跨文化交际第六章

1、chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationw those who know do not talk. those who talk do not know. keep your mouth closed. guard your senses. temper your sharpness. simplify your problems. mask your brightness. be at one with the dust of the earth. this is primal union. he who has achieved thi

2、s state is unconcerned with friends and enemies, with good and harm, with honor and disgrace. this therefore is the highest state of man.an idiomw there is language in her eyes, her cheeks, her lip, nay, her foot speaks. shakespearelearning objectives :chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication

3、1.to understand the significance of nonverbal intercultural communication 2.to perceive the definition of nonverbal intercultural communication3.to describe the functions of nonverbal intercultural communication4. to summarize the categories of nonverbal intercultural communication chapter outlinech

4、apter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationnonverbal intercultural communication significance definition & functionscategoriesother categories repeatingregulatingcontradictingcomplementingparalanguagesilenceproxemicschronemicsoculesicsolfacticshapticskinesicschromaticsattirelead-in case what is wr

5、ong with the interaction?chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationplease read case and then discuss the questions in pairs. nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons.w nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations

6、.w nonverbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness.w we cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationtext a significance of nonverbal communicationw besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be

7、 open to many interpretations.this gesture means ok in the u.s and many cultures, while it means zero in france, and means money in japan. definition of nonverbal communication the functions of nonverbal communication chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationtext b definition and functions of

8、nonverbal communicationdefinition of nonverbal communication the messages sent without using words are called nonverbal communication.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationthe functions of nonverbal communication a. repeating people use nonverbal communication to repeat, clarify, and empasi

9、ze their point of view. for example, nod as saying yes.b. complementing nonverbal communication cues can add to or complement a verbal message. for example, scratch head. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationchapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationc. substituting nonverbal messages

10、may substitute verbal ones in certain settings. there are situations in which words cannot be used. in a very noisy street, for example, police officer might use hand gestures to replace spoken messages.d. regulating nonverbal behaviors can help control verbal interactions by regulating them, such a

11、s turn-taking signals (hand raised) in conversationse. contradicting certain nonverbal behaviors can contradict spoken words. 1. paralanguage(副语言)2. silence (沉默 )chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationtext c paralanguage and silence1. paralanguage a. voice set the context in which the speake

12、r is speaking: the situation gender mood age persons culture b. voice qualities volume pitch tempo rhythm articulation resonance nasality accent c. vocalization: characterizers qualifiers segregates chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationchapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication2. sile

13、nce silence is a form of nonverbal communication that may be interpreted in various ways depending upon the situation, the duration of the silence, and the culture. the use of silence in communication is also important. silence can communicate agreement, apathy (冷漠), awe (敬畏), confusion, contemplati

14、on (沉思), disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. case-analysis: a quarrel what is the basic barrier in the communication between smith and li hua? 1. chronemics(时间行为)2 . p r o x e m i c s pr:ksi:mi:ks(空间行为)cha

15、pter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationtext d time and space1. chronemics w the sense of timew monochronic and polychronic views of time chronemics is the study of how people perceive and use time. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationa. time is cyclical (循环的)b. time is linear (线性的) w

16、estern cultures think time is linear a flow from the past to the present to the future. life on earth evolved in response to the cycles of day and night and the ebb and flow of the tides.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationw the sense of time a. monochronic time b. polychronic time polych

17、ronic time means being involved with many things at once. monochronic time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationw monochronic and polychronic views of time activity: recall your own experience about waiting for someone who is la

18、te for an appointment, or when you are late for an appointment. describe your feelings under such circumstances.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication2. proxemicsa. fixed features of space b. semifixed features of spacec. personal spaceproxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. the

19、 study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal spacechapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationa. fixed features of spacearchitecture and spacing of buildings belong to this aspect of space.for example, a person

20、 in the united states can drive on a highway for miles and never see a sign of people or dwellings. therefore, he may be amazed at the closeness of people in china. intercultural communicators need to realize that cultures have alternative approaches to space and ways of using it. chapter 6 nonverba

21、l intercultural communicationb. semifixed features of space semifixed features of space refer to spatial arrangements of movable objects within a room, such as furniture arrangement and seating.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationchapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication furniture a

22、rrangement french space is a reflection of french culture. everything is centralized, and spatially the entire country is laid out around centers.in germany, where privacy is stressed, office furniture is spread throughout the office.in japan, where group participation is encouraged, many desks are

23、arranged hierarchically in the center of a large, common room absent of walls.chinese geomancy (泥土占卜), feng shui, is the art of arranging the physical environment to establish harmony with the natural environment to achieve happiness, prosperity, and health. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communi

24、cationseating in the united states, they tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them. the chinese often experience uneasiness when they face someone directly or sit on opposite side of a desk or table from someone. c. personal space in the united stateshall re

25、ports that psychologists have identified four zones from which u.s. people interact: the intimate zone, the personal zone, the social zone, and the public zone.2. in india in india, there are elaborate rules about how closely members of each caste may approach other castes. 3. in arab arabs of the s

26、ame sex do stand much closer than north americans. an arab entering an elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication case-analysis: dont put your hand on my arm what can be learned from the

27、case above?chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationdont put your hand on my arm w it was hard for sam to concentrate on what martin was saying. martin was visiting from chile and english was not his native language, but that was not the problem. sam was all to aware of martins hand resting on

28、 his arm. he tried to ignore it, but he felt like people passing by were staring at them. he didnt want people getting the wrong impression. they wouldnt knoww martin was from chile and, even if they did, it was one thing to give someone a friendly pat but quite another to just stand there holding t

29、he other guys arm, occasionally rubbing it. it just wasnt so natural. he tried to disengage from martin through some purposeful gestures and stepping back slightly, but martin persisted and sam always ended up with martins hand on him again.w sam had been asked by his superior to help with transport

30、ation for martin during his stay in the united states, and he didnt want to offend martin.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication1. oculesics ( (目光语目光语) ) 2. 2. olfactics ( (嗅觉嗅觉) )3.3. haptics ( (触觉行为触觉行为) )4. kinesics ( (身势语行为身势语行为) )5. chromatics ( (色彩学色彩学) ) 6. attire (服饰）服饰）text e other

31、 categories of nonverbal communication the study of communications sent by the eyes is termed oculesics. a prolonged gaze or stare in the united states is considered rude. in other cultures such as japan, korea, and thailand, staring is alsoconsidered rude. in most cultures, men do not stare at wome

32、n. in france and italy, however, men can stare at women in public. in the united states, staring at a person is considered a sign of interest and may even be interpreted as sexually suggestive. 1. oculesics chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication2. olfactics the study of communication via sm

33、ell is called olfactics. a persons smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message. activity: discussion have you had the experience of being puzzled and annoyed by a direct eye contact from people of other cultures? if yes, try to think about the reason why. discuss it with your gr

34、oup members.chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication3. haptics haptics or touch refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact. in thailand and laos, it is rude for a stranger or acquaintance (熟人) to touch a child on the top of the head because the head is regarded as the home of t

35、he spirit or soul. it is believed that a childs spirit or soul is not strong enough to be touched and has tendency to become ill if patted. even placing a hand on the back of an asian workers chair is considered inappropriate. white muslims hug another person around the shoulders, korea young people

36、 do not touch the shoulders of their elders. discussion: p186chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication4. kinesics kinesics is the term used for communicating through various types of body movements including facial expressions, gestures, posture and stance, and other mannerisms that may accomp

37、any or replace oral messages. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communicationa. gestures a movement of part of your body, especially your hands or head, to show what you mean or how you feel.b. posture posture, the way someone stands, sits, or walks, can send positive or negative nonverbal messages.

38、 posture can signal agreement or disagreement. appropriate posture is related to a persons status in society. for example, the manager may stand erect when talking to subordinates, but the subordinates may drop their shoulders when talking to the manager. c. facial expressionschapter 6 nonverbal int

39、ercultural communication gestures can be emblems or or regulators (ones face turns red with embarrassment). gestures are used to add emphasisor clarity to an oral message. symbols (the “ok” gesture),illustrators (police officers hand held up to stop traffic),chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communi

40、cation5. chromatics chromatics refers to the study of color use in affecting peoples mood, emotions, and impression of others. chapter 6 nonverbal intercultural communication black is the color of mourning to many europeans and u.s. americans, but white is worn to funerals in japan and many other na

41、tions. in the united states, white is typically worn by brides while in india, red or yellow is worn. purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in many latin american countries. red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the unite

42、d states. red is not an appropriate color for wrapping gifts in japan. dark red is the color of mourning along the ivory coast. cultural differences associated with colors include:chapter6 nonverbal intercultural communication green is not used for wrapping packages in egypt since green is the natio

43、nalist color (as red, white and blue are the nationalist colors in the united states). men should avoid wearing a green hat in china as this signifies that their wife or sister is a prostitute. in many countries of the world, blue is considered a masculine color, but to people of france and the unit

44、ed kingdom, red is more masculine. blue, in iran, is an undesirable color. while people of the united states consider pink to be the most feminine color, persons in most other countries think of yellow as the most feminine color. cultural differences associated with colors include:chapter 6 nonverba

45、l intercultural communicationunited airlines unknowingly got off on the wrong foot during its initial flights from hong kong. to commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations (康乃馨) to the passengers. when they learned that to many asians white flowers represent bad luck and even death, they changed to red carnations.chapter 6 nonverbal int