、 People in such kind of cultures do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete , fixed segments. They treat time as a less tangible medium so that they can interact with more than one person or do more than one thing at a time. They do not perceive appointments as iron-clad commitment

11、s, therefore, in these cultures, personal interaction and relationship development are far more important than making appointments or meeting deadlines. In this respect, polychronic cultures are by their nature oriented to people. If you value people, you must hear them out and cannot cut them off s

12、imply because of a schedule. For them, feelings of wasted time are not as prevalent or serious as M-time cultures.多元时间文化整体性地处理时间。在这种文化的人不强调通过将时间分离成离散的，固定的区段来安排时间。他们把时间作为一个无形的介质,以便他们可以与一个以上的个人相处或做更多的事。他们不认为约会是铁壳的承诺,所以,在这些文化中,个人的互动和关系发展比约会或会议的最后期限重要得多。在这方面，多期文化是以人的性质为导向。如果是你珍惜的人，你一定会听他们说完，并不会仅仅因为一个时间表

13、而切断他们。对他们来说,浪费时间的感觉并不像单一文化那样普遍或严重。6.Polychronic individuals are oriented toward people, human relationships, and the family, which is the core of their existence. Family takes precedence over everything else. Close friends come next. In the absence of schedules, when there is a crisis the family alw

14、ays comes first . If a monochromic woman has a polychromic hairdresser, there will inevitable be problem, even if she has a regular appointment and is scheduled at the same time each week. In circumstance like these, the hairdresser (following his or her own pattern) will inevitably feel compelled t

15、o “squeeze people in.” As a consequence, the regular customer, who has scheduled her time very carefully (which is why she has a standing appointment in the first place), is kept waiting and feels put down, angry, and frustrated.多元时间的人面向个人，人与人之间的关系，家庭，这些都是他们存在的核心。家庭占据优先的地位，其次是好朋友。在没有时间表的时候，在没有时间表的情况

16、下，当出现危机的家庭永远是第一位的。如果是一个单一时间的女士却有一个多元时间的理发师，即使她有定期约会,是安排在每个星期的同一时间，这也必将存在问题。在这种环境下，理发师（根据他或者她个人的时间模式）必将觉得是被迫挤进人前。因此，一个非常重视自己时刻表的常客，当他同时有一个另外的约会时，他在等待的时候会觉得失落，生气，伤心。7.By contrast, M-time is oriented to tasks, schedules, and procedures. Schedules and procedures take on a life of their own without refer

17、ence to either logic or human needs. And it is this set of written and unwritten rules-and the consequences of these rules -that is at last partially responsible for the reputation of American business being cut off from human beings and unwilling to recognize the importance of employees morale.相比之下

18、，单一时间是面向任务，时间安排和程序的。计划和程序采取自己的生活，不提及无论是逻辑或人类的需求。这是一套成文和不成文的规则，这些规则是在最后部分负责被人类切断的美国商界的声誉和不愿意承认员工士气的重要性的后果。8.Therefore, appointments and schedules are very important to them. Unlike Chinese people, people on M-time culture tend to follow precise scheduling. Once the time is set, it is rarely changed,

19、and people should take it seriously. Usually everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments. Sometimes, it is acceptable that people can be a little late, but no more than 10 minutes; otherwise his behavior will be regarded as inappropriate or insultin

20、g to both the host and other guests. In America, if someone is late for 20 minutes, he has to mumble some apologies .And if he is late more than 30 minutes, he is thought to be impolite or to have met some emergencies. In a word, in M-time culture one who violates the rule of punctuality shall be punished seriously.因此,约会和时间表对他们是非常重要的。不像中国人,人们在单一文化倾向于遵循精确调度。时间一旦设置，它是很少改变，人们应该认真对待它。通常,在出席正式宴会或见面约会时，每个人都应该准时到达。有时，人们可以稍微晚了一点，这是可以接受的，但不超过10分钟，否则他的行为将被视为不当或侮辱主人和其他客人。在美国,如果有人迟到了20分钟,他不得不含糊地说一些道歉。如果他迟到了30多分钟,他被认为是不礼貌或遇到一些紧急情况。总之一句话，在单一文化中，违反了规则的人应受到严重惩罚。9.What makes