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1、直接引语(Direct Speech):当我们引用别人的话语时,若引用的是原话,被引用的部分叫直接引语。 直接引证的最大特点就是有引号“”。间接引语(Indirect Speech):当我们引用别人的话语时,也可以用自己的话把意思转述出来,这种转述的别人说话的部分叫做间接引语。 间接引语的最大特点就是没有引号“”。 典型例句:1. She said ,” I like English very much. “(直接引语)
2、 (她说:“我非常喜欢英语”。) 典型例句:2. She said she liked English very much. (间接引语) (她说她非常喜欢英语。) 换言之,直接引语变间接引语就是去掉引号
3、。直接引语变间接引语,示例如下: 例1)John said to me, “I will come here tomorrow.” John told me that he would go there the next day. 直接引语变间接引语,会有如下变化:. 变主句动词:如例句的say变tell. 加连接词:如例句的that. 变从句人称:如例句的I 变成he. 变时态:如例句
4、一般将来时变过去将来时,will-would. 变从句方位动词、时间状语、地点状语和指示代词:come-go, here-there, tomorrow-the next day直接引语变为间接引语时,间接引语中的动词时态、人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、时间和地点状语以及主谓语词序往往要作相应的变化。 . 人称变化: 1)“一随主”是指引号内的主语人称是第一人称或被第一人称修饰,变间接引 语时,人称要变成引号外的主语人称。She said. "My brother wants to go
5、0;with me tomorrow.” She said her brother wanted to go with her the next day. 直接引语中my, me 为第一人称,要与主句主语she(第三人称)人称一样,故变成her, her.They said, “We will go there by bus.” They said
6、;they would go there by bus. She said “My sister wants to go with me.” She said (that) her sister wanted to go with her.2). “二随宾”是指引号内的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称修饰,变间接引语时,人称要变成引号外的宾语人称。
7、如果引号外没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。Jack said to me,“You look worried today.” Jack told me that I looked worried that day. 直接引语中you为第二人称,要与主句宾语me(第一人称)人称一样,变成I.She said to me, “Are you interested
8、in science?” She asked me if I was interested in science. He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?" He asked Kate how her sister was then.3)“三不变”是指引号内的主语及
9、宾语是第三人称或被第三人称修 饰,变间接引语时,人称一般不需要变化。The teacher asked,“Has she read enough this week?” The teacher asked if she had read enough that week. His mother said to me, “He
10、;can't go to school.” His mother told me that he couldn't go to school. Mr. Smith said, "Jacks brother is a good worker." Mr. Smith said Jacks brot
11、her was a good worker. 时态的变化 1)当主句(引号外句子)为现在时态时,直接引语变间接引语,时态不变化。.一般现在时。如: He says, “I have finished my homework.” He says that he has finished his homework. .一般将来时。如: She will say,
12、 “I'll do it tomorrow.” She will say that she'll do it the next day. 2)主句动词的时态若是过去时,间接引语的时态要变为相应的过去时态。 直接引语中的时态间接引语中的时态一般现在时一般过去时 一般过去时、现在完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时 过去完成时(不变)一般将来时
13、过去将来时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成进行时过去完成进行时过去进行时过去进行时(不变)shall shouldshouldshould(不变)will would wouldwould(不变) may might mightmight(不变) can could could could(不变) 例1)She said ,” I like maths very&
14、#160;much.” (一般现在时) She said that she liked maths very much. (一般过去时) 例2)He said, “ Ive never seen this man .” (现在完成时) He said that he had
15、160;never seen that man. (过去完成时) 例3)Joe said ,” Im listening to music in my room.” (现在进行时) Joe said that he was listening to music i
16、n his room. (过去进行时)重要提示:在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。直接引语是客观真理。1. "The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变。如:Jack said. &quo
17、t;John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。如:Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作,变
18、间接引语,时态不变。如:He said, "I get up at six every morning。" He said he gets up at six every morning。如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(例:ought to, had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时,(例:could, should, would, might)不再变。如:1. Peter said. "You had better come have today。" Peter said I had better go there th
19、at day。2. The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.3. He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."He said that he could swim when he was only six.如果直接引语中含有since
20、, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句,在变为间接引语时,只改变主句中的谓语动词,从句的一般过去时则不变。如:He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."He told me that he had taught English since he came here. 时间状语、地点状语和指示代词的变化 直接引语中的状语、指示代词 间接引语中的状语、指示代词 today that day 当天yest
21、erdaythe day before 前一天 yesterday morningthe morning before 前天早晨tomorrow the next day/ the following day 第二天tomorrow morningthe next morning /the following morning 第二天早晨next week/month/yearthe next week/month/year 第二周/月/年las
22、t week/month/yearthe week/month/yearbefore ago before three/four/years ago three/four/years beforein 2008 in 2008 (不变) now then 那时so farby thenhere there this thatthese those the
23、day before yesterday 前天 two days before 两天前the day after tomorrow 后天 in two days time/ two days after 两天后 直接引语的句子类型分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四种。不同的句型对应着不同的引导词与主句动词,应该十分注意。A. 陈述句的间接引语当直接引语是陈述句时
24、,如果主句动词为say/said时,变间接引语时动词不变;如主句动词为say to sb /said to sb,变间接引语时,要变成tell sb, told sb. 两种情况后面都要加连词that。例1:She said ,”We are very fond of sports.” She said that they were very fon
25、d of sports. 例2:He says to me, “I will fly to Shanghai tomorrow.”He tells me that he will fly to Shanghai tomorrow. 例3:Our teacher said to us, “You must hand in your homework on time.” Our teacher told us that we must hand in our homework on time.”【练一练】改为间接引语。1. Tom said to me, “My br
26、other is doing his homework.”2. He said, “These books are mine.”3. My teacher says, “we will have a meeting after class.”4.“I am having supper,” he said. 5.“Ive seen the film,” Gina said to me.B.疑问句的间接引语 1一般疑问句 、反意疑问句
27、160; 一般疑问句改为间接引语时,要用陈述语序,并要加连词if 或 whether,其主句动词用ask,句末不用问号。 例1)My teacher said to me, “Do you like American country music ?” My teacher
28、asked me if/whether I liked American country music. 例2) "You have finished the homework, havent you?”my mother asked. My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.重要提示: if 和whether 一般可通用,但 whether可以和or not , or连用,if
29、不能。 例:I asked her whether she had visited the museum two days before or not. 【练一练】改为间接引语。1. She said, “Is your father at home?”2.“Did you read the book last week?” he said. 3.“Do
30、160;you know where she lives?” he asked4.“Are you interested in this?” he said.5. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” 6."Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" 2特殊疑问句
31、0; 间接引语为特殊疑问句时,间接引语前仍然用特殊疑问词作为连词引导宾语从句,注意从句必须用陈述语序,主句谓语动词常用ask。 例1)He asked, “How do you like it ?” He asked how I liked it.
32、;例2)She said to me, “What's the matter with you?” She asked me what the matter was with me. 例3)”How many books do you have?” she said.
33、; She asked how many books I had. 【练一练】改为间接引语。1. He asked, “How did you find it, mother?” 2.“Do you know where she lives?” he asked. 3. Th
34、e teacher asked, “How did you repair it?”4. She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"C. 祈使句的间接引语 1直接引语为祈使句时,引述动词可根据口气选用tell, ask, order, command, request等词,句中please去掉。 结构式为: ask/ tell sb to do sth(肯定句); ask /tell s
35、b not to do sth (否定句) 例1)She said to me, “Please have a rest. ” She asked me to have a rest. 例2)”Don't all answer at once”, she
36、0;said to the pupils. She told the pupils not to answer all at once. 【练一练】改为间接引语。1. "Dont make any noise," she said to the children.2. Bring me a c
37、up of tea, please," said she.3. “Keep quiet, children.” he said.4. “Dont look out of the window,” she said. 2带有let的祈使句(表示请求,建议或命令),可用suggest + -ing形式或suggest +that从句来表示其相应的意思。
38、160; 例1)”Let's go for a walk”, said the girl. The girl suggested going for a walk. 例2)The teacher said, “Let Lily tidy&
39、#160;the classroom.” The teacher suggested that Lily should tidy the classroom. 【练一练】改为间接引语。1. “Lets go home.” Said the boy.2. The gentleman said, “Let Tom finish his work by himself. D. 感叹句的间接引语
40、60; 1直接引语是感叹句变为间接引语时,多采用宾语从句结构,用what或how引导。 例1)”What a clever boy you are!” My teacher said to him. My teacher told him what a clever
41、boy he was. 例2)She said,” How interesting the film is !” She said how interesting the film was. 2有些感叹句可以根据原句的意思,采用
42、适当的动词变为陈述句,不需用间接宾语来转述。 例1) “Help! “he cried. He called for help. 例2)”Happy Christmas!” he said. &
43、#160; He wished me a happy Christmas. 【练一练】改为间接引语。1. “How beautiful China is !.” said the boy.2. The gentleman said, “ What a wonderful match it is!”. 3. “How clever a boy you are!” my teacher said to me. E. “Would you pl
44、ease ? “ 如何变为间接引语 “ Would you please ? “虽然是个一般疑问句,但它表示的是”请求”,变为间接引语时,一般用动词不定式来表示。 句型:主语+ ask / invite +宾语+不定式 例1)”Would you please have lunch with
45、 me tomorrow ?” Mr Zhou asked me. Mr Zhou asked / invited me to have lunch with him the next day. 一、将下列直接引语变成间接引语。1He said: “Ive left my book in
46、0;my room.” 2She said: “He will be busy.” 3She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” 4She asked, “Is this book yours or his?” 5The teacher asked, “how did you
47、60;repair it?”6The teacher said to the students, “Dont waste your time.” 7The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.” 8The teacher said, “The earth goes round the
48、sun.” 9My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”10The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.” 11He said, “We are still students. 12He said to
49、;me, “I was born in 1978.” 13The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.” 14He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” 15She said, “I rea
50、d the book while I was waiting for a bus.16Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.” 17He said, “We insisted&
51、#160;that she start immediately. 18She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.” 19I said to him, “I have finished it.” 20She said to us,“ Ill come here&
52、#160;tomorrow.”21“Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?” the young man asked. 22“I have gained the first place in the mathematics competition,” the little boy said ha
53、ppily.23“Light travels faster than sound,” the physics teacher said to the boys and girls. 24“Will you go to the concert with me this evening?” Mary asked me.
54、25“What did you do here yesterday?” the old man asked my brother.二、选择题 。1. A: What did your teacher say just now ? B: He asked me _ this morning. A. how
55、60;did Tom come to school B. When Tom got to school C. Why was Tom late for school 2. Tom said he _ back in a week. A. will come
56、60; B. would come C. come 3. The policeman asked the child _ so that he could take him home. A. where did he live &
57、#160; B. where he lived C. how he lived 4. John asked me _ to visit his uncles farm with him. A. how
58、 would I like B. if or not would I like C. whether I would like D. which I would like 5.
59、;He asked _ for the computer. A. did I pay how much B. paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid 6.-“Please close
60、0;the window,” he said to me. -He _ me _ the window. A. said to; to close B. told to; closing C. asked to close
61、60; D. said to; please close 7.-“I am a teacher,” Jack said. He said _. A. that I am a teacher B. I was a teacher
62、160;C. that he is a teacher D. he was a teacher 8.-He said, “Mother, the boy is very naughty.” He _very naughty. A. said his mother that the boy was&
63、#160; B. said to his mother that the boy is C. told his mother that the boy was D. spoke to his mother that the
64、60;boy was .-He asked , “ Are you a League member?” He asked me _. A. am I a League member B. was I a League&
65、#160;member C. if I was a League member D. whether a League member. 10.He asked, “How are you getting along?” He asked _. A. h
66、ow am I getting along B. how are you getting along C. how I was getting along D. how
67、 was I getting along 11.-He said, “Dont do that again.” He _ me _ that again. A. said to me; not to do B. said to me; dont do
68、 C. told me; dont do D. told me; not to do 12. I wonder if he _ tonight. If he _, Ill let you know. A. will come; will come
69、60; B. comes; comes C. will come; comes D. comes; will come 13. Nobody knows _ hell come or not. A. that &
70、#160; B. if C. / D, whether 14. I cant say _ I want to see him again. We havent
71、seen each other for nearly three years. A. how long B. how much C. how soon D. how&
72、#160;often 15. After the examination, my teacher told me that failure _ the mother of success. A. was B. is
73、160; C. be D. been 16. “You ve already got well, haven t you?” she asked. She asked _. A. if I have already got
74、60;well, hadn t you B. whether I had already got well C. have I already got well
75、160; D. had I already got well. 17. Excuse me, but can you tell me _? A. where can I get to the
76、;library B. where I can get to the library C. how can I get to the library D. how I can get to the library 18. Id like
77、;to know _ Chinese. A. when he began to learn B. when did he begin to learn C. when did he begin learning D
78、. for how long he began to learn 19. He asked me _ with me. A. what the matter is B. what the mater was C. whats
79、0;the matter D. what was the matter 20. Can you make sure _? A. that he will come here today B. when he will come h
80、ere today C. will he come here today D. whether will he come here today 21. Do you happen to know _? A. where is her address
81、0; B. in which place is her address C. what her address is D. the place her address is 22. Tom asked Jack _ .
82、; A. why he was so excited B. why was he so excited C. why is he so excited
83、60; D. why he is so excited 23. “Have you seen the film?” he asked me. He asked me _. A. had I seen the film &
84、#160; B. have I seen the film C. if I have seen the film D. whether I had seen the film 24. What
85、0;did Mike say? He said _. A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. summer comes after spring 25. You mus
86、t remember _. A. what your teacher said B. what did your teacher say C. your teacher said what 26. Mike wants to know if
87、 _ a picnic tomorrow. Yes. But if it _, we'll visit the museum instead. A. you have/ will rain B. you will have/ wil
88、l rain C. you will have/ rains 27. I don't know _ up so early last Sunday. A. why did he get B. why
89、0;he gets C. why he got 28. She told me the sun _ in the east. A. rise B. rose C. rises 29. He asked
90、160;me _. A. who will kick the first goal in the World Cup B. when was the APEC meeting held C. where the 2008 Olympics would be held II
91、. 将下列直接引语转化为间接引语。 1. “My parents are very well. “ said Tom. _ 2. He asked, “ Tom, where did you read it ?” _ 3. The doctor said,” Stay
92、160;in bed for a few days.” _ 4. Tom said,” I woke up feeling ill.” _ 5. He said,” Ill tell Ann I saw you.” _ 6. “ Is h
93、e doing his homework ?” Jim asked. _ 7. Do you like to make friends with us ? He asked. _ 8. Tina said ,” I usually get up at
94、six.” _ 9.Nell said,” I have worked out this problem.” _ 10. Joanna said,” Professor Black is going to give a lecture next week.” _ 11.
95、0;The boy said,” This is the first time I have been here.” _ 12. He said: “Ive left my book in my room.” _ 13. The teacher said to
96、the students, “Dont waste your time.” _14. He said to me, “I was born in 1978.” _ 15. The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.” _ 1
97、6. “Where does your chemistry teacher live, Karen?”the young man asked. _ 17. “Light travels faster than sound.” the physics teacher said to the boys and girl
98、s. _ 18. “What did you do here yesterday? ”the old man asked my brother. _ 19. My father said, “Practice makes perfect.” _ 20. She said to Tom, “Can you help me?” _ 21. The teacher
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