露兜树属植物化学成分和药理活性研究进展

1、 露兜树属植物化学成分和药理活性研究进展彭丽华1,2,成金乐2*,詹若挺1,李继仁2(1 广州中医药大学中药资源科学与工程研究中心,广东广州510006;2 中智药业集团有限公司,广东中山528437摘要 药材露兜簕在岭南地区药用历史悠久,为了研究该药材的药理作用及其药效物质,笔者系统地查阅了露兜树属的有关文献,结果表明该属植物主要含生物碱、木脂素、甾醇、有机酸等几类化合物;具有降血糖、抑菌和中枢神经系统抑制作用等药理活性,临床用于治疗感冒、糖尿病、促进血管内皮生长、抗凝血和抗肿瘤等病症。关键词 露兜树属;化学成分;药理活性中图分类号:R 284/R285 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1001

2、4454(201004 0640 04收稿日期:2009 09 02作者简介:彭丽华(1985 ,女,硕士研究生,研究方向:中药学;Te:l 0760 *,E m ai:l pengli hua0819to m co m 。*通讯作者:成金乐,E m ai:l gd cj l 126 co m 。露兜树属植物Pandanus L i n n 有600多种,分布于东半球热带和亚热带地区,我国广东及海南有5种、1变种。在太平洋沿岸,露兜树属植物是仅次于椰子的重要经济作物,传统应用于烹饪和医疗,属内的很多种据报道能治疗牙痛和风湿病。在我国,药材露兜簕(别名:路兜簕、勒角蔃、婆锯簕、山菠萝、野菠萝等为

3、露兜树属植物露兜树P andanus tec torius Soland 的干燥根、根茎及茎,拟收载于 广东省中药材标准 (第二册中,具有平肝清热、去湿利尿、发汗解表、行气止痛的功效,可治感冒发热、风湿痹痛、肝火头痛、肝炎、肝硬化腹水、尿路感染、肾炎水肿、眼结膜炎、跌打损伤等病症!1 3。露兜簕是岭南地方药材,有一定的抗菌抗病毒作用,但国内很少见该药材的相关研究文献。为了研究该药材的药理作用及其药效物质基础,笔者对露兜树属植物的化学成分和药理学活性进行了系统的文献调研。并对该属植物的化学成分、药理学活性以及临床应用等方面的研究情况进行了综述。1 化学成分1 1 生物碱类 见表1。12 挥发油

4、见表2。13 萜类化合物 见表3。14 有机酸类、酯类 见表4。15 木脂体 见表5。16 其他类化合物 见表6。2 药理作用2 1 降血糖作用 #Peungv icha Pencho m 等研究发现,Pandanus o dorus 根的水提液对正常小鼠和链唑霉素导致的糖尿病小鼠均有降血糖作用。糖尿病小鼠口服0 5g /kg 此浸出物,能明显降低血糖,腹腔注射大鼠的LD 50为1 87g /kg (1 262 76g /kg;小鼠的LD 50为1 62g /kg (1 182 24g /kg 。口服给药,大鼠和小鼠的LD 50均超过8g /kg!27。两年后P eungvicha P enc

5、ho m 等继续研究发现,P an danus odor u s 根中的成分4 羟基苯甲酸口服能降低链唑霉素导致的糖尿病小鼠的血糖,但是不影响小鼠模型血清胰岛素水平和肝糖元含量。这些结果提示:4 羟基苯甲酸通过增加外围葡萄糖消耗来达到降血糖作用!21。表1露兜树属植物中生物碱类成分化合物植物来源参考文献2 acet y l 1 pyrroli nePandanus ama rylli foli u s4(Z 3 m ethyl 5 (4 (2(R 4 m et hyl 5 oxo 2,5di hydrofuran 2 ylpyrroli di n 1 ylbutyli d enefuran 2

6、(5H on e Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 56E Pandana m i ne Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 56Z Pandana m i ne Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 56Z Panda m aril acton i n e A Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 56E Panda m arilacton i ne C Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 56Z Panda m aril acton i n e B Pandanus ama rylli fol

7、i u s 56E Panda m arilacton i ne D Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 5panda m arilacton i ne C Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 678panda m arilacton i ne D Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 678panda m arilacton i ne A Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 678panda m arilacton i ne B Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 678panda m aril

8、actone 1Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 910panda m arilactone 32Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 10panda m arilactone 31Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 10(% panda m ar i ne Pandanus ama rylli foli u s 11Norpanda m aril acton i ne A Pandanus od oru s 7Norpanda m aril acton i ne BPandanus od oru s7 表2露兜树属植物中挥发油成分化

9、合物植物来源参考文献phenylet hylm et hy l et h er P and anu s tectorius ,P and anu s fasc ic u l aris 1213d i pen tene P and anu s tectorius 14 li nal ool P and anu s tectorius 14phenylet hyl acetate P and anu s tectorius 1314citra lP and anu s tectorius 14phenylet hylal cohol P and anu s tectorius 13capro i

10、c aci d P and anu s tectorius 14s t earoptene P and anu s tectorius 14t erp i nen 4 ol P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 12p cy m en e P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 12 p i nen e P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 15 p i nene P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 15 t erp i nen e P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 1516terp i n

11、eol P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 12164 hydroxyphen ol P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 122 ph enet hylal c P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 123 acetyan i sol e P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 12p benzoqu i non e P and anu s fusc ic u l aris 12ci n eole P and anu s odoratissi m us 16nerol P and anu s odoratissi

12、 m us 13neryl acetate P and anu s odoratissi m us 13citronell y acetate P and anu s odoratissi m us 13f arnes o l P and anu s odoratissi m us 13nerolido lP and anu s odoratissi m us13表3露兜树属植物中萜类化合物成分化合物植物来源参考文献(+ vo m ifoli no l P and onus ama rylli foli u s 17(6S,9Rroseosi d e P andanu s am arylli

13、folus 1724,24 d i m et hyl 5 tirucall 9P andanu s tec fori u s18(1R ,3aS,3bS,5a R ,7S ,9R ,10S ,12a R 3a ,6,6,12a tetra m et hyl 1 (R 4 (S 1,2,2 tri m et hylcycl oprobu tan 2 ylhexadecahydr ocy Yclpenta acyclopropa ephenan t h ren 7 olP andanu s bon i nensis19(24S 24 m et hy l 25,32 cycl o 5al an os

14、ta 9(11 en 3 olP andanu s bon i nensis19(24S 24 m ethyl 25,32 cyclo cycloartan e 3 olP andanu s bon i nensis19表4露兜树属植物中有机酸类、酯类成分化合物植物来源参考文献1,2,3 p ropan etri y l triol eate P andanu s conoi deus 20olei c aci d P andanu s conoi dens 20 m onop al m iti n P andanu s conoi deus 204 hydroxyb enzoi c aci

15、d P andanu s odorus 21pal m itic acid P andanu s tectori u s 22s t earic aci dP andanu s tectori u s22表5露兜树属植物中木脂体成分化合物植物来源参考文献(+ s yri ngares i nol P andanu s am arylli folius 17(+ p i noresi no lP andanu s am arylli folius17(+ p i noresi no l 4 O D g l uscopyranosi d e P andanu s am arylli folius1

16、7(- l yon ires i nol P andanu s am arylli folius 17表6露兜树属植物中其他类化合物化合物植物来源参考文献lecti n Pandanus am arylli foli u s 23V i ta m i n E Pandanus od oru s 24cirsili neol Pandanus tect ori u s 22triacon tanol 1Pandanus tect ori u s 22pi n ores i nol Pandanus od ora tissi mu s 25physci on Pandanus tect ori u

17、 s 22 sitosterol Pandanus tect ori u s 2226sti g m as t erol Pandanus tect ori u s 2226sti g m as t 4 en 3,6 d i one Pandanus tect ori u s26squa l ene Pandanus tect ori u s 18ca m pesterol Pandanus tect ori u s 22daucosteroPandanus tect ori u s222 2 中枢神经系统抑制作用 U ddin S J 等研究发现P endanus foeti d us 叶的

18、甲醇浸出物对试验小鼠具有神经药理学活性。当给予250m g /kg 和500m g /kg 剂量浸出物时,能抑制醋酸造成的小鼠扭体动作;同等浓度还能明显延长注入戊巴比妥小鼠的睡眠时间。孔穴杂交试验和旷场试验表明此提取物为较缓和的中枢神经系统抑制剂!28。2 3 抑菌作用 Tan M ario A 等在露兜树叶提取物中,得到角鲨烯和植物甾醇的混合物(豆甾醇和 谷甾醇。MABA 测定法显示:角鲨烯和甾醇混合物能抑制结核分枝杆菌H 37R V 的生长,最小抑菌浓度为100!g /mL 和128!g /mL !18。3 临床应用3 1 治疗溃疡有腐骨,疮疡烂肉生虫 露兜簕叶捣烂敷患处,治腐骨!3;取露

19、兜簕心和黄豆捣烂敷患处,虫能出!2。3 2 治疗阴囊湿疹,皮炎 露兜簕叶适量,水煎熏洗!3。3 3 治疗疝气 露兜树嫩叶基部(剥后如笋30g ,猪瘦肉30g 或猪膀胱1个,煮服!3。3 4 治疗感冒咳嗽 露兜簕花1030g ,水煎服!3。3 5 治疗胃热痛 露兜簕花310g ,水煎服!3。3 6 治疗小儿夏季热 露兜簕3钱,淡竹叶2 5钱,冬桑叶2 5钱,天花粉2 5钱,茯苓2 5钱,山楂2 5钱,生薏米3钱,知母2 5钱,清水2碗煎至半碗,分3次温服(此为三岁剂量,按年龄大小增减!2。3 7 治牙衄不止 露兜叶基部1两,煎水含漱!2。3 8 治糖尿病 露兜簕根适量煎服!2。3 9 促进血管内

20、皮生长 2004年日本H adani 等研究发现,露兜树属植物的水、乙醇、甲醇、醚、异丙醇等多种有机溶剂的浸出物制品(添加增溶剂、着色剂等处理具有促进血管内皮细胞生长因子,愈合创伤,改善肤色,滋养头皮,促进头发生长等作用!29。3 10 抗皮肤老化 露兜树属植物提取物中发现有催化活性的抗栓皮组织细胞氧化的成分。这种皮肤外用药在预防和改良皮肤老化上有很大成效,例如减少皱纹等!30。3 11 治疗子宫下垂 露兜簕、金樱根、当归、糙米藤、猪小肚等10味中草药组成的中草药制剂用于治疗新患病者妇女子宫下垂疾病!31。3 12 抗肿瘤 Pandanus conoideus提取物具有抗肿瘤作用,能抑制白血球

21、过多,治疗胃癌、脑肿瘤、舌癌和骨髓瘤等症!32。3 13 抗凝血 Pandanus conoideus提取物被认为是抗凝血和抗血小板的药品和保健食品。其在凝血酶的形成和血栓形成方面的效应已经被检验!33。3 14 治疗水肿 露兜簕晒干烧成灰研细粉,每日23次,每次1530g,冲开水或和粥服,可连服1 2星期。服药期间禁食盐,限制饮水,药内不加糖!34。综上所述,露兜树属植物主要含有生物碱、萜类、甾醇和有机酸类成分,具有抑菌,降血糖,防治感冒,止血等作用。特别是其抑菌作用,防治感冒和降血糖作用具有很大的药用价值和开发前景。此外,目前露兜树属植物的药理、药化和临床应用方面的研究均不多,所以露兜树属

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