应用英语-volleyball

1、overviewVolleyball is six-a-side court game which is similar to badminton and tennis. However, the game is played by hand. Serving and volleying are the basic elements of the game. The object is to return the ball across the net. The rally continues until one team fails to return the ball or lets it

2、 hit the ground on its side of the court. If the volley is won by the serving team, it wins one point. It is usually played on an indoor court eighteen meters long and nine meters wide. The court is divided by a centre line and each half has marked across it an attack line three meters from the cent

3、re line. At each end of the court behind the back line is a service area. Above the centre line is a net. For men the net is 2.42 meters high. For women it is 2.24 meters high. The game is played with a round leather ball.overviewHistory Volleyball was invented in 1895 four years after James Naismit

4、h had invented basketball, by William G. Morgan , physical director of the Young Mens Christian Association in Holyoke . It has been designed as an indoor sport for businessmen who found the new game of basketball too vigorous . Morgan called the sport “mintonette,” until a professor from Springfiel

5、d College in Massachusetts noted the volleying nature of play and proposed the name of “volleyball.” The International Volleyball Federation was founded in 1947. In 1964 it became a full Olympic sport for both men and women. Dominant nations in world volleyball are China, Cuba, Brazil and Russia.Vol

6、leyball requires speed, strength, balance, stamina, agility, flexibility, coordination and good footwork. Individual ball skills are important as well as an ability to play as the member of a team.The rules The original rules were written by Morgan and printed in the first edition of the Official Ha

7、ndbook of the Athletic League of the Young Mens Christian Associations of North America (1897). The game soon proved to have wide appeal for both sexes in schools, playgrounds, the armed forces, and other organizations in the United States , and it was subsequently introduced to other countries. The

8、 developmentuVolleyball was introduced into Europe by American troops during World war 1 , when national organizations were formed. uInternational volleyball competition began in 1913 with the first Far East Games, in Manila. uA four-year cycle of international volleyball events, recommended by the

9、FIVB, began in 1969 with World Cup championships, to be held in the year following the Olympic Games; the second year is the World Championships; in the third the regional events are held ; and in the forth year the Olympic Games.The game Volleyball requires a minimum of equipment and space and can

10、be played indoors or outdoors. The game is played on a smooth-surfaced court 9 metres wide by 18 metres long, divided by a centre line into two equal areas, one of which is selected by or assigned to each of the two competing teams. Players may not step completely beyond the centre line while the ba

11、ll is in play. The courtu A line 3 metres from and parallel to the centre line of each half of the court indicates the point in front of which a back court player may not drive the ball over the net from a position above the top of the net . uA tightly stretched net is placed across the court exactl

12、y above the middle of the centre line; official net heights (measured from the top edge of the net to the playing surfacein the middle of the court) are 2.4 metres for men and 2.2 metres for women.uThe ball used is around 260 to 280 grams and is inflated to about 65 cm in circumference .The competit

13、ion and score Informally, any number can play volleyball. In competition each team consists of six players, three of whom take the forward positions in a row close to and facing the net, the other three playing the back court. Play is started when the right back of the serving team steps outside his

14、 end line into the serving area and bats the ball with a hand, fist, or arm over the net into the opponents half of the court. The opponents receive the ball and return it across the net in a series of not more than three contacts with the ball. The competition and score This must be done without an

15、y player catching or holding the ball while it is in play and without any player touching the net or entering the opponents court area. The ball must not touch the floor, and a player may not touch the ball twice in succession. A player continues to serve until his team makes an error, commits a fou

16、l, or completes the game. When the service changes, the receiving team becomes the serving team and its players rotate clockwise one position, the right forward shifting to the right back position and then serving from the service area. The competition and score Either team can score, with points be

17、ing awarded for successfully hitting the ball onto the opposing sides half of the court, as well as when the opposing side commits errors or fouls, such as hitting the ball out of bounds, failing to return the ball, contacting the ball more than three times before returning it, etc. Only one point a

18、t a time is scored for a successful play. A game is won by the team that first scores 25 points, provided the winning team is ahead by 2 or more points, except in the fifth set, when a team needs to score only 15 points and win by 2 points.Word of playersPlayer No. 1 right back; No. 2 right forwardN

19、o. 3 centre forward; No. 4 left forwardNo. 5 left back; No. 6 centre backAttacker, spiker; 攻击手；chief spiker; second spiker; setter; 二传手Chief setter; second setter; libero; 自由人（first） referee；第一裁判Second referee；第二裁判 umpireLine judge；linesman 司线员Words of rulesGame 局； time-out 暂停Technical time-out 技术暂停

20、；holding 持球Double hit （touch）连击 ；four hits 四次击球Touch net 触网； touch the rod 碰标志杆Net in 下网； over（cross） net hit 过网击球Rotation 轮转换位； good；in 界内球！Touch out 打（触）手出界； blocking fault拦网犯规；rotation fault 轮转犯规Words of skills1，serve，serviceServer 发球队员；pinch server 关键时刻上场发球队员；ace，service point 发球得分Change of posi

21、tion；switching 换位（发球后）Overhand(tennis) service 上手发球；underarm下手；Sidearm，侧手；hook，勾手；chopping，砍式；smash，扣球式；windmill抡臂；jump跳起；smash jump大力跳发；net ball擦网球Floater发飘球；break the opponents first pass破坏对方一传Words of skills2，receive and passW service reception W接发球阵型；dig 垫球；Retrieve，recover，save救球；fish dive 鱼跃（poor）First pass一传；dig pass肩下(垫)传球；Set 二传