初中英语资料

1、初一英语语法have的用法have/has的用法：（1）谓语动词have表示“有”，有两种形式：have和has，前者用于第一人称（I, we），第二人称（you）和第三人称复数（they），后者用于第三人称单数（he, she, it）或单数名词。I have an apple and he has two bananas. 我有一个苹果，他有两个香蕉。You have a new English teacher. 你们有了一个新的英语老师。It has two big eyes. 它有一双大眼睛。Julie and Jack have a nice car. 朱莉和杰克有一辆好看的车。（2

2、）have/has句型与there be句型的比较：两者都表示“有”，但用法不同。前者表示所属关系，即表示“某人或某物有什么”，而后者表示存在，表示“某地有什么”。They have some new books. 他们有一些新书。There are some new books on their desks. 他们桌子上有一些新书。She has a lot of pretty skirts. 她有很多漂亮的裙子。There are a lot of pretty skirts in the shop. 商店里有很多漂亮的裙子。（3）have/ has的否定句，一般要加助动词do/ does

3、，再加not构成，即do not have（dont have）/ does not have（doesnt have）She does not have a sister. 她没有姐姐。We dont have any classes on Saturday. 我们星期六没有课。Ann and I dont have a big room. 我和安没有一个大房间。（4）一般疑问句由“助动词Do/Does + 主语 + have + 宾语”构成，回答用Yes, do/does.或者No, dont/doesnt.-Do you have a big house? 他们的房子大吗?-No, th

4、ey dont. 不，他们的房子不大。-Does he have an eraser? 他有橡皮吗?-Yes, he does. 他有的。（5）特殊疑问句由特殊疑问词 + 助动词do/does + have （+状语）构成。What do they have? 他们有什么?What does he have? 他有什么?How many telephones do they have? 他们有几部电话?初一英语语法祈使句祈使句：祈使句用来表示请求、命令等，句中没有主语，肯定形式由谓语或者谓语+宾语(+宾语补足语)构成，否定形式则在句前加Dont。Stand up, please. 请起立。Do

5、nt worry. 别担心。can的用法：can是情态动词，表示“能，会，可以，被允许等”，其后接动词原形，否定形式为cannot，可缩写为cant.She can speak Japanese. 她会讲日语。I cant remember his name. 我不记得他的名字了。Can you spell your name? 你会拼写你的名字吗?现在进行时态：概念：表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作，也可以表示目前一段时间内或现阶段正在进行的活动。结构：由be动词(am, is, are) + 动词ing构成，其中be动词要与主语保持性数一致。Mary is flying a kit

6、e in the park. 玛丽正在公园里放风筝。-What are you doing now?你现在在干什么?-Im reading English. 我正在读英语。Are they drawing the pictures now?他们正在画画吗?动词现在分词是动词原形变化而来的，规则变化如下：动词ing形式叫动词现在分词，其构成如下：(1)直接在动词后加ingplayplaying, dodoing, talktalking, sing-singing(2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，先去e，再加ingmakemaking, writewriting, havehaving, tak

7、etaking(3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词且词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写这个辅音字母，再加ingrunrunning, stopstopping, putputting, swimswimming注意对现在进行时态的判断。判断一个英语句子用什么时态，主要看句子的时间状语，一般说来，每种时态都有与之相对应的时间状语。现在进行时表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。因此，这个时态最常用的时间状语是now；但有不少句子并没有now，只能通过提示语如look、listen等或者通过上下文来确定用现在进行时。She is cleaning her room now. 她正在打扫房间。Look! Th

8、e girl is dancing over there. 看！那个女孩在那里跳舞。-Can you go and play games with me? 你能和我们一起做游戏吗？-Cant you see I am doing my homework? 你没看见我正在做作业吗？初一英语语法词汇1、形容词的用法：形容词用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征。在句中可以作定语、表语，用于限定被修饰语的特征，如长短、大小、重量、颜色、高矮、胖瘦、新旧等。“限定词”包括：冠词、物主代词、指示代词、或数词，它位于各类形容词前。它本身分为三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定词有all、half、both、分数和倍数

9、；中位限定词有冠词、指示代词、物主代词等；后位限定词有基数词和序数词，但序数词位于基数词前。如：both my hands、all half his income等。“描绘”性形容词如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大长高”表示大小、长短、高低等一些词。表示“形状”的词如：round square等。“国籍”指一个国家或地区的词。“材料”的词如：wooden，woolen，stone，silk等。“作用类别”的词如：medical，college，writing desk，police car等。The little girl is very pretty. 这个小女孩

10、很好看。-I want that one. 我想要那个。-Which one?哪一个？-The new blue one. 那个蓝色新的。Can I have a look at the big nice one? 我能看一看那个大的漂亮的吗？2、人称代词：是用来表示人的代词，有单数和负数之分，有主格和宾格之分。人称代词的主格在句中作主语；人称代词的宾格在句中作宾语，是作动词或介词的宾语。主格：I，we，you，he，she，it，they在句子中作主语。宾格：me，us，you，him，her，it，them在句子中作宾语。He and I are in the same class. 我和

11、他在同一个班级。Can you see them in the street?你能看见他们在街上吗？3、可数名词和不可数名词英语中名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。凡是可数计数的名词叫做可数名词；凡是不可以计数的名词叫做不可数名词。(1)可数名词分为单数和复数两种形式。可数名词前可以用不定冠词、数词或some many等修饰。如：a man，a desk，an apple，an orange，some books，some children，tow pens。(2)不可数名词没有复数形式，前面不能用不定冠词、数词或many等词语修饰，但可以用some a little much等词语来修饰。有时可

12、以与一些量词短语搭配，这些量词短语中的名词一般是可数的，有单数形式，也可以有复数形式。如：some water，a little milk，much food，a piece of bread，tow bottles of ink，some glasses of water。初一英语语法时态1、一般现在时表示普遍、经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时，它有：Be 动词：Shes a worker. Is she a worker? She isnt a worker.情态动词：I can play the piano. Can you play the piano? I cant play

13、the piano.行为动词：They want to eat some tomatoes. Do they want to eat any tomatoes? They dont want to eat any tomatoes.Gina has a nice watch. Does Gina have a nice watch? Gina doesnt have a watch.2、现在进行时表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态，结构为sb be v-ing sth + 其它.Im playing baseball. Are you playing baseball? Im not

14、playing baseball.Nancy is writing a letter. Is Nancy writing a letter? Nancy isnt writing a letter.Theyre listening to the pop music. Are they listening the pop music? They arent listening to the pop music.初一英语语法名词名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据其词汇意义，名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。1.专有名词：指表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名称。专有名词的首字母通常要大写。具体

15、说来，它包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等。如：Jim 吉姆/China 中国/July 七/Friday 星期五/Christmas 圣诞节/English 英语2.普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。具体地说，它可分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词和抽象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体，如girl（女孩）等；集体名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如 audience（观众，听众）等；物质名词表示无法分为个体的实物，如water（水）等；抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如work（工作），happiness（幸福）等。Part1 名

16、词的数1.名词复数的构成方法（1）一般情况加词尾-s，如 book / books，desk / desks等。（2）以s，x，z，sh，ch等结尾的名词，通常加词尾-es：bus / buses， box / boxes， dish / dishes等。（3）以y结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况：以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，将y 改为 ies，city / cities；以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，直接加词尾-s：toy / toys，holiday / holidays 等。（4）以o结尾的名词，有些加词尾-s，有些加-es，如：piano/pianos，tomato/tomatoe

17、s（5）以f或fe结尾的名词，也有两种可能：即有些直接加词尾-s，有些则把f / fe改为ves：roof/roofs（屋顶），knife / knives（小刀）等。但在中学英语范围内，要改f / fe为ves的只有以下10个词（它们都是日常生活中的常用词）：wife（妻子），life（生命），knife（小刀），leaf（树叶），thief（贼），half（一半），self（自己），shelf（架子），loaf（面包），wolf（狼）。（6）单数与复数同形的名词。这类名词不多，主要的有：sheep 绵羊/fish 鱼/deer 鹿/Chinese 中国人/Japanese 日本人/Port

18、uguese 葡萄牙人/Swiss 瑞士人/aircraft 飞行器（7）名词复数的不规则变化。有的名词单数变复数时，没有一定的规则，需特别记忆：man/men 男人；woman/women 女人child/children 小孩；tooth/teeth 牙齿foot/feet 脚；goose/geese 鹅注：一些以 man， woman 结尾的合成词，在构成复数时与man， woman的变化形式相同，如：policeman / policemen（警察）， Englishman / Englishmen （英国人），等等。但是human（人），German（德国人）不是合成词，它们的复数要

19、按一般规则变化，即为humans，Germans，Walkmans，而不是 humen，Germen。2.可数名词和不可数名词名词根据其可数性，可分为可数名词和不可数名词。（1）可数名词，即指可以用数目进行计数的名词。（2）不可数名词，即不能用数目进行计数的名词。注： 可数名词可以有单数和复数两种形式，而不可数名词通常只有单数形式，没有复数形式；一般来说，个体名词和大部分集合名词是可数的，而专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词则通常是不可数的。3.可数名词与不可数名词的修饰语（1）修饰可数名词的常用修饰语有these，those，few，a few，many a great many等：（2）修饰不可

20、数名词的常用修饰语有this，that，little，a little等：（3）有些修饰语即可修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词，如all，some，enough，a lot of，lots of等：（4）一般来说，不可数名词不可以用数目来计数，若要计数，则要借助单位次，如piece，bottle，pair等。piece其意为“张”“块”“条”等：pair主要用来指由两者组成的“一双”或“一对”，或有两半合成的“一条”“一副”等：另外一下表达也值得注意：a bottle of、a cup of、a drop of、a glass of注：“a piece/pair+名词”之类的结构作主语是，其谓语

21、通常与“piece/pair”的数保持一致。Part2 名词的格名词格的种类：英语名词有三个格，即主格、宾格和所有格。名词的主格和宾格形式相同，所以它们又统称作通格。英语名词的所有格表示所属关系，它分-s 所有格和of所有格两种形式。1.-s 所有格的构成方法（1）单数名词或不带复数词尾s的复数名词尾均加词加-s 构成所有格：the childs bag childrens books（2）复数名词已带有词尾s，则只加省字撇（）构成所有格：girls school；students abilities；但带词尾s的单数名词，通常仍加-s：the bosss new car.（3）用and连接的

22、并列名词的所有格分两种情况，如分别带有-s，则表示“分别有”；若只带一个s，则表示“两者共有”：Jims and Jacks rooms；Jim and Jacks room（4）-s所有格的用法特点：-s 所有格主要用于有生命的东西，但有时也可用于无生命的东西，如用于表时间的名词后、用于表国家、城市的名词后等。2.of 所有格的用法（1）of所有格即可用于由声明的人或物，也可用于无生命的东西。of所有格有时可以与-s所有格互换：Mr. Smiths daughter（2）当用于无声明的事物或表示同位关系时，通常只用of所有格：the cover of the book the city of

23、 Beijing.初一英语上册知识点：重点短语1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping 初一英语上册知识点：重要句型1. help sb. do sth. 2. What about？3. Lets do sth. 4. Its time to do sth

24、. 5. Its time for 6. Whats？ It is/ Its 7. Where is？ Its 8. How old are you? Im 9. What class are you in? Im in 10. Welcome to 11. Whats plus？ Its 12. I think 13. Whos this? This is 14. What can you see? I can see 15. There is （are） 16. What colour is it （are they）？ Its （Theyre） 17. Whose is this? It

25、s 18. What time is it? Its 初二英语（八年级）上册期末知识点归纳（1）第一部分 单元短语与句型Unit 1I saw you play basketball almost every day.通常Hey, look! Can you see Michael dancing in the zoo? 正在进行Listen, someone is singing in the next room.正在进行Look, a car is driving towards us. 正在进行Would you like to come and cheer us on?=Do you

26、want to come and cheer us on?I hope our team will win. win first place得第一名, win gold medals 获得金牌play it pretty well,pretty/very cold/small/big很，相当, play it more quietly/loudlydo well in = be good at+sth/doing sth擅长做某事（反义）do badly in, Do you row much（经常）? Yes, quite a bit./No, seldom.make ones bed整理床

27、铺，have a fight, keep trying say sorry to sb对某人说对不起，I am sorry to hear that. I am sorry about that.I am sorry for what I said.(原因)I am sorry for breaking you cup=I am sorry I broke your cup. Never mind=It doesnt matter.be angry with sb. Dont be angry with me. She is angry with her mother.start to do

28、sth/doing sth=begin to do sth/begin doing sth开始做某事He speak so loudly that we can hear him clearly.以至于He ran so fast that he won the game. throw/put sth into sth else把某东西放进另外的东西里面obey/follow the trafficrules反义break the rulesFollow me 跟我来 Can you follow me?=understandhave fun doing sth从做某事中得到乐趣 make f

29、un of sb取笑某人build me up/ build ourselves up=make me/us strongtry/do ones best尽最大的努力，try to do sth试图做某事， manage to do sth设法做某事make friends with sb, during the sports meet 在校运会期间be ready for+n. I am ready for the exam.我准备好考试了。be ready to do sth She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐于助人。Our school wi

30、ll hold a sport meet next week.= There will be a sports meet in our school next week.pass the exam通过考试, pass/cross the finishing line越过终点线take/do exercise=do sportsin the 29th Beijing Olympic Games=in the 2008 Olympics The Olympic rings are a symbol of the Olympic Games.The Olympic rings stand for t

31、he Olympic Games.the flag of China， the Chinese flagThe motto of the Olympic Games is “Faster, higher, stronger.”Unit2Whats wrong with you?=Whats the matter with you? Whats up?Do you have a cold?get/have a fever/a cough/ a cold/a sore throat/a toothache/a backache/a stomachacheI have a headache=I ha

32、ve a pain in my head. have sore eyes/the flulook pale/tired, feel terrible, take some medicine药/pills药片，get/be well I dont feel like eating. I cough day and night. check/look it over=examine it检查它How are you feeling today? Much better/ Just so-so/Not too bad/ Too bad.Dont move your leg too much. You

33、 shouldnt eat too much food. There are too many things to do(太多事要做). Its too big. Its much too big.fall-have an accident and hurt-call a taxi/taketo the hospital-stay in bed-get well-return homeBut my left leg still hurts when I move it. cause cancer导致癌症the possible causes原因/reasons理由 of headaches可能

34、导致/引起头痛的原因/理由Germs can get into the human body through the skin, the nose and the mouth. Be sick/ill=have an illness/a sickness/a diseaseWhat should we do to fight germs?不定式表目的“来”We shouldnt eat bad food or sour milk(否定并列用or). We should wash hands before meals and keep fingernails short.(肯定用and) We

35、mustnt spit in public. We must keep our bodies clean.have the right kinds of food, choose the wrong food, choose to give up选择放弃 eat more fruit and less meatWe can learn English in different ways=There are many ways for us to learn English. FirstlySecondlyThirdlyFinally，finally=at last= in the end最后t

36、ake your advice接受你的建议. How much is it? Its 40. Fine, I will take it= buy it. What should we do to fight SARS? We must eat healthy food. Must we do more exercise? Yes,you must. /否定回答No, you neednt. Its my duty to save patients=My duty is to save patients. on the phone/radio/Internet, on TV(通过)使用某机器Un

37、it 3Nice/Glad/Happy/Pleased to see you. learn a lot about famous people from the stamps=learn a lot from the stamps about famous people从邮票可以了解很多有关于名人（的事迹）be of+抽象名词=be +对应的形容词in ones spare time=in ones free time= when sb. is free=when sb. have timeread a book/read books go out/eat out出去/下馆子do some i

38、ndoor/outdoor activities做些室内/户外活动give/bring sb. happiness/sadness/good luck keep/make sb happy/ sad /clean/share my interests. I want to share an apple with you.Do you want to share a story with us? draw/piant picturesThe teacher is giving an English lesson while the students are having/taking the E

39、nglish lesson.give a concert开演唱会 in a theater, at a concert, in a cinema,be angry with sbWhat time is it going to start? Who is going to sing?It sounds beautiful/pleasant/wonderful/sweet.Classical music is serious music. Popular music often comes and goes quickly. Folk music is simple but special.fo

40、rm a band/a company, set up/found a band成立、组乐队，find找-found过去式all over the world=in the world=around the world全世界They are very popular among young people.他们在人们中很流行。SARS spreads easily among people/children. 非典在人群中容易传播。make sb do sth. I made faces and made my classmates laugh when Miss Wang was giving

41、 a lesson. on that day， make Saturday a holiday, make sb. happyin the 1950s 在二十世纪五十年代（the不可以少）, stop working停止工作Unit 4talk about life in the city, the beauties of nature自然美control the climate调节气候In the countryside, the air is fresher, the sky is bluer, and there are also green trees and clearer rive

42、rs. life in the city/ countryside/ the suburbs，We need them so much. 我们如此地需要它们。很thousands of people成千上万的人(约数) 类似词有hundred, million(百万), score（二十）, dozen（一打，十二）one/two/three thousand and fifty people 一/两/三千零五十人（准确数字）Humans need water to drink, to cook and to clean.(不定式表目的“来”)Actually/In fact事实上, we n

43、eed money to use.Without money, we cant live. Save water/money节约， save ones life, save the patients 救病人feed/live on sth. 以。为食in/out of danger处于危险中/脱离危险， in/out of trouble遇上麻烦/摆脱困境people/animals in danger处于危险中的人/动物，dangerous people/animals危险的人/动物We use knives for cutting things(for介词加ing).=We use kni

44、ves to cut things(to为不定式). pay attention to sb./sth.注意。begin with 以。开头 give it a try=have a trythe first letter of the wordfind pleasure in doing sth从做某事中找到乐趣 类似have fun (in)doing sthas we know 众所周知， 大家都知道， such as例如, build as 建楼房当作, regardas把。当作，但mistakefor把。误认为one of the oldest countries（复数）the an

45、cient world/times古时候的世界，远古时代be made up of 由组成初二英语（八年级）上册期末知识点归纳（2）第二部分 主要语法分析和例子1. 一般将来时be going to/will+动词原形（包括be）We are going to have a basketball game against Class Three this Sunday.将来时What are you going to be when you grow up? What do you want to be in the future?Im going to be a dancer.I want

46、to be a dancer.There be 的将来时There is going to be/There will be, 过去式There was/were, There used to be过去常常, 现在时There is/are2. used to do sth肯定used to do sth过去习惯/常常做某事否定 used not to do/ didnt use to do sth 疑问句Did use to do?What hobbies did you use to have? I used to go roller skating.What hobbies do you

47、 have now? Well, I play the guitar.Where did you use to go swimming? I used to swim in a small pond. She used to enjoy listening to music, but now she doesnt like it. She prefers to sing.I used to be a student. But now I am an office worker.I didnt use to play sports, but now I like it. 3. 过去进行时：时间状

48、语at this time yesterday， from 7:00 to 9:00 yesterday evening过去某个时间段正What were you doing at this time yesterday?I was taking a shower/bath.What was Michael doing from 7:00 to 9:00 yesterday evening?He was reading.4. 一般情况下，when+一般现在时/过去时，while+现在/过去进行时The telephone rings while Jane is practising the v

49、iolin.=When the telephone rings, Jane is practising the violin.(while后接持续性动作，When接短暂性动作, 响铃只是瞬间的动作。)What was the mouse doing when the cat knocked at the door?What was the cat doing when the mouse came out of the bathroom?What was the mouse doing when the cat found him?What were they doing when the s

50、ky was high?Father was still sleeping when I got up yesterday morning. While she was trying to call for help, he woke up.Were you playing on the computer?Yes, I was./No, I wasnt.plan, want, hope, believe都没有进行时态，think做“认为”解时也没有进行时，做“思考”解时有进行时5. 动名词短语表单件事情做主语，已经名词化相当于名词，不是动作，谓语用单数：Getting up early is

51、good for us. Going to bed late is bad for our health.Playing sports right after meals is bad for our health.Breakfast gives you energy for the morning. Water is necessary for our health. 不只一件事情做主语，谓语用复数：Healthy eating haits and running are good for us. Water and rice are necessary for our health.6使用

52、动名词做宾语的动词practice/mind/enjoy/love/keep+doing sth/sth,使用动词不定式做宾语的动词start/begin/like/prefer/hate/continue+to do/doing sth/sthask/want/would like/teach/encourage/order sb. to do sth请求/想/教/鼓励某人做某事I want /would like to drink a cup of coffee. I want/would like to be a scientist/musician/doctor/teacher/an

53、artist. 最喜欢My favorite hobby is reading novels. I like reading novels best.比较喜欢I prefer singing to dancing. I like to sing better than to dance.有些喜欢I like reading a little. Fishing is very interesting. I am interested in reading. I love reading. I am fond of climbing the mountains. 不喜欢I dont like li

54、stening to music. I dislike listening to music.讨厌I dont like rock music at all. I dont like listening to rock music. I hate classical music/I hate listening to classical music/I hate to listen to classical music. 7. 形容词1.名词前用形容词做定语a good boy, a beautiful girl2.连系动词后接形容词feel/be/get tired感觉累，feel well

55、, look fit/nice/handsome1）变得grow/become/turn/get2）be动词：am/is/are, was/were, will be3）感官动词sound, look, feel, taste3.不定代词something, nothing, anything 等后面的形容词做后置定语。Its nothing serious. I have something important to tell you.There is something new in the newspaper.There is nothing special in this dress.

56、Is there anything wrong with your computer?There is something wrong with my computer.Something is wrong with your computer. My computer doesnt work. 比较级的常用句式A+ be +形容词比较级+than +B.(A与B 必须是同类事物，相对称)， 但有时be动词会变成其他连系动词做表语It sounds more beautiful，或者有时是have之后的形容词修饰名词做定语She has more money than me， 有时形容词修饰名词也位于句首A bigger car came一辆更大的车开过来了， 有时是I still have something more interesting to tell you next time。总之能用形容词的地方都能用其比较级和最高级，只是意思更进一级。The weather in the south is warmer than that in the north。