介词加关系代词定语从句上课讲义

1、“介词 + 关系代词 ”引导的定语从句“介词 +关系代词”型定语从句五大考点“介词 +关系代词”引导的定语从句是英语语法中的难点和重点, 近年来高考对这一语法结构的考查大有升温之势。在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有 which 和 whom 。如先行词是物，引导词用which ；如先行词是人，则引导词用 whom 。如：This is the ship by which I went to Shanghai.This is the student for whom I bought the book.考点 1 简单介词 +关系代词知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词指人时只能用 whom, 指物时只能用

2、 which ；介词选择的 依据主要是根据从句中的 动词、形容词、 名词与介词的固定搭配 而定；或者 以先行词与从句 中的动词关系及所表达的含义而定 ；或者 以先行词在定语从句中的作用和含义而定 ，并且 含 有介词的短语动词不能拆开，介词仍然放在动词之后 。(1) 根据定语从句中的谓语动词确定介词，其动词或介词搭配，构成动词短语。例如：Is this the car for which you paid a high price? (pay for)In the dark street, there wasn t a single 'person to whom she could t

3、urn for help. (turn to sb for help)The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. (shake hands with sb)(2) 根据定语从句中的形容词确定介词，其形容词与介词搭配，构成形容词短语。例如： The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. (be sure about)The teacher of whom the stude

4、nts in our class are fond is Mr Wang, our English teacher. (be fond of)(3) 根据定语从句所修饰的先行词确定介词，其先行词往往是表示时间、地点、原因、方 法、工具等的词，它们与介词之间有一定的联系。当“介词 +关系代词”在定语从句中充当 时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用 when, where, why 替换。例如：I ” ll never forget the dayon which (=when) I joined the army.The factory in which (=where) his father wo

5、rks is far away from my hometown.I don ” t know the reason for which (=why) he was late.(4) 根据句子的意思确定介词。有些句子，先行词完全一样，定语从句中谓语动词不是由 固定的动词短语构成的，这时，要根据句子所要表达的意思，选用不同的介词。例如： This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.This is the pilot by w

6、hom my son was saved.1. (2004 全国卷 ) The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, thesailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which解析：关系代词 which 指代 the journey, 定语从句恢复为独立的句子是： The sailing time of the journey was 226 days.故答案选 A。2. (2004 全国卷 ) The Eng

7、lish play my students acted at the New Year's party was a greatsuccess.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 解析：本句主句部分应是 The English play at the New Year's party was a great success. 从句补全 为独立的句子是 :My students acted in the play. 故答案选 C 。3. （2004 上海卷 ） American women usually identif

8、y their best friend as someone they cantalk frequently.A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom解析：先行词为 someone被关系代词 whom代替在从句中作talk with的宾语，介词 with可 以放在关系代词之前，identify.as.意为"把当作”，故答案选D。考点 2 复杂介词 +关系代词知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whom, whose。常用于该结构的复杂介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by

9、means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of 等。例如：We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.Is there a certain test by means of which the No. 1 will be decided?考点 3 简单介词 +关系代词 +名词知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词有which, whose。介词的选择取决于关系代词后的名词及整个句子的含义。高考考例：（1995 上海 ） In the office, I n

10、ever seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m. time manypeople have gone home.A. whose B. that C. on whichD. by which解析：介词 by 表示时间的意思是“到那时为止” 。这句话的意思是“在办公室里，我似乎直 到下午 5： 30 才有空，那时许多人都已经回家了” 。故答案选 D。考点 4 the+ 名词 +of+ 关系代词知识归纳：用于此结构的关系代词只有which。该结构表示所有关系，口语中常用"whose +名词”代替。非正式文体中可以用“ of which the +名

11、词”。 高考考例：（2000 上海 ） Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very reasonable.A. which price B. the price of whichC. its priceD. the price of whose解析：答案选B。本题就是一个考查the+名词+of+关系代词结构的一个典型例子。这里theprice of which 指代 the price of the vase, 答案也可以是 whose price。考点5表示部分的词语+ of +关系代词知识归纳：此时，指人的关系代词只能是whom,

12、指物的关系代词只能是 which。表示部分的词语常见的有： 不定代词 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any, 数词 （含基数词， 序数词， 分数和百分数）;数词+名词；the+最高级/比较级，以及表示数目或数量的词语 many, most, few, several, eno ugh, half a, a quarter。高考考例：1. （2004 湖北卷 ） There are two buildings, s ta n d s nearly a hundred feet high.A. the larger B. the larger of

13、 them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 解析：答案为 D。 the larger of which 指代 the larger of the two buildings; B 选项缺少一个连词。2. （2004 辽宁卷 ） The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% aresold abroad.A. of whichB. which ofC. of themD. of that解析：答案为 A。80% of which指代的是80% of

14、the shoes。本题意为：这家工厂每年生产的50 万双鞋子有 80%都是销往国外的。“介词 关系代词 ”引导的定语从句常见错误我们在学习定语从句时,常常会看到 "介词 +关系代词 "引导的定语从句 ,即把从句中的某一介词或介词短语提到关系代词前.使用这类定语从句时 ,常常会出现五类错误 .现在归纳如下：一、关系词的误用1. The person to who you should write is Mr Hall. (whom)2. I lost the book in that there are five color pictures. (which)3. The

15、day on when we can send men into space has at last come. (which)4. He went back to the house in where he was born twenty years ago. (which)简析 :当介词位于从句的句首时 ,介词后一般用关系代词 whom( 指人,如 1 不可为 who 所 代替)或which(指物，如2先行词即使为表示时间或地点的名词，介词后也不能用 when或where,如3和4).不过，注意介词from有时根据句意的需要，也可以接where.如：He hid himself behin

16、d the door， from where he saw the man take a photo of something on thedesk他躲在门后面，从那里他看见那个人拍摄了桌子上的什么东西一下.(指from behind thedoor"从门后面",并非指from the door"从门")二、拆开从句中极固定的动词搭配5. He was the boy after whom the woman had looked for many years. (whom the woman had looked after for many year

17、s)简析 ：若将定语从句中搭配极为固定的短语中的介词提前，其中的短语可能会失去它们本身的意义或可能使句子产生歧义 ，如 look after， look for， depend on， go in for ( 迷恋)等短语.三、介词与定语从句所修饰的先行词搭配不当6. The farm in which we worked ten years ago isn't what it used to be. (on)7. She wanted to find the way with which she could make everyone live more happily. (in)简

18、析:6. on the farm为习惯搭配，表示”在农场"7. in与way搭配，表示”用办法，以方式".四、介词与定语从句中的谓语部分搭配不当8. In the dark street， there wasn't a single person from whom she could turn for help. (to)9. This is the tree in which the boat was tied. (to)10. Can you find an object with which your toy is similar? (to)简析:8. tu

19、rn to sb. for help表示"向某人求助"9. tie与to连用 表示”拴/系到上”;10.similar与to搭配，表示"与相似".五、介词与句子的具体含义搭配不当11. I can't remember the age in which I won that prize. (at)12. That is the age at which people live in peace and happy. (in)简析:根据全句意义,11中的age作”年岁”解应与at搭配;12中的age表示”时期，时代",应 与 in 搭配

20、.练习：用适当的“介词 +关系代词”填空。1. We have many labs， the largest was built last year.2. The strange force is gravity the earth pulls all bodies.3. The English play my students acted at the New Year ” s party was a great success.4. He offered us a lot of money we couldn ” t buy these machines.5. Now we have ve

21、ry powerful telescopes we can study the skies.1. I don ' t think the number of people this happens is very large.A. whom B. to whom C. on whom D. which2. The school has 3,000 students, 1,800 are men.A. whose B. of whom C. that D. of which3. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, was very rea

22、sonable.A. which price B. the price of whichC. its price D. the price of whose4. The gentleman you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.A. who B. about whom C. whom D. with whom5. She wrote a lot of stories for children, this is one example.A. in which B. of which C. among them D. of them6. He off

23、ered us a lot of money we couldn ' t buy these machines.A. without which B. with that C. with which D. without that7. Mary, for help, has gone to England.A. who I can go to B. whom I can goC. to whom I can go D. I can go to8. Now we have very powerful telescopes we can study the skies.A. in whic

24、h B. with which C. through which D. by which9. The man she was married was a soldier.A. whom B. to whom C. with whom D. who10. Tom, I went to the concert, is a friend of mine.A. whom B. who C. with whom D. whose1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, is a hospital.A. in where B. to the eas

25、t of which C. to the east of it D. in the east of that2. My brother's purse,he put ¥ 1,000, was missing on the bus.A. thereB. whichC. in whichD. that3. The football match the students competed yesterday was very wonderful.A. in which B. which C. in that D. that4. The reason he was late agai

26、n was that he was caught in a traffic jam in the rush hour.A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which5. His glasses, he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy.A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those6. The computer, he paid ¥3,000, was once owned by his uncle.A. w

27、hich B. for which C. that D. to that7. In the past we lost many chances, we paid little attention.A. which B. thatC. in which D. to which8. The pen, I had been writing for ten years, was broken.A. with whichB. with that C. as D. with it9. Mary has two brothers, are doctors.A. both of theyB. both of whomC. both of them D. whom of both10. The problem you argued about yesterday has been solved.A. thatB. whatC. whyD. for which11. My aunt bought me a book, the name I have forgotten.A. of itB. which C. whose D. of which12. On the way home I met my friend John, from hom