第六讲 国际物流仓储与包装

1、第九章 国际物流仓储与包装第一节 国际物流货物仓储概述第二节 保税仓库与保税区第三节 国际物流仓储业务运作基本程序第四节 国际商品包装第一节 国际物流货物仓储概述n一、仓储的意义n二、仓库的分类一、仓储的意义n调整商品在生产和消费之间的时间错位n保证进入国际国际市场的商品质量n延伸生产特性的加工业务n调节国际市场商品的价格n调节内外运输工具载运能力的不平衡n减少国际物流中的货损货差二、仓库的分类n1.按仓库在国际物流中的用途分类n（1）口岸仓库n（2）中转仓库n（3）加工仓库n（4）储存仓库n2.按仓库的管理体制分类n（1）自有仓库n（2）租赁公共仓库n（3）合同仓库第二节 保税仓库与保税区n

2、一、保税仓库的概念n二、保税仓库允许存放的货物范围n三、保税仓库的类型n四、保税区保税制度n保税制度是允许对特定的进口货物在入关进境后确定内销或复出口的最终去向前暂缓征缴关税和其他国内税，由海关监管的一种海关制度。n保税制度按方式和实行区域的不同：n有保税仓库n保税工厂n保税区n保税集团n免税商店n保税转口保税仓库n保税仓库是经海关批准，进口货物可以不办理进口手续和较长时间储存的场所。进口货物再出口而不必纳税，便于货主把握交易时机出售货物，有利于业务的顺利进行和转口贸易的发展 二、保税仓库允许存放的货物范围n1.缓办纳税手续的进出口货物缓办纳税手续的进出口货物n主要包括进口国工程、生产等需要，

3、由于种种原因而造成的预进口货物，储存在保税仓库内，即需即提并办理通关手续，剩余货物免税退回。也包括因市场变化，暂时无法决定去向的货物。n2.需要做进口技术处理的货物需要做进口技术处理的货物n主要是那些不适合在进口国销售，需要再包装或做其它加工处理，如符合要求即进行内销完税，否则退回或销往其他国家。n3.来料加工后复出口的货物来料加工后复出口的货物n主要是那些“两头在外”的公司实施的，将后期加工放在保税仓库内进行，然后再行出口。原料可存放于保税仓库内。n4.不内销而过境转口的货物。不内销而过境转口的货物。n当货物内销无望需转口，或在该地存放有利于转口，或无法直接销往第三国需转口，此时可存放于保税

4、仓库内。三、保税仓库的类型n1.专业性保税仓库n2.公共保税仓库n3.保税工厂n4.海关监管仓库四、保税区n保税区（保税区（Bonded Area ;the low-tax; tariff-free zone ;tax-protected zone)亦称保税仓亦称保税仓库区。这是一国海关设置的或经海关批准注册、库区。这是一国海关设置的或经海关批准注册、受海关监督和管理的可以较长时间存储商品的受海关监督和管理的可以较长时间存储商品的区域。是经国务院批准设立的、海关实施特殊区域。是经国务院批准设立的、海关实施特殊监管的经济区域，是我国目前开放度和自由度监管的经济区域，是我国目前开放度和自由度最大的

5、经济区域。最大的经济区域。n第一个保税区是上海外高桥保税区第一个保税区是上海外高桥保税区第三节 国际物流仓储业务运作基本程序进口入库储存保管出库国际物流货物仓储业务一、保税仓库货物进口n1.本地进货n2.异地进货二、入库n1.卸货n2.入库验收n3.办理入库手续n4.贴储位标签或条形码n5.上架三、储存保管：存放、保管、检查和盘点n1.存放：可变货位安排系统；固定货位安排系统n2.保管n（1）面向通道保管n（2）根据出库频率选定位置n（3）尽可能向高处码放，提高保管效率（棚架）n（4）同一品种放在同一地方n（5）根据物品重量安排保管的位置（腰部）n（6）要注意商品的存放安全n湿度管理、防尘、防

6、臭、防虫、防鼠、防盗。3.货物检查与盘点（1）保管期间货物的检查n检查的内容：nA.数量检查nB.质量检查nC.保管条件检查nD.安全检查n检查的方式： nA.日常检查nB.定期检查nC.临时性检查（2）货物的盘点1）盘点的方法A.动态盘点法B.循环盘点法C.重点盘点法2)盘点的内容A.盘点数量B.盘点重量C.货帐核对D.帐与帐核对E.做好记录及时联系F.分析问题，找出原因及时处理四、出库n1.原物复出口：填写货物出口报关单，提交进口报关单（进口的的时候经海关签章确认的）n2.加工贸易提取使用n3.转入国内销售第四节 国际商品包装n一、包装材料n二、包装种类n三、包装费用n四、包装标识包装的功

7、能packaging functionn1.Protect the goods from the hazards of international shipping by ocean or by airnCost VS protection not a trade-offn2.Facilitate the handling of goods when they are in transitn3.Part of the customer service strategy and often overlooked包装的目标packaging objectivesnMake sure that go

8、ods are protected from the major lossesnProvide good customer service to the recipient of the goods( customer focus)nReflect the increasing sensitivity to recycling and energy conservation14-2 packaging objectivesThe first objectiventhe three major losses that can occur in an international transitn1

9、.mechanical damage: breakage, crushes, nicks and dents (43% of all claims )n2. water damage: sea water, rain ,flood ,and container sweat (15%)n3. theft and pilferage (21%)nThe remaining 21% of the claims are linked to fire, standing, sinkings, collision overboard losses and jettisonnAll the perils c

10、an be prevented to a great extent by the proper use of packaging techniques and correct design 14-2 packaging objectivesThe second objectivenAchieved by paying attention to the smaller details of the packaging process and designing a smarter package, examples are as followingnGluing and then nailing

11、 the plywood onto a crate, a customer-focused exporter just nail them or even better screw themnUse the recipients language and clearly mark all of the package within the shipmentnUtilize unitized packages that match the size of the ones used by the customernA few extra time and a bit more money ,ac

12、tually become a strategic advantage over a competitor14-2 packaging objectivesThe third objectivenUse recyclable and reusable materials instead of disposable materials一、包装材料1.包装材料（1）纸质包装材料（2）合成树脂包装材料（3）木制容器包装材料（4）金属容器包装材料（5）玻璃陶瓷包装材料（6）纤维容器包装材料（7）复合材料包装材料2.包装容器（1）包装袋（2）包装盒（3）包装箱（4）瓶（5）罐二、包装种类n运输包装n销售

13、包装n运输包装分为：1.单件包装按照外形：包、箱、桶、袋按照质地：软性、硬性和半硬性按照材料2.集合包装集装箱、集装袋、托盘三、包装费用n包装材料费用n包装机械费用n包装技术费用n包装人工费用n其他辅助费用四、包装标志n运输标志n指示性标志n警告性标志海洋货物运输包装 ocean cargonFC L（整箱货）nChoice of container集装箱的选择nAfter the choice of correct container ,the exporter should inspect the container both from the inside and outside n选完

14、集装箱后要对集装箱进行检查Inspect from the outside for possible structural damages:外部检查要点nA structurally unsound container could collapse nThe frame should look straight nThe fittings（设备）used for lifting it and securing it on the ship or on the truck should be in place and not damagednThe doors should close prop

15、erlynThe repair should appear to have been done competently nSurface rustInspect from the inside内部检查要点nwith the door closed ,for possible light leakagenWood floor and wood sides prevent condensation damage and direct contact with the metal sidesnAll of its inside hardware in placenFoul and persisten

16、t odorsnRemove the protruding(突出的） nails or other fastenersnClean of grease油脂, dirt and other foreign material集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查） n前壁1确定内部各角挡块可见且无误，前壁是由折皱材料构成的。2用40的尺子测量集装箱的内部尺寸，柜前至后门内侧的距离是40尺柜应该是395“或12.01M,20尺柜的为194“或5.89M。3确信排气口可以看见，没有被异物堵住。4用工具敲打它，确认有空的回声。集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（

17、七点检查）n左边1查看横粱的异常修复2查看侧壁都可见的内外部的修复情况。3用工具敲打它，确认有空的回声集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）n右边1查看横梁的异常修复2查看侧壁都可见的内外部的异常修复情况。3用工具敲打它，确认有空的回声集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）n地板1测量底部至顶部的商度，40尺柜和20尺柜的高度应该是710”或者是 2.38M.2确认底部是平整，所有的高度是一样的。不能有不同的高度。3检查异常修复情况。集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）n顶部1顶部的外形不能是靠内或者靠外。确保是一

18、致的。2查看角上挡块的顶部和距顶部距离。例如：正常情况下，那顶部应稍微低一点或者和角部挡块的顶部齐平。3确信排气口可以看见，没有被异物堵住。4查看内外顶部内外侧异常修复。集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）n门的内外1确宝门的锁闭系统的可靠性，安全性。2查看柳钉的类型颜色，颜色应该都是一致的且钉子周围没有油污。3确保各孔洞处没有固体异物集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）集装箱完整性检查程序（七点检查）n外部/起落架1进厂装柜前，.检测柜子的底盘和外观3检测底盘时要用一面镜子以确保所有的支撑横梁是可见的,且没有其它外部的东西固定在起落架上。4在箱子的内部查看外部可见的修

19、复。Palletization集装箱内部托盘nMost of the time ,it is better for the shipment to be unitized( placed on the pallet) within the container rather than left in its corrugated cardboard 瓦楞纸boxes. The advantages are:nProtect the goods from the water infiltration and condensation, facilitate the handling nEnsure

20、 the secondary sufficient enough to protect the goodsnAnother issue to take into consideration : brick vs columnsnThe standardized of the pallets(EU vs US)http:/ of seagoing containers海运集装箱类型nThe greatest number of containers are standard twenty-foot and forty-foot units nDRYCONTAINER nBoxes 8820 or

21、 8840nFully enclosed in steel nEquipped with a double door at one endnHave a wooden floornSome have wooden sidesnCan be stacked to nine high and even higher in some casesnCapacity is measured by TEUsnThe liquid-bulk containerTank inside a frame with the same outside dimensionsAccording to the cargo

22、carried ,the containers have different design and of different materials (ISO standard)Can be stacked with traditional containersThe dry-bulk containernTo hold dry bulk product such as grain or polymer pelletsnFewer handling than when the cargo is bulk ,packaged in drums or bagsnShorter containers (

23、5 feet tall) facilitate rail transport nCan be stacked with the ISO standard containersThe open-top container开顶集装箱 nHold cargo too large or too tall to regular container ,Sometimes covered with a tarpaulin防水帆布nt:p:linnThese containers always on the top of the stackThe extended-length containernHold

24、cargo dont fit in the forty-foot containernDifficult to pack and load onto the shipnOn the top of the stack and must have the next stack slot emptyThe flat rack框架集装箱 nHold cargo less than 8 feet widenSometimes have corner and two end wallnUsed for shipments of pleasure boats ,truck and military vehi

25、cles The refrigerated containernHold cargo at a constant temperature during the voyagenOutside power source (electricity) to function nPlugged in during the voyagenreefer container冷藏船The high cube containernHold cargo that cube out before it weigh outnThe maximum weight limit of a container is 52910

26、 lbs(24mt) and 67200(30.5mt)nThe hanger container Hold garments “on hanger” nSeveral have been designed to ship automobile ,livestock ,集装箱运输出现的困境nThe difficulties of the development of “specials” is that they are not multi-purpose such as the livestock containernFor the imbalance of trade between po

27、rts there is an accumulation of empties in the US ,while there is a shortage of boxes in AsianAnother reason for the shortage The containers are used for storage or housing (disappear)Non-unitized cargo非集装化商品nPreferable to be packaged in a high grade of corrugated cardboard, regular secondary packag

28、e should be avoidednStrong cardboard or sheets of plywood should be used in between the layersnA layer of plywood on floor or pallet in humid condition .cardboard should be avoidedBlocking materialsdunnage填充材料nThe first thing to secure the goods on the container itself (hooks and straps)nThe second

29、is to insert some sort of “spacer” in between the pallets or the packagesnSpacer: bracing contraptions made with wooden beams,inflatable bags or old palletsnInsurance policies do not cover the claims for improperly packaged cargonThe critical part is that the entire floor space in the container must

30、 be occupied ,so that none of the cargo may moveLoading the container装箱nWhen Different types goods in the same container ,the heavier ones should always placed on the bottomnMake sure the centre of gravity be in the centre of the container ,achieved by making sure the good are loaded symmetrical and

31、 the blocking materials is placed in betweennsoftwareless-than-container-load (LCL) cargo拼箱货nConsolidated by the freight forwarder or NVOCCnIn addition to the risk associated with the shipment by ocean, also the possibility of damages caused by the other cargo in the containernHeavy one inadvertentl

32、y placed on the pallet or poorly braced and move in heavy seanSubject to the leakage ,odor and other hazards nThe owner of the other cargo is not carefulbreak-bulk cargo散杂货nToo large or too heavynPlaced directly on the hold of the shipnhandled More often(package should reflect the rigors of the jour

33、ney and the extra handling)nSpecialized freight forwarders who have an excellent knowledge of all of these limitationnCigna Insurance Company “ports of the world”Crate板条箱and boxesnBe good (appropriate) for break-bulk cargo and LCLnShould be built in a size that accommodates the goods without allowin

34、g them to shiftnBe very solidly built and be reinforced at those points where the crate likely to be liftednUpright position (pallet or hooks and straps)nBoxes and crate built differentlynWell built crates are stronger than boxesnThree-way cornernBoth should be reinforced with corner strapping and m

35、etallic bandsnNot appropriate for cargo that is not impervious to waternLined with a waterproof materialsnLeaving the bottom of the crate or the box free of waterproof materialnPlace small holes in it to allow drainage should some water infiltration occurnSpray the machinery and metallic part with o

36、il to protect against the water damageBags集装袋nChemicals, plastics and other powdered materials unaffected by water and unlikely to be pilferagenLayer of kraft paper or light polymersnAdd 3% additional emptynflexible intermediate bulk container可调式联运散货集装箱Drums桶nMetallic drums and fiber drumnSteel drum

37、 can be used for wet and dry cargo and are pretty resilient containers that can withstand a good amount of abuse, resistance to water damage and pilferage and be used for long timenThe disadvantage is the weight and costnFiber drum only be used for dry cargo ,often lined with a polymer bagnSlightly

38、more resistant to water damage than bags more resistant to pilferage nare often damaged when port personnel handle them in the same way as they do steel drumsnAlso sensitive to mechanical damageswood requirements关于木质包装材料的相关规章制度nConform to the International Phytosanitary Measure 15 since March 2005nA

39、ll wood product must be marked with the International plant protection convention国际植物保护公约国际植物保护公约nFinland 10,000 to cover the cost of destroying themnMB and HT包装标志作用n包装标志是为了便于货物交接货物交接、防止错发错运防止错发错运，便于识别便于识别，便于运输便于运输、仓储和海关等有关部门仓储和海关等有关部门进行查验等工进行查验等工作，也便于收货人提取货物便于收货人提取货物，在进出口货物的外包装上标明的记号，n包装标志有：n运输标志(即

40、唛头)、n指示性标志n警告性标志三类。1运输标志运输标志(Shipping Mark)n运输标志习惯上称为“唛头”，它通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字和简单的文字组成，其作用主要是便于识别货物，便于收货人收货，也有利于运输、仓储、检验和海关等有关部门顺利地进行工作。n标准化的运输标志由标准运输标志和信息标志组成(见GB/T18131-2000)。1)标准运输标志n标准运输标志由收货人(买方)、参考号、目的地、件数编号4个数据元依次组成。这些运输标志一般都应在货物和相关单证上标示出来。n收货人(或买方)。收货人(或买方)名称的首字母缩略名或简称。除铁路、公路运输外，其他各种运输方式均不

41、应使用全称。出口商和进口商可以商定一套首字母缩略名或简称，用于他们之间的货物运输。n参考号。参考号应尽可能简单明了，只可使用托运单号、合同号、订单号或发票号中的一个编号，并应避免在编号后跟随日期信息。n目的地。货物最终抵达的港口或地点(卸货港、交货地点、续运承运人交货地点)的名称。在转运转运的情况下，可在“VIA”(即“经由”)之后指明货物转运的港口或地点的名称。如“NEW DELHI VIA BOMBY”，表示货物经由孟买到达新德里。在多式联运多式联运情况下，只需标明货物的最终抵达地点，允许运输经营人选择最理想的运输路线，并避免在转运地中断运输。n件数编号。指出件数的连续编号和已知的总件数。

42、例如“1/25”、2/25.25/25”表示包装物的总件数为25件，每件包装物的编号从1到25。附加信息标志情况n当集装箱或拖挂车装有危险品危险品时，必须将危险品的标志标在外部，同时标出其他必备型数据，如正确的技术名称、适当的运输内容等。n在运输包装物上，除标准运输标志以外的不是货物运输所需要的其他信息标志，一般不应在包装物上标示。如有特殊要求特殊要求，则应将其他必要的附加信息用较较小字符小字符或不同颜色不同颜色使其与标准运输标志明显区分，而且这些信息不能复制不能复制在单证上运输标志的部位。n为便于全装卸便于全装卸(如空运)或正确存贮正确存贮，可以标出包装包装物的总重物的总重，但必须以“kg”

43、为单位而不应使用其他重量单位标示。重量标志应直接标在运输标志的下方并与其明显分开。例如：直接标示“462 kg”，不应附加“GROSS/BRUTTO WEIGHT”(总重量)之类信息。n像原产国或进口许可证号码这类信息应视政府法律或简化海关结关手续要求而定。如果买方要求，此类信息可包括在内。但不应在包装物上给出发货人的详细名称或地址。例如；用“IL GG22455170672”代替“IMPORT LICENCE NUMBER G/G22455-17067-2”。n通常不必在包装物上标示净重和尺码(罐装化学物品或特大的包装物除外)。一般情况下，国内和国际法规对此不作强制性规定。需要标示时，应对它

44、们进行缩略，例如：“N401 kg 1059062cm”。n货物空运时，根据国际航空运输协会(IATA)606号决议的规定，可以在运输标志下面给出总重量，并且至少在一个包装物上给出托运人的详细地址。2)海运时的标准运输标志示例3)空运时的标准运输标志示例指示性标志n指示性标志又称包装储运图示标志、安全标志、保护性标志或注意标志。它是针对商品的特性提出的在运输和保管过程中应注意的事项，一般都是以简单、醒目的图形或文字在包装上标出。在使用文字时，最好是使用进口国和出口国的文字，但一般是使用英文n我国常用的有17种nTwo reason: protect the goods from poor ha

45、ndling and protect the goods from theft and pilferageTo protect the goods from poor handlingnUse as many of the international pictorials for cargo handling as are relevant (standardized by ISO) accompanied by the translation in the language of the portsnNet weight and gross weight should be displaye

46、d both in metric units and so-called English units on the outside of the packagenThe outside dimension should also be displayedTo protect the goods from being lostnMark the package with the consignees name as well as the shipment numbernConsignee should not include information that can indicate the

47、brand or the type of goodsn1of 4 ,particular color( a color not associated with a specific company and also change the color regularly)nThe identity of the shipper or the content of the package should be avoided at all costs运输包装件内装易碎品，因此搬运时应小心轻放表明运输包装件的正确位置是竖直向上 不能翻滚运输包装 搬运货物时此面禁放手推车 不能用升降叉车搬运的包装件 相

48、同包装的最大堆码层数，n表示层数极限 该包装件不能堆码并且其上也不能放置其他负载 起吊货物时挂链条的位置本标志应标在实际的起吊位置上 3警告性标志警告性标志(Warning Mark)n警告性标志又称危险货物包装标志，是针对危险货物为了在运输、保管和装卸过程中，使有关人员加强防护措施，以保护物资和人身的安全而加在外包装上的标志。凡包装内装有爆炸品、易燃物品、自燃物品、遇水燃烧物品、有毒品、腐蚀性物品、氧化剂和放射性物品等危险品，应在运输包装上刷写清楚明显的危险品警告标志。 n我国常用的警告性标志有21种air transportationnLess hazardous than ocean t

49、ransport, but some perils still existnWater condensation and air pressure changesnThe biggest problem is theft and pilferagen14-4a containersn14-4b packaging materialsn14-4c markingscontainersnContainers used much different from the one used in ocean cargo and are not intermodal (with the exception

50、of 20-foot container)nMade of wood, Plexiglas or aluminum ,lightweight and cleannDamage may occur in voyage but most damage occur in the handlingpackaging materialsnSecondary packaging, not an appropriate method for two reasons:nNot sufficient to protect the goods well from the hazards of manipulati

51、on nhub and spoke轴辐式空运系统The second reasonnSecondary packaging often includes markings including the brand name of the goods ,as well as model number and illustrations ,which make them very tempting targets for thievesFor fragile shipments nThe best strategy is to use a box within a box; filled with

52、packing materialsnThe cost is substantial (freight and the cost of lager box)nThe airlines charge the shipper on the higher of two alternativesFor cargo sensitive to humiditynAdd small packets of Desiccant material干燥剂nAdditional layer of shrink-wrap For shipment susceptible to leakagenThe secondary or tertiary package must be capable of containing an accidental leakagenMost secondary p