非谓语动词豪华终结版 学生

1、 非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2. 非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式，在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件：一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下, 还有别的动词出现时。分析下列句子结构She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.The tea

2、chers sitting there are from other schools.We saw some teachers sitting there. We need to be active in class. 非谓语动词大都可在句中作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语等.不定式、动名词和现在分词都有时态和语态的变化.不定式主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式To doTo be done动作发生在谓语动作之后进行式To be doing与谓语动作同时发生完成式To have doneTo have been done动作发生在谓语动作之前动名词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系

3、一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doingHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作之前现在分词主动语态被动语态与谓语动词的关系一般式DoingBeing done与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having doneHaving been done动作发生在谓语动作之前不定式一. 动词不定式的基本构成：由不定式符号to加动词原形构成。其否定式由not+不定式构成肯定式：to do sth 否定式：not to do sth. 被动式：to be done 完成式：to have done二. 动词不定式的句法作用法动词不定式有副词，形容词和名词的特征

4、，因此在句中可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语定语、状语等成份。1、 作主语 不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前，谓语用单数。To see is to believe _ is your fault.（没按时到达是你的过错）常用it做形式主语，将to do放在位于之后，使句子保持平衡。如：句型1：It + 谓语 + to doIt takes us an hour _ get there by bus.句型2：Its + n. + to doIts our duty _ help the poor.It is a great enjoyment _ spend our holiday in

5、 the mountains句型3：It is adj. for/of sb. to do sth.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.It is + adj + for sb to do sth （是形容事物的性质的 ）It is + adj + of sb to do sth （是形容人的品质的 ）It is easy _ me to finish this work before ten. It is a great honor_ us to be present a

6、t your birthday party. It is very kind_ you to give me some help.It's impolite _ you to speak to the teacher like that.注意：其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。2.作宾语（1） 动词+不定式，接不定式做宾语 如：He managed to escape from the fire.练习：1. They wanted _( get ) on the bus, didnt they?2. He said he wished _( be ) a profe

7、ssor.3. I agreed_ ( go ) there with the doctor.4. My daughter preferred _ ( dance ) when she was in her twenties.5. He had promised _ ( give ) me a hand.只能接不定式作宾语的动词口诀：决定想做计划需要同意，能做被用来做的事迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事decide to do sth. 决定做某事 want would like to do sth. 想做某事 plan to do sth. 计划做某 need to do sth. 需要做

8、某事 agree to do sth. 同意做某事 afford to do 能做某事 be used to do 被用来做 cant wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事 make up ones mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事 fail to do 未能做某事（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant decide when to go there. 常跟疑问词+不定式作宾语的动词: tell, advi

9、se, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, explain know, show, discover, see、understand翻译：我不知道怎么去那儿。我还没有决定去留。 注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.注意下列动词to do doing remember /forger (do在后) 要做（do在前）做过stop /go on （两个字）两件事 （一个字）一件

10、事like /hate/love/prefer一次性 长期 try 尽力做 尝试做 start /begin一样 一样 1.stop doing/to dostop to do停下来去做另一件事，stop doing停止正在做的某事。Eg:他们停下来吸烟。 They stop to smoke.我必须戒烟了 I must stop smoking.2.forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事，forget doing忘记做过某事。Eg：办公室的灯还在亮着，他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作The light in the office is still on.

11、He forgot to turn it off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。（已做过关灯的动作） He forgot turning the light off. 3.remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事remember doing记得做过某事记着放学后去趟邮局。Remember to go to the post office after school. 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?Don't you remember seeing the man before?4.go on doing/to dogo on to do做了一件事后，接着做

12、另一件事，go on doing继续做原来做的事。Eg：做完数学后，他接着去做物理。After he had finished his maths，he went on to do his physics. 做完这个练习后，接着做其他的练习Go on doing other exercises after you have finished this one.5.try doing/ to do sth.try to do sth. 努力, 尽力做某事Although maths is difficult, I will try to study it .try doing sth. 试着做某

13、事The machine couldnt work. Lets try repairing it.练习：1.Boys,don't forget _the windows before you leave the classroom.A. closingB. closedC. to closingD. to close2.She reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock.A. to have restedB. restingC. to restD. rest4. Remember _ the lights when y

14、ou leave the office.A. to turn offB. turning offC. turn offD. to turning off3.作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。(与宾语之间的关系实际上是逻辑上的主谓关系)如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?（不带to的不定式）练习：1.Mother told me _ come back before 10 

15、oclock. 2.Ill get someone _ repair the recorder for you. 3.What caused him _ change his mind? 4.I wish you _ come as soon as possible. 5. He asked me _do the work with him来段顺口溜：请求与命令 想要邀请期待鼓

16、励与建议 答应告诫允许提醒和帮助1.请求与命令ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事tell sb. to do sth. 命令某人做某事2.想要邀请期待鼓励与建议want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事 invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事 expect sb. to do sth. 期待某人做某事 encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事 advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事 3.答应告诫允许提醒和帮助promise sb. to do 答应某人做某事 warn sb. not to do st

17、h. 告诫某人做某事 allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事 remind sb. to do sth. 提醒某人做某事 help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事省略to的情况:使役动词和感官动词后：一感二听三让四看feel/ hear, listen to/ let,make, have, / look at, see, watch, noticehad better （not）do sth. 最好(不)做why not /why dont you do sth为什么不做?help sb.（to）do sthWould rather宁愿做would you

18、 please情态动词+do 助动词+do区分下列词组:see sb. doing/ do sth.hear sb. doing/ do sth.watch sb. doing/ do sth.notice sb. doing/ do sth.感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, hear, listen to, feel+ do表示动作的完整性，短暂性以及经常性习惯性的动作+doing 表示动作的进行性。注意：被动语态中不能省去to。练习：1. My mother often asks me _ some cleaning on Sundays A d

19、o B. does C. did D. to do 2. Do you often hear John _in his room ? Listen! Now we can hear him _ in his room . A.sing , to sing B. sing, sing C. sing , singing D. to sing , singing 3. I watched her _ in the next room last night . A.dancing B. to dance C. dances D. dance4.Lets _swimming aft

20、er the exam . A.go B. goes C. to go D. went5. Youd better _a bus . A.to catch B. catch C. catches D. catching4.作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：1) 不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系 Do you have anything to wash today? Do you have anything to be washed today? 你有什么要其他人洗的吗？(

21、区别主被动）2) 不定式用来说明所修饰词的内容 I have no chance to go there.3) 被修饰词是不定式的逻辑主语 She is the last to leave the room.4) 不定式为不及物动词时，须加介词 He is looking for a room to live in. 练习：1.The house is not big enough for us allA. to live inB. to be lived in C. to live D. for living in2.Would you please pass me the knife_?A

22、.to cut the fruit with B.to cut the fruit C. cutting the fruitD. cutting the fruit with3.I have something important to say.please find a piece of paper _（写上） 4.Excuse me，could I use your pen for a moment？I have no pen _ （写）注意：1.不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如： Do you have anything else to say? 2.

23、如果作定语的不定式是一个短语，则要保留不定时短语中的副词或介词。如： I need a pen to write with . (I will wirte with the pen ) (我需要一直钢笔写字) I have a little baby to look after .(I must look after the little baby ) (我有一个婴儿要照看)5.作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto等。（1） 做目的状语，t

24、o, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此···以便···）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.（2） 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room

25、 only to find nothing.（3） 做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.（4） 做条件状语。如：To turn to the left , you could find a post office.5.作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is .（什么时候离开）His dream is （成为一名医生）Her work .（是照顾婴儿）注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时

26、，对应的谓语动词用单数。 2.当助于是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。 如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）6.独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.三、 不定式的时态和语态1、 不定式的时态（1） 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. （2） 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示

27、的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3） 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to be eating something.（4） 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was se

28、en to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.3.省to 的动词不定式 情态动词（除ought 外，ought to） Would rather, had better. 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole

29、night.They were made to work the whole night. 使役动词 let, have, make. 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl. Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth. Why/Why not But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He want

30、s to believe anything but to take the medicine. 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。练习：I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try goingPaul doesnt have to be made _

31、 . He always works hard.A learn B to learn C learned D learning4.动词不定式的否定式。如：Tell him not to shut the window. She pretended not to see me when I passed by.练习： Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A never to drive B to never drive C never driving D never drive The boy wanted to ride his b

32、icycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A not to B not to do C not do it D do not do The patient was warned _ food before the operation. A to eat no B eating not C not to eat D not eating动名词（动名词具有动词和名词的特征，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语）一. 动名词的基本构成及物动词不及物动词主动被动主动一般时doingbeing donedoing完成时having donehaving

33、been donehaving done动名词的时态和语态动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：We are interested in playing chess.He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.I remember h

34、aving been told a story.He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.二. 动名词的性质动名词既具有动词的特点有具有名词的特点，具体表现为：1.动名词可以被定冠词和物主代词修饰I hope you dont mind my saying it.2. 动名词可带有自己的宾语和状语Are you for or against having the meeting？I insisted on leaving at once.三动名词的作用1、 作主语谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：Its no good/use

35、doing···翻译：覆水难收动名词或短语直接做主语Playing with fire is dangerous.翻译：眼见为实。2、 作宾语翻译：我喜欢听音乐。他戒烟了。动词+doing介词+doing(1) 动词+doing 只能接动名词作宾语的动词：admit，advise建议，risk，appreciate，envy嫉妒，avoid避免，consider考虑，delay延迟，deny否认，dislike不喜欢，enjoy，escape逃避，excuse原谅、宽恕，finish完成，forgive原谅，understand理解，give up放弃，imagi

36、ne想象，keep保持，mind介意、在乎，miss未达到，practise训练，put off推迟，resist抵抗，suggest建议、暗示cant help 禁不住，cant stand无法忍受，devote to(to为介词)致力于···，look forward to 期望、盼望，stick to坚持，be used to习惯于，object to反对，be busy忙于···，fee like想要···be surprised at 对感到惊讶 be proud of 以为骄傲 succeed

37、 in 在某方面成功 be afraid of害怕 give up 放弃来段顺口溜：喜欢、考虑不可免（enjoy ,consider ,escape ,avoid） 停止，放弃太冒险（stop ,give up ,risk） 介意想象莫推延（mind ,imagine ,delay ,put off） 要求完成是期望（require, finish, look forward to.） 建议继续勤*练（suggest ,go on, practice ） 不禁原谅要坚持（cant help, excuse ,insist on） 继续注意使成功（keep on, mind, succeed i

38、n）（2）介词+doing常考介词: at, in, on、of, off, for, from、up, about, without 、to be good at doing sth 擅长做某事 be interested in doing sth.对做某事感兴趣 insist on doing 坚持做某事 be used for doing sth. 被用来做某事 thank sb. for doing sth. 谢谢某人做某事 be tired of doing sth. 厌烦做某事 be afraid of doing sth. 害怕做某事 put off doing 推迟做某事sto

39、p sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事give up doing sth. 放弃做某事without doing sth. 没有做某事think about doing sth. 考虑做某事What How about doing 做某事怎么样?此to 非彼tolook forward to doing sth.（盼望） pay attention to doing sth.（注意） be used to doing sth. （习惯于） prefer doing sth to doing sth更喜欢） devote to doing sth （致力于） make a c

40、ontribution to doing(做贡献）（3）接动名词、不定式均可，意义基本相同的动词：like，love，dislike，hate，begin，star，continue，prefer，（4）下列词接动名词和不定式均可，但意义不同的动词：forget，go on，mean，regret，remember，stop，tryStop to do 停下来去做 stop doing 停止做Forget to do 忘记要做 forget doing 忘记做过Remember to do 记得要做 remember doing 记得做过Regret to do 遗憾要做 regret doi

41、ng 后悔做过Try to do 企图做，尽力做 try doing 试着做Go on to do 继续做（另一件事） go on doing 继续做（同一件事）Mean to do 打算做 mean doing 意味做In some parts of London, missing a bus means _ for another hour.A waiting B to waiting C wait D to be waiting(2) Need, require, want作“需要”讲，其后用动名词的主动式表示被动意义，be worth也有类似用法。如：The problem is wo

42、rth discussing.翻译：这些花需要浇水。3、 作表语此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：My hobby is collecting stamps.翻译：她的工作是照顾孩子们。 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。4、 作定语动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：a waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall翻译：这个城市中有很多游泳池。注：（1）现在分词作定语表动作，它与所修饰的名词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系，可改写成一个定语从句。如果为单词，放在被修饰n之前，为短语，放在被修饰n之后。如：a sleeping boy =a boy

43、 who is sleeping a developing country =a country which is developing （2）动名词作定语通常表示它所修饰的名词的用途或性质，可改写成一个for的短语，两者不存在逻辑上的主谓关系。如：a washing machine = a mashine for washing a swimming pool = a pool for swimming 补充：动名词的复合结构动名词前可以加一个 物主代词或 名词所有格来表示 这个动名词逻辑上的主语 ，构成动名词的复合结构或动名词短语1).物主代词 / 名词所有格 + 动名词 在句中作主语:

44、Marys coming late made her teacher angry. Do you mind my smoking? Do you mind my reading your paper? Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us. Roses going wont be of much help. 2).人称代词宾格 / 名词 + 动名词 在句中作宾语: Im sure of him coming on time. He has never heard of a woman being a pilot. I dont

45、 mind Jack (him) going. She hates young people (them) smoking.分词（分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。）一 分词的概述1. 分词是“非谓语动词”的另一种形式，它有两种形式：现 在分词（Present Participle）和过去分词（Past Participle）。 2. 现在分词：doing 过去分词：规则动词 V+ed 不规则动词 背!3.分词在句中起形容词和副词的作用。在句中 作表语、定语状语和宾语补足语。现在分词与过去分词的区别：1.语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动Do you kno

46、w the woman talking to Tom?The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor.2. 时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成Developing country boiling waterDeveloped country boiled water再如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶二分词的作用1、 作定语（1） 单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：The sleeping boy is my son.The excited people rushed into

47、the building.A lost opportunity never returns.He is a retired worker.（2） 分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如given，left等作定语也后置。如：The girl standing under the tree is my niece.The building built last year is our library.This is the question given.There is nothing interesting.（3） 过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系

48、，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：Most of the people _ to the party were famous scientists.（invite）The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.A have written B to be written C being written D writtenWhats the language _ in Germany?A speaking B spoken C be spoken D to

49、 speakPrices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices.A are bought B bought C been bought D buying.When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door _ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.”A read B reads C to read D reading2、 作状语现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。Not

50、receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)Walking along the street, I ran across my old friend.Bitten by a snake

51、, he was taken to hospital(原因).Though defeated, he didnt lose heart.(让步)He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.A Followed B Followed by C Being followed D Having been followed There was a terrible noise

52、_ the sudden burst of light. A followed B following C to be followed D being followed _ , liquids can be changed into gases. A Heating B To be heated C Heated D Heat 注意：（1） 选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。（2） 分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑