273加州政策与方略

1、policies and strategies in california 2009 international forum on energy efficiency/dsmfebruary 26, 2009beijing, prc2009 国际能源效率国际能源效率/需求侧管理需求侧管理(dsm)论坛论坛2009年2月26日中国，北京中国，北京energy savings to achieve maximum kri bolding senior advisor california public utilities commissiontheresa cho chief of staff,

2、commissioner grueneichcalifornia public utilities commission加州政策与方略加州政策与方略务求达到节能效益最大化务求达到节能效益最大化科里科里 波尔丁波尔丁高级顾问加州公用事业委员会加州公用事业委员会特瑞莎特瑞莎 曹曹格伦纳赫协会委员及主管加州公用事业委员会加州公用事业委员会2energy efficiency in california: background加州能效：加州能效：背景背景3nthe cpuc regulates privately owned electric and natural gas companiesqreg

3、ulates 75% of california electricity useqsets rates, determines revenue requirements, approves electricity generation portfoliosnalso regulates telecommunications, water, railroad, rail transit, and passenger transportation companies, and authorizes video franchises. california public utilities comm

4、ission 加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会n加州公共事业委员会负责监管私营电力及天燃气公司q监管75%加州电力使用q设定电价，确定收入要求，批准发电项目方案n同时监管电信，水，铁路，铁道运输以及客运公司，并授权特许经营有线电视业务。 4nsets efficiency standards for buildings and appliances every two yearsnresearch on california energy usage and marketsnfunds emerging technologiescalifornia energy commission 加州

5、能源委员会加州能源委员会n每两年设定建筑及设备能效标准。n研究加州能源市场及其使用。n为新兴技术提供资金。5what is energy efficiency? 什么是能效？什么是能效？energy efficiency is # 1 in the “loading order” for energy resourcesnusing less energy to produce the same or higher performance.ncalifornias highest priority generation resource2004-2013: reductions equival

6、ent to 10 500 mw power plantsca per capita usage is national averagen用更少的能源达到相同甚至更高的产能。n加州最优先能效领域在电力生产资源2004-2013: 相当于减少10座500 mw发电厂加州人均用能量是国家人均用能量的 能效是各种能源资源能效是各种能源资源“排序排序”中的第中的第1位。位。6nefficiency standards for appliances (1977)nefficiency standards for buildings (1979)niou revenues “decoupled” from

7、 sales (1982) npublic benefits charge (2002) ncalifornia energy action plan (i: 2003; ii: 2005) nnew state law requires all “cost-effective” ee in utility resource procurement (2003)nenergy efficiency goals through 2013 (2004)ncpuc impact evaluation (“em&v”) studies nenergy efficiency goals thro

8、ugh 2020 (2008)nfirst long term strategic plan (2008)history of energy efficiency能效历史发展能效历史发展n家用电器效率标准 (1977)n建筑效率标准 (1979)n使销售和投资者拥有的公共事业设施收入“脱钩”(iou revenues) (1982) n公共效益收费 (2002) n加州能源行动计划 (i: 2003; ii: 2005) n加州新法律要求公共事业资源采购中采用所有“成本有效”的能效项目。 (2003)n 2013年能效目标 (2004)n加州公共事业委员会影响评估研究 (“em&v”)

9、 n2020年能效目标 (2008)n第一个长期战略计划 (2008)7energy productivity 能源生产能源生产 real gdp relative to energy consumptionsource: next 10, california green innovation index, 2009加州加州美国其他地方美国其他地方相对能源消耗的实际相对能源消耗的实际gdp来源来源: next 10, 加州绿色创新指数加州绿色创新指数, 20098ghg emissions and gdp in california加州加州温室气体排释放量和温室气体排释放量和gdp对比对比g

10、hg emissions and gdp dollars per capita (per million people)source: next 10, california green innovation index, 2009 来源来源: next 10, 加州绿色创新指数加州绿色创新指数, 2009人均温室气体排放和人均温室气体排放和gdp美元（每百万人）美元（每百万人）人均gdp人均温室气体排放量（粗略值）9energy efficiency policies and programs 能效政策及能效项目能效政策及能效项目10nclear policy aggressive savi

11、ngs goalsee integrated into resource planning robust programs adequate fundingpublic benefits charge utility generation procurement fundsncontinuously improved standards new building and appliance efficiency standards adopted every two yearsevaluation, measurement, and verification (em&v)rigorou

12、s verification activities ensure savings are realprogram evaluation allows continual adaptation and improvement policy framework 政策框架政策框架n清晰的政策清晰的政策 大胆的节约目标将能效融入资源规划 强大的项目强大的项目 充足的资金充足的资金公共效益费 电力公司发电采购基金n不断改进的标准不断改进的标准 每两年采用新的建筑和家用电器能效标准 评估，评估，计计量和认证量和认证(em&v)严格的认证工作来确保所节约的能源是真实可靠的开展项目评估达到持续的采用能

13、效措施和改进11clear energy policy: 清晰的能源政策清晰的能源政策： efficiency #1 in loading order 能效在排序中是第能效在排序中是第 1位位nsince 2003, californias energy policy has defined a “loading order” of resources to meet the states electricity needs: 1.all cost-effective energy efficiency 2.demand response;3.renewable energy and dist

14、ributed generation;4.cleanest fossil-fueled sources and infrastructure improvements. /puc/energy/electric/energy+action+plan/ n自2003年以来，加州能源政策已经定义各种资源“排序” 来满足本州的电力需求: 1.所有成本有效的能效2.需求侧响应;3.可再生能源与分布式发电;4.最干净的化石燃料资源以及基础设施的改造12energy efficiencyis a resource 能源效率是一种资源能源效率是一种资源n gener

15、ation benefits 发电效益qsaves capacity and energy 节约发电容量和能源qlowers fuel costs 降低燃料成本qreduces required reserves 减少所需的储备n transmission and distribution benefits 输配电效益qdefers new investment 延缓新的投资qimproves reliability 改善可靠性n resource benefits 资源效益 qpromotes integrated resource planning 促进综合资源计划n environmen

16、tal benefits 环境效益qpaves the way for sustainable growth 为可持续发展提供条件qreduces ghg emissions 减少温室气体排放13integrated resource planning 综合资源规划综合资源规划nthe cpuc requires the utilities to implement a long-term energy planning processbottoms-up approach for 10 year resource plans10 year forecast of demand minus1.

17、all cost effective energy efficiency +2.demand response goals +3.renewable energy mandate +4.solar roofs program +5.distributed generation +6.existing fossil and nuclear generation = net short resourcesutilities authorized to purchase electricity up to the net shortn加州公共事业委员会要求公共设施实施长期能源计划项目由下而上推进方式

18、的10年资源计划10年需求预测年需求预测 减去减去1.所有成本有效能效+2.需求侧响应目标 +3.可再生能源政策 +4.太阳能屋顶计划 +5.分布式发电 +6.现有化石和核电产能 = 净资源不足净资源不足各公共设施被允许采购净资源不足部分的电力。14all cost effective energy efficiency:total resource cost (trc) test所有成本有效的能效项目所有成本有效的能效项目 : 总资源成本总资源成本 (trc) 测测试试ratio of the avoided cost of building a power plant to the tot

19、al ee program cost including the consumers and the utilitys costs.utilities required to “purchase” a portfolio of energy efficiency programs with a total ratio of greater than 1.0.2006-2008 energy efficiency programs:trc benefits = $5.4 billiontrc costs = $2.7 billiontrc ratio = 2因避免建造电厂而节约的成本和总能源效率

20、项目的成本(包括消费者和电力公司的成本）之间的比率.要求电力公司“购买” 比率大于1.0的能效项目2006-2008 能源效率项目:trc 收益 = $54 亿trc 成本 = $27 亿trc 比率 = 215utility program administration 公共事业公共事业项目管理项目管理research & planning研究与计划研究与计划 research & potential analysis cpuc & cec研究研究 & 潜力的分析潜力的分析加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 & 加州能源委加州能源委员会员会 em&a

21、mp;v protocolscpuc & cec评估计量评估计量&认证认证 协议书协议书加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 & 加州能源委加州能源委员会员会 forecasting utilities & cec预测预测公共设施公共设施 & 加州能源委员会加州能源委员会policy & oversight政策与监管政策与监管policy development cpuc政策开发政策开发加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 savings targets cpuc & cec节能目标节能目标加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 &

22、 加州能源委员会加州能源委员会portfolio funding, approval & em&v cpuc组合融资，批准组合融资，批准 &评估评估计计量量&认定认定加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 dispute resolution cpuc分歧解决分歧解决加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 fiscal agent utilities财务机构财务机构 公共事业公共事业implementation & management实施和管理实施和管理 portfolio management utilities 项目项目组合管理组合管理 公共事业公共事

23、业program selection cpuc and utilities项目选择项目选择 加州公共事业委员会加州公共事业委员会 & 公共事业公共事业 program em&v utilities项目评估项目评估计计量量&认证认证公共设施公共设施 reporting utilities报告报告 公共事业公共事业16two sources: 1. public goods charge surcharges of $0.00795/kwh (approx. 1% of bill) and $0.30861/therm (approx 0.7%) on customer b

24、ills provide $540 million to fund energy efficiency programs and research and development2. procurement tariffutilities “purchase” efficiency programs funding for ca energy efficiency programs加州能源效率项目的融资加州能源效率项目的融资两个来源两个来源: 1. 公共产品的收费公共产品的收费 按$0.00795/千瓦时 (约为电费账单的1%) 和 $0.30861/1000大卡 (约天然气账单的 0.7%)

25、 向顾客账单收取额外费用可提供大约 $5.4亿美元的收入用以支持能源效率项目以及有关的研究和开发。2. 采购费率采购费率公共设施“购买”能效项目17impact on customer bills对用户账单的影响对用户账单的影响$71.95$189,000,000$73.13$343,000,00082% increase1.6% increasepacific gas & electric company美国太平洋电力和天然气公司美国太平洋电力和天然气公司18对顾客账单的影响对顾客账单的影响$71.95$189,000,000$73.13$343,000,00082% 增加1.6%

26、增加太平洋燃气与电力公司太平洋燃气与电力公司19budget distribution预算分配预算分配market sectors市场分类市场分类 $2.1 billion in 2006-200821 亿美元，2006-2008 $3 billion proposed for 2009-2011 30 亿美元预算 2009-2011 electricity reductions equivalent to 10 500 mw power plants in 2004-20132004-2013 年间减少电力相当于 10座50万千瓦电厂 estimated net savings of $10

27、 billion to california over 10 years10年内预计为加州节省大约 100亿美元（净值）20nrebate customer purchases energy efficiency measure at lower cost with the difference paid for by the programnaudit inspection of a home or business to identify energy efficiency opportunitiesndirect install installation of energy effici

28、ency measures at no cost to the customernappliance turn-in takes inefficient appliances out of circulation with free or rebated recycling servicesnworkforce education training for the general public as well as trade allies such as builders or building operatorsn折扣折扣 顾客以较低价购买能效措施，顾客以较低价购买能效措施，中间差额由项目

29、支付中间差额由项目支付n审计审计 对公司或家庭进行能效检查，对公司或家庭进行能效检查，确定能效机会确定能效机会n直接安装直接安装 顾客无需支付任何成本即顾客无需支付任何成本即可安装能效措施可安装能效措施n安装部分设备安装部分设备 以收费或是补贴循环以收费或是补贴循环服务将效率低的设备从工艺流程中拆服务将效率低的设备从工艺流程中拆除除n劳动力教育劳动力教育 在培训广大群众的同时，在培训广大群众的同时，也对商会，如建造商或工程运作商进也对商会，如建造商或工程运作商进行培训行培训program examples项目案例项目案例21nmarketing and outreach develop con

30、sumer awareness and build demand for measuresnperformance contracting provides rebate for equipment and building retrofit per unit of energy saved rather than per measure purchased or installednenergy management services a combination of audit services, rebates and/or direct install, as well as load

31、 management and self-generationncodes and standards: minimum standards for building and appliance efficiency.nemerging technologies promotion of new technologies ensures continual improvementn市场营销与拓展市场营销与拓展 开发消费者认知，并打造对标量的需求n合同能源管理（绩效合同管理）合同能源管理（绩效合同管理）-根据设备或是建筑改造所节省的每单位能源提供奖励性回扣，而不是根据购买或安装的能效措施作为奖励

32、标准n能源管理服务能源管理服务 组合一系列服务包括审计服务，奖励性回扣和/或直接安装，及负荷管理和自发电n标准和法规：标准和法规：建筑和设备的最低能效标准n新兴技术新兴技术 推广新兴技术可以确保持续的进步program examples (continued)项目案例项目案例 (继续继续)22cpuc oversight and monitoringnset annual savings goalsnreview and approve programs and budgets nindependent measurement of program savingsnindependent ve

33、rification of measure installations and costs.nprogram impact evaluation. nresults of em&v used to improve program design and implementation.加州公共事业委员会监管与监控加州公共事业委员会监管与监控n设定年度节约目标n复核和批准项目和预算 n独立计量项目的节约量n独立认证节能措施的安装与成本n项目影响评估 n使用评估计量和认证的结果来改进项目的设计和实施 23the future of energy efficiency in california

34、: to 2020 and beyond加州能效的未来：至加州能效的未来：至2020年和年和2020年以后年以后24the next generation of ee in california 加州能效的未来加州能效的未来nlong-term (through 2020), statewide utility energy efficiency strategic plan加州长期（至2020年） 公共设施能源效率战略能源效率战略计划计划n4 big bold initiatives 4个大型的宏个大型的宏伟行动计划伟行动计划ninteractive energy efficiency we

35、b portal互动能效网站互动能效网站 a strategy for achieving and exceeding aggressive state goals, by leveraging industrial, commercial and residential sector efforts.一个通过发动工业，商业和住宅行业的共同努力，来达到并超越加州宏伟目标的战略计划25why we needed a plan 我们为何需要计划我们为何需要计划nset path towards market transformation 为市场转化铺路nensure public purpose

36、programs are highly cost-effective 确保公共目的的项目是高度成本有效的nachieve long-term energy savings through the built environment 通过营造环境来实现长期节约能源的目的nmaximize opportunity to meet technical & full economic efficiency potential 将机会最大化来满足技术及全部经济效益潜力nachieve ghg reduction targets 实现温室气体减排目的26make energy efficiency

37、 a way of lifendeployment that captures deeper, more comprehensive energy savings nevolve markets and behavior so that government intervention is no longer necessarynbuild foundation for continual advancement of energy efficient technologies and practices.nachieve californias ab 32 goals. nintegrate

38、d demand side solutionszne buildings = ee + solar, dr/smart grid把能源效率当做一种生活方式n更深入、更综合全面开展节能 n让市场和人们行为改变，从而不需要政府干涉n营造能效技术和实践持续进步的基础n达到加州 ab 32 个目标n整合需求侧解决方案零能耗建筑=能源效率+太阳能，需求侧响应/智能电网27nincludes existing codes and standards and utility programsnincorporates: market transformation voluntary market actio

39、ns to become “business as usual in california” collaboration - roles for local governments, other state agencies and private sector players n4 big bold ee strategies as cornerstones of initial bold energy-savings/outcomesscope of strategic plan战略计划的范围战略计划的范围n包括现有法规和标准以及公共事业项目n合并了： 市场转换市场转换 自愿市场行为 成为

40、加州照常营业，无需过多干预 协作协作 本地政府，其他本地政府，其他州机构和私人行业各参州机构和私人行业各参与方的作用与方的作用n4个大型的宏伟能效战略计个大型的宏伟能效战略计划划作为最初的宏伟节能/成果的基石28market transformation市场转换市场转换 by advancing behavior change 通过促成习惯改变实现通过促成习惯改变实现california is working to build an effective statewide model specifically addressing energy-efficient behavior infor

41、m decisivelychallenge people to act and recognized when they do.qcompanies, government and consumers speak to diversity/different audiences qunderstand dimensions of ca residents and interpret a message, a call-to-action in many ways. qeffectively promote benefits most relevant to each group is the

42、key to success. 加州正致力于营造一个以能效行文为重点的加州模型果断地通知果断地通知鼓励人们行动并在他们做到鼓励人们行动并在他们做到时加以认可。时加以认可。q公司，政府和消费者 向不同背景向不同背景/身份的听众进身份的听众进行宣传行宣传 q了解加州居民的有关背景并解释我们传递的信息，用多种方式呼吁人们响应号召并开始行动。 q有效地宣传和每个团体最密切相关的利益是成功的关键。 29detailed aproach to 有关改变行为模式的有关改变行为模式的behavior change 具体细节具体细节market assessment 市场评估nbrand assessment

43、品牌评估nbrand creation 品牌建立nmarketing education & outreach strategic implementation plan 市场教育&拓展战略实施计划nimplementation 实施nenergy efficiency web portal 能源效率网站level 1: policy makers, practitioners, utilities, international and more 第一层：政策制定者，实施者，公共事业，国际和更多level 2: consumers, communities and busine

44、sses 第二层：消费者，社区和公司 30all economic sectors 所所 有经济行业有经济行业nresidential, including low income民居民居, 包括低收入家庭包括低收入家庭ncommercial 商业商业nindustrial 工业工业nagricultural 农业农业cross-cutting areas 跨行业跨行业ncodes & standards 规范和标准规范和标准ndsm coordination & integration 需求侧管理协作需求侧管理协作&整合整合nworkforce education &a

45、mp; training 劳动力教育劳动力教育&培训培训nmarketing & outreach 市场市场&拓展拓展nresearch & technology 研发研发nlocal governments当地政府当地政府nheating, ventilation & air conditioning 暖通和空调暖通和空调contents of strategic plan 战略计划内容战略计划内容312020 goals example: commercial 2020 目标案例：商业目标案例：商业1.new construction will in

46、creasingly embrace zero net energy performance including clean, on-site distributed generation dg, reaching 100 percent penetration of new starts in 2030 .新的建筑将更接近零能耗，包括清洁的现场分布发电 【dg】，到2030年所有新建筑实现100%零能耗2.50% existing buildings equivalent to zne buildings by 2030 through deep efficiency & clean

47、 dg 通过深化节能和清洁的分布式发电（dg)， .到2030年50%的既有建筑将成为零能耗建筑。 an increasing percentage of the 50-120 million sq. ft./ year of new commercial construction will be progressively more efficient; all new construction zne by 2030. 50-120 百万 平方英尺/每年的新商业建筑中节能建筑的比例将越来越高；到2030年所有新建筑都将实现零能耗。 250 million square feet (1/20

48、th of existing space) per year through 2030 reach deep levels of energy efficiency improvements through whole building approaches. 到2030年，每年2.5亿平方英尺（现有建筑面积的1/20）的建筑将通过整体建筑节能方法达到深度能源效率改进。goals 目标目标 goal results结果结果322020 goals example: commercial 2020 目标目标案例：商业案例：商业3.commercial lighting will transfor

49、m to high-efficiency, high-performance technologies, pushed by state & national codes and standards. 州&国家法规和标准推动商业照明向高效率，高性能照明科技转化。 utilities will phase out mass market cfl bulb promotions, shifting focus to new technologies & innovations to long-life solutions & higher consumer upta

50、ke 公共事业部门将购买大批紧凑型荧光灯，将重点从新技术&创新转移到长效解决方案&更多的消费者参与。goals 目标目标 goal results结果结果33zne commercial buildings 零能耗商业建筑strategies 战略near term 近期2009 2011mid term 中期2012 2015long term 长期2016 20202021 2030 establish a long-term progressive path of higher minimum codes and standards. establish one- or

51、two-tiered voluntary ee building standards. adjust the code on a triennial schedule on a fixed trajectory to zne by 2030.rd&d and title 24 updates rd&d and title 24 updates 为长期渐进的更高标准的最低法规和标准铺设道路建立单方或双方自愿的能效建筑标准。按固定目标每三年一次调整能效法规，到2030年实现零能耗目标研发&安装以及标题24规定更新研发&安装以及标题24规定更新implementati

52、on strategies: examples实施战略实施战略34zne commercial buildings 零能耗商业建筑strategies 战略near term 近期2009 2011mid term 中期2012 2015long term 长期2016 20202021 2030broaden title 24 to address as many energy end uses as possible.adopt broader codes and standards to include plug loads and whole building approaches i

53、ncluding metering and data management; automated diagnostic systems; and sub-metering for tenant-occupied space. develop and adopt progressively broader and deeper codes and standards.develop and adopt progressively broader and deeper codes and standards.develop and adopt progressively broader and d

54、eeper codes and standards.拓宽标题24规定，从而尽可能多地覆盖终端能源用户。采用更广泛的规范和标准，涵盖电源插座负荷和整体建筑方法包括计量和数据库管理，自动诊断系统和用于租赁住户面积的次级计量。开发并采用渐进的更广泛严格的法规和标准。开发并采用渐进的更广泛严格的法规和标准。开发并采用渐进的更广泛严格的法规和标准。implementation strategies: examples实施战略实施战略35zne commercial buildings 零能耗商业建筑strategies 战略near term 近期2009 2011mid term 中期2012 201

55、5long term 长期2016 20202021 2030establish a “path to zero” campaign to create demand for high-efficiency buildings.convene leading building industry associations to plan and conduct campaign. conductcampaignconductcampaignconductcampaign发起一个“零能之路”的倡议活动来增加对高能效建筑的需求。召集主要建筑行业协会来计划和实施活动。开展活动开展活动开展活动 deve

56、lop innovative financing tools for zne and ultra-low energy new buildings.develop and pilot innovative financing tools. implement most effective funding mechanisms. expand implementation of funding mechanisms. on-going expansion of these options.为零能耗或极低能耗建筑开发新型融资工具开发和试点新型融资工具。实施最有效的融资机制扩展实施融资机制持续进行扩

57、展此类融资机制implementation strategies: examples实施战略实施战略36collaboration in ca on energy efficiency 加州能源效率协作加州能源效率协作ngovernmentqpolicies, required standards, funding, communicationnconsumers & businessesqvoluntary standards, funding, communicationnutilities/partnershipsqfunding, communicationnlocal gov

58、ernments, third partiesqstandards, funding, communicationn政府q政策，所需标准，融资，沟通n消费者&商业q自愿标准，融资，宣传n公共事业/合作伙伴q融资, 宣传n当地政府，第三方q标准，融资, 宣传372009-2011 portfolios 2009-2011项目组合项目组合 ntbd phase 1 of strategic plan implementation 10 state-wide programs lighting programs to move beyond cfls state-wide branding

59、and education multi-level workforce training and needs assessment 第一阶段战略计划实施 10个州级项目组 照明计划 超越紧凑型荧光灯 全州的品牌产品和教育 多层次劳动力培训和需求分析38federal action on energy efficiency 关于能源效率的联邦行动关于能源效率的联邦行动nstimulus bill: fill in after bill passednmarkey bill on 15% reduction in energy use by 2020nobama on appliance stan

60、dardsnenergy bill (march?)nclimate bill by memorial dayn经济刺激方案：方案通过以后便实施n至2020年减少15%能源使用的马基法案n奥巴马关于设备标准n能源法案 （3月？）n到美国纪念日的气候法案39energy efficiency and climate change能源效率和气候变化能源效率和气候变化40in building materials & technologies41美国中程减排路线 2030年成本2005年实际美元每吨co2当量减排成本$50/吨家用电器燃油经济政策-轻卡民用建筑-照明工业进程改进商用建筑-热电结合煤业沼气管理民用建筑-外墙更新民用热水器商业建筑-控制系统新建核动力积极森林管理煤电厂-以加强的油提炼技术重建碳收集和储存设备 分布的光电板农用地还林商用建筑-暖通空调设备效率民用建筑-暖通空调设备效率聚集光能商用电器商用建筑-发光二极管照明商用建筑密集荧光灯照明民用建筑新外墙更新商用建筑新外墙更新纤维生物能源工业-热电结合已有电厂转换及效率改进保护耕地燃油经济政策-汽车陆地风能低渗透制造业-氢氟碳化物的