2020年高考英语二轮复习主旨大意类专项练习【带答案解析】

1、第四讲 主旨大意类专项练习【分类真题】（ 2019年全国卷 II ，D）Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms（ 微生物） from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem? I

2、t ' s turning to a bunch of high school kids. But not just any kids. It depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms, like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport, New York.HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA

3、engineers. For the past two years, Gordon have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity, and they think they（ 解决方'案re） c.l os“e tWo ea dsolngui'tvioentthe students any breaks. They have to do it just like NASA engineers,” says Florence Gold, a project manager."There are no te

4、sts," Gordon says. "There is no graded homework. There almost are no grades, other than 'Are you working towards your goal?' Basically, it ' so t'I to 'provdeu gce this product and then, at the end of year, present it to NASA.' Engineers come and really do an in- pe

5、rson review, and. it' s not a very nice thing at times. It' s a hard buproduct."Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact （影响） on college admissions and practical life skills. "These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back. I don 'tte ach." And that an

6、noying bacteria? Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem, readying a workable solution to test in space.32. What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?A. They are hard to get rid of.B. They lead to air pollution.C. They appear in d

7、ifferent forms.D. They damage the instruments.【答案】 .A【解析】 推理判断题。 本题题干意为： 我们对国际空间站的细菌的了解有哪些？根据题干中的关键词 bacteria in the International Space Station 可定位至第一段。根据第一段中 Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts. The microorganisms from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Spa

8、ce Station, so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week. 可知，国际空间站的细菌非常难处理，所以选择A 项。 B: 它们导致空气污染； C:它们以不同的形式出现； D: 它们毁坏仪器'n icoamtiomnu skills.33. What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?A. To strengthen teacher-student relationships. B. To sharpen studentsC. To allow students to experie

9、nce zero gravity.D. To link space technology with school education.答案】 .D【解析】细节理解题。 本题题干意为： HUNCH 项目的目的是什么？第二段第一句HUNCH is designed to connect highschool classrooms with NASA engineers.（HUNCH 的设计目的是将高中教室与 NASA 的工程师联系在一起。 ）中的 high school classrooms与 D 选项中的 school ed-ucation（学校教育）对应，NASA engineers 与 D

10、选项中的 space technol-ogy（空 间技术）对应，故选 D。 A: 为了加强师生关系； B: 为了提升学生的交流技能； C:为了让学生体验失重34. What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the program?A. Check their product.B. Guide project designs.C. Adjust work schedules.D. Grade their homework.【答案】 .A【解析】推理判断题。本题题干意为： NASA 的工程师为参加此项目的学生做了些什么？根据题干中的 NAS

11、A engineers do 可定位至第三段的 Engineers come and really do an in-person review, and. it's not a very nice thing at times. It's a hard business review of your product, 句中两次出现 review（ 检查，审查） ,证明 NASA 的工程师做的事情就是对学生 做出的研究结果进行检查，所以答案是 A 项。 B: 指导项目设计； C:调整工作时间表； D:给他们的作业打分。35. What is the best title for

12、 the text?A. NASA: The Home of AstronautsB. Space: The Final Homework FrontierC. Nature: An Outdoor ClassroomD. HUNCH: A College Admission Reform【答案】 .B【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为：最适合本文的标题是什么？本文主要介绍 HUNCH 项目，这个项目是有关 太空研究的， 而且研究者都是高中生。 根据以上要点可知， 最佳选项是 B 项（ Space:The Final Homework Frontier）,Space 对应太空研究， Homewo

13、rk 对应高中教育， Frontier（ 前沿） 突出了这个项目的领先性。 A:NASA:The Home of Astronauts, 文章并非重点介绍 NASA;C:Nature:An Outdoor Class-room,Nature 并不聚焦太空领域； D:HUNCH:A College Admission Reform,HUNCH 项目不是大学入学改革（ 2018年全国卷 II ，D）We've all been there: in a lift, in line at the bank or on an airplane, surrounded by people who

14、are, like us, deeply focusedon their smartphones or, worse, struggling with the uncomfortable silence.What's the problem? It's possible that we all have compromised conversational intelligence. It's more likely that none of us start a conversation because it's awkward and challenging

15、, or we think it's annoying and unnecessary. But the next time you find yourself among strangers, consider that small talk is worth the trouble .Experts say it's an invaluable social practice that results in big benefits.Dismissing small talk as unimportant is easy, but we can't forget t

16、hat deep relationships wouldn't even exist if it weren't for casual conversation. Small talk is the grease （润滑剂 ）for social communication, says Bernardo Carducci, director of the Shyness Research Institute at Indiana University Southeast ."Almost every great love story and each big busi

17、ness deal begins with small talk, "he explains. "The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others, not just communicate with them. ”In a 2014 study, Elizabeth Dunn, associate professor of psychology at UBC, invited people on their way into a coffee shop. One group wa

18、s asked to seek out an interaction（ 互动 ） with its waiter, the other, to speak only when necessary. The results showed that those who chatted with their server reported significantly higher positive feelings and a better coffee shop experience. "it's not that talking to the waiter is better

19、than talking to your husband. ” saDysu nn ."But interactions with peripheral （ 边缘的 ）members of our social network matter for our well-be ing also. ”Dunn believes that people who reach out to strangers feel a significantly greater sense of belonging, a bond with others. Carducci believes develop

20、ing such a sense of belonging starts with small talk. "Small talk is the basis of good manners,esays.32. What phenomenon is described in the first paragraph?A. Addiction to smartphonesB .Inappropriate behaviours in public placesC. Absence of communication between strangers.D .Impatience with sl

21、ow service 【答案】 .C 【解析】细节理解题。题干句意：第一段描述的是什么现象？根据第一段描述（无论我们身在何处，在电梯里、在银 行排队或者在飞机上， 我周围的人或是像我们一样在埋头看智能手机， 或是更坏， 在和令人不安的沉默做斗争） 可知， C项“陌生人之间缺乏交流 ”和首段描述一致，故答案为 C项。A项“手机控 ”只是该段描述现象时举的例子项 “公共场合 的不恰当行为 ”与首段意思不符； D 项“对缓慢的服务缺乏耐心 ”和第一段的描述无关。33. What is important for successful small talk according to Carducci?

22、A. Showing good manners.B. Relating to other people.C. Focusing on a topic.D Making business deals 答案】 .B【解析】细节理解题。题干句意：根据 Carducci 的说法，对于成功的闲来说什么是重要的？根据第三段最后一句（成 功的闲聊的关键是学会如何同他人建立联系而不仅仅是同他们交流）可知， B 项 “能够理解并认同他人 ”符合题意，故 答案为 B 项。本题干扰项为 A“显示好的行为举止 ”，错因在于锁定的句子 “最后一段最后一句 （闲聊是良好举止的基础） ” 和题干要求不一致，答非所问； D项

23、“做生意 ”受第三段第三句（几乎每一个伟大的爱情故事和每一单大的生意都源于 闲聊）的影响，犯了逻辑推理错误； C项 “聚焦一个话题 ”在文中没有涉及。34. What does the coffee-shop study suggest about small talk?A. It improves family relationships.B. It raises people's confidence.C. It matters as much as a formal talk.D. It makes people feel good.【答案】 .D 【解析】推理判断题。题干句意：

24、关于闲聊，咖啡店调研表明了什么？据第四段中的内容（结果表明那些同服务生闲 聊的人明显有更高的积极情感和较好的咖啡店体验。 不是同服务生交谈比和你的丈夫交谈更好， 而是同社交网络的边 缘人员的互动也对我们的健康和幸福很重要）可知， D项“它使得人们感觉良好 ”与题意相符，故答案为项。 A 项 “它改 善家庭关系 ”、B项 “它提升人们的自信 ”和C项“它和正式交谈一样重要 ”在文章中没有涉及，属于主观意断。35. What is the best title for the text?A. Conversation CountsB. Ways of Making Small TalkC. Ben

25、efits of Small TalkD. Uncomfortable Silence【答案】 .C【解析】 主旨大意题。 题干句意： 文章最好的标题是什么？根据第二段最后一句 （专家说闲聊是一种可带来巨大益处 的极有价值的社交行为）以及最后一段最后一句（闲聊是良好举止的基础）可知，C项“闲聊益处 ”与题干要求一致，故答案为 C项。 A项“会话很重要 ”为干扰项，错在偷换概念， conversation（会话，交谈）和 small talk（ 闲谈）不是一个概 念；文章没有就闲聊的方式或方法做具体的解释，故排除B“进行闲聊的方式 ”； D 项“令人不安的沉默 ”只是第一段提到的现象之一，而不是

26、文章的主旨。（ 2018年全国卷 II ，C）Teens and younger children are reading a lot less for fun, according to a Common Sense Media report published Monday.While the decline over the past decade is steep for teen readers, some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part of many children's lives, an

27、d indicates how parents might help encourage more reading.According to the report's key findings, he proportio“n（t比例） who say they hardly ever 'read for fun h gone from 8 percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of 17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. ”The repor

28、t data shows that pleasure reading levels for younger children. ages 2-8, remain largely the same. But the amount of time spent in reading each session has declined, from closer to an hour or more to closer to a half hour per session.When it comes to technology and readin，g the report does little to

29、 counsel （建议） parents looking for data about the effect of e-readers and tablets on reading. It does point out that many parents still limit electronic reading, mainly due to concerns about increased screen time.The most hopeful data shared in the report shows clear evidence of parents serving as ex

30、amples and important guides for their kids when it comes to reading, Data shows that kids and teens who do read frequently, compared to infrequent readers, have more books in the home, more books purchased for them, parents who read more often, and parents who set aside time for them to read.As the

31、end of school approaches, and school vacation reading lists loom逼 （近） ahead ,parents might take this chance to step in and make their own summer reading list and plan a family trip to the library or bookstore.28. What is the Common Sense Media report probably about?A. Children ' s reading habits

32、.B. Quality of children's books.C. Children ' s -acfltaesrs activities.D. parent-child relationships.【答案】 .A【解析】主旨大意题。本题题干意为： “常识媒体 ”所做的这个报告可能是关于什么的？本文为说明文，第一段为本文 的主旨段。根据第一段 （根据周一出版的 “常识媒体 ”的一个报告，十几岁的孩子和更小的孩子进行趣味阅读的量少多 了。）可知该报告主要讲的是孩子们的阅读习惯的变化，故答案为A项。 B项（儿童图书的质量）、 C项（孩子们的课外活动）和 D 项（父母与孩子间的关系

33、）均不是该报告的内容，故全被排除。29. Where can you find the data that best supports“ children are reading a lot less for funA. In paragraph 2.B. In paragraph 3.C. In paragraph 4D. In paragraph 5.【答案】 .B【解析】 细节理解题。 本题题干意为： 你在哪里可以找到最能支撑 “孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少 ”这一说法的数 据？本文第一段提出了本文主题，即孩子们进行趣味阅读的量越来越少。然后在第三段通过数据（.has gone fro

34、m 8percent of 13-year-olds and 9 percent of17-year-olds in 1984 to 22 percent and 27 percent respectively today. 支撑这一说法， 故答案为 B项。30. Why do many parents limit electronic reading?A. E-books are of poor quality.B. It could be a waste of time.C. It may harm children' s health.D. E-readers are expen

35、sive.【答案】 .C【解析】 细节理解题。 本题题干意为： 为什么许多家长限制电子阅读？根据第五段最后一句 （ 许多家长仍然限制 电子阅读， 主要是因为他们担心那会增加孩子面对屏幕的时间。）可知家长限制电子阅读的原因是担心孩子们的健康，故答案为 C项。A: 电子图书质量差； B:那可能会浪费时间； D:电子阅读器很昂贵。 以上三项均未被提及，故全部排除。31. How should parents encourage their children to read more?A. Act as role models for themB. Ask them to write book rep

36、ortsC Set up reading groups for themD. Talk with their reading class teachers【答案】 .A【解析】 细节理解题。 本题题干意为： 家长应该如何鼓励他们的孩子多阅读？根据第六段第一句 （报告中分享的最给 人以希望的数据清楚地证明了家长给孩子们做出榜样并在阅读上进行重要的指导。）可知答案为 A 项（为他们树立榜 样）。 B:要求他们写读书报告； C:为他们建立读书小组： D.和他们的阅读老师谈话。以上三项均未被提及，故全部排 除。（2019年全国卷 I. D）During the rosy years of elemen

37、tary school （小学） , I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing

38、jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. The likables p'lay s -well-with-others qualities strengthen s

39、choolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then there 's the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinstein

40、s'tudsi es show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, aremost likely to engage （从事） indangerous and risky behavior. In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring

41、the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究） . We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adju

42、stment, high status has just the opposite effect on us."Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other res

43、earch ，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. "Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage, he said.32.

44、What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind. B. Lonely. C. Generous. D. Cool.【答案】 .C【解析】推理判断题。本题题干意为：作者在上小学的低年级时是什么样的女孩？根据题干中的 early years of elementary school可定位到第一段第一句中的 During the rosy years of elementary school,I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes（喜欢分享玩偶和笑话

45、） ,因此可以推断作者是大方的，故选 C项。 A:不友善的； B:孤独的； D:酷的。33. What is the second paragraph mainly about ？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior.答案】 .AMitch Prinstein,a professor of解析】 主旨大意题。 本题题干意为：

46、 第二段的主要内容是什么？根据第二段第二句clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the likable and the status seekers. 可知，本段对受欢迎的人进行分 类，故选 A项。 B:青少年的特点； C:人际交往技巧的重要性； D:不光彩行为的原因。34. What did Dr. Prinstein' s study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be

47、 more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.【答案】 .B【解析】细节理解题。本题题干意为：Prinstein 博士的研究中针对最受喜欢的小孩的发现是什么？根据题干中的study和 the most liked kids 可定位到第四段中的 It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect o

48、n us.healthy adjustment（调整，适应）对应 B项中的 adaptable（能适应的） ,故答案为 B项。 A: 他们显得有侵略性； C:他们 喜欢最高的地位； D: 他们学习成绩很好。35. What is the best title for the text?A. Be Nice You Won't Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BetterC. Be the Best You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less Aggressiveness【答案】 .A【解析】主旨大

49、意题。本题题干意为：本文最好的标题是什么？文章将受欢迎的人分成两类 讨人喜欢的人和追逐高地位的人。 根据对这两种人的介绍可以总结出整篇文章都是在引导读者做讨人喜欢的人，对人友善、 学会分享、敞开心扉，因此答案为 A项。 B:地位越高越好； C:做到最好 你可以做到； D:自制力越强，侵略性越小。【模拟优题】（2019辽宁抚顺一模， B）On November 7, Lewis Pugh completed a one-kilometer swim in the freezing waters of King Edward Cove, off South Georgia in Antarctic

50、a. He was wearing only his swimming glasses, cap and Speedos!Pugh is an advocate for our oceans and seas, working to protect these ecosystems with their large diversity of marine life.When asked why he doesn't wear a wetsuit, Lewis says, "I ask world leaders to do everything they can to pro

51、tect our oceans.Sometimes the steps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I'm asking them to be courageous, I must also be.Swimming in a wetsuit would not send the right message."It took Pugh about 18 minutes to complete the one-kilometer swim in Antarctica where the water avera

52、ged about minus 1.7 degrees Celsius. He says that his body can onl tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before it starts shutting down. As he swims, his body temperature steadily drops, which in turn causes his muscle control to drop, slowing him down. When he is done with his swim, his

53、support team rushes him to a hot shower and it takes almost an hour for his body temperature to return to normal.Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim in such cold waters. Even expert swimmers who are unused to freezing water can drown within minutes because of th

54、e physical shock experienced by the body. Pugh says he trained for six months before this swim.This is not the first time that Lewis has swum in dangerous conditions. In 2007, he swam one kilometer in the North Pole to draw attention to the melting Arctic ice due to climate change. In2015,he swam in

55、 the Bay of Whales in Antarctica's Ross Sea as part of his successful campaign to help set up a marine reserve there.1. Why did Lewis Pugh swim without a wetsuit?A. To swim faster.B. To show his bravery.C. To build up his body.D. To win public attention.【答案】 .B【解析】推理判断题。 根据第二段的 Sometimes the ste

56、ps they need to take are difficult and unpopular. If I'm asking them to be courageous, I must also be. 可知，有时候采取保护海洋的措施很艰难，也不受欢迎，如果建议他人大胆地去保护海 洋，自己也必须要勇敢些，因此在不穿潜水衣的情况下游泳是为了表现自己的勇敢。2. What does the underlined word "it" in Paragraph 3 refer to?A. His body.B. The water.C. His body temperat

57、ure.D. The water temperature.【答案】 .A【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段的He says that his body can only tolerate about 20 minutes in the freezing waters before20 分钟，之后就停止工作， 由此可知 it 指代 hisit starts shutting down. 可以得知在冰冷的水域中他的身体只能承受大约body。3 . What's Pugh's advice about swimming in freezing waters ?A. One must be

58、 fully prepared.B. One should be expert at swimming.C. One should be ready to take on challenges.D. One must be used to long-distance swimming.【答案】 .A【解析】 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段的Doctors and Pugh caution that one must receive months of training to swim insuch cold waters. 可知，医生和皮尤提醒大家，在如此冰冷的水中游泳前，必须接受几个月的训练，也

59、就是说要做好充 分的准备，故 A 项正确。4 . What may be the best title for the text ?A. Lewis Pugh:swimming for a causeB. How to survive a swim in cold watersC. How to prepare for extreme swimmingD. Lewis Pugh:achieving the impossible 【答案】 .A【解析】 主旨大意题。由全文可知，文章主要叙述了皮尤在南极冰冷的海水中游泳的事件，他想以此鼓励各国领导 人大胆采取措施保护海洋，故 A 项符合语境。（2019辽宁抚顺一模重庆九校联盟联考，C）The audiences of the UK will have an opportunity to enjoy a feast of Chinese culture when the China National Peking Opera Company returns to th