英语语法4.动词的时和体

1、 Lecture Four 动词的时和体动词的时和体本节内容本节内容1 1、动词的时和体、动词的时和体2 2、应注意时态的几个句型、应注意时态的几个句型3 3、现在完成时态中延续性动词现在完成时态中延续性动词 瞬间动词瞬间动词4、过去完成时应注意问题、过去完成时应注意问题5、时态呼应、时态呼应1、动词的时和体、动词的时和体1、动词的时和体、动词的时和体 TENSETENSE是表示动作或过程发生在什么时间的动词形是表示动作或过程发生在什么时间的动词形式式, ,也就是动词的曲折变化。也就是动词的曲折变化。 ASPECTASPECT是说明动作或过程在某一时间里进行情况是说明动作或过程在某一时间里进行

2、情况的动词形式，它表示一个动作或过程是正在进行的动词形式，它表示一个动作或过程是正在进行还是已经完成还是已经完成 英语动词有两个时，即现在时（英语动词有两个时，即现在时（Present Tense）和过去时（和过去时（Past tense）。）。 He works hard. He worked hard last term. 英语中没有与现在时和过去时一样表示将来时的英语中没有与现在时和过去时一样表示将来时的动词形式动词形式。 je parlerai tu parleras il parlera nous parlerons vous parlerez ils parlerontsParle

3、r (简单将来时）简单将来时） 英语动词有两个体，即进行体（英语动词有两个体，即进行体（Progressive Aspect）和完成体（）和完成体（Perfect Aspect）。）。 She is playing the piano now. I have taught English for 25 years. 一般现在时一般现在时 一般过去时一般过去时 现在进行体现在进行体 过去进行体过去进行体 现在完成体现在完成体 过去完成体过去完成体 现在完成进行体现在完成进行体 过去完成进行体过去完成进行体 一般将来时一般将来时一般过去将来时一般过去将来时将来进行时将来进行时过去将来进行时过去将来

4、进行时 将来完成时将来完成时 过去将来完成时过去将来完成时 将来完成进行时将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时过去将来完成进行时 英语有多少时态？英语有多少时态？2、应注意时态的几个句型、应注意时态的几个句型Simple past tense It is time for sb. to do sth “到到时间了时间了” “该该了了”。例如：。例如： It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。你该睡觉了。But 1) It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了时间已迟了” “早早该该了了” 例如：例如： It is time you

5、went to bed. 你早该睡觉了。你早该睡觉了。 2)would （had） rather sb. did sth. 表示表示宁愿某宁愿某人做某事人做某事，指现在或将来。例如：，指现在或将来。例如： Id rather she set out to do the work now. 我我宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作。宁愿她现在就着手做这项工作。 Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。还是明天来吧。 Id rather you hadnt told him the news that day. 我真希望你那天没有把那消息告诉他。我真希望你那天没有把那消息告诉他

6、。 Simple present tense3)在时间或条件句中在时间或条件句中 例如：例如：When Bill comes （不是（不是will come）, ask him to wait for me. 4)在动词在动词hope, take care that, make sure that等等的宾语从句中。例如：的宾语从句中。例如： I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。我希望他们下星期玩得开心。 Present perfect tense5)It is / will be the first / second tim

7、e that结构结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如： It is the first time that I have visited the city. But It was the first time that +past perfect tense I was lucky because that _ the second time I _ visited China that year.washad6.This is +形容词最高级形容词最高级+that结构，结构，that 从句要从句要用现在完成时。例如：用现在完成时。例如： This is th

8、e best film that Ive （ever） seen. 3、现在完成时态中现在完成时态中延续性动词延续性动词和瞬间动词和瞬间动词延续性动词和瞬间动词的使用延续性动词和瞬间动词的使用 1）这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。）这辆自行车我已经买了五年了。 2）这位老人已经去世五年了）这位老人已经去世五年了。 What do you think of the translation? 1) I have bought this bike for five years. 2) The old man has died for five years. 瞬间动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动瞬间

9、动词也叫短暂性动词或终止性动词。这种动词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，词是指它们动作的开始也就意味着动作的结束，所以不能直接跟表示一段的时间状语连用。所以不能直接跟表示一段的时间状语连用。 如如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow, buy, die等。等。 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如：延续下去或产生持久影响。如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, wa

10、lk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。等。 延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可延续性动词可以用于现在完成时，其完成时态可与表示与表示段时间段时间的状语连用。延续性动词不能与的状语连用。延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的表示短暂时间的点时间点时间状语连用状语连用. It rained at eight yesterday morning.rain为延续性动词，而为延续性动词，而at eight表表示示点时间点时间，前后显然矛盾，前后显然矛盾 It began to rain at eight yesterday

11、 morning. 可改为：可改为： 如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助如用持续性动词表示瞬间的行为，则必须借助come（表示动作的渐进过程），（表示动作的渐进过程），begin， get（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句：（表示动作的变化过程）等动词。例句： I studied English thirteen years ago（误）（误） I began to study English thirteen years ago（正）（正） When did you know him？（误）？（误） When did you get to know him ？（正）？（正）瞬间瞬间动词

12、肯定形式可使用完成体，但其肯定动词肯定形式可使用完成体，但其肯定形式的完成体不能与一段时间状语连用。可形式的完成体不能与一段时间状语连用。可用以下三种方法替换：用以下三种方法替换：1、时态替换法时态替换法 将时间状语改为将时间状语改为“时间段时间段ago”，句中谓语动词，句中谓语动词用一般过去时。例句：用一般过去时。例句： Instead of saying: My brother has joined the army for two years. We can say: My brother joined the army two years ago2、句型替换法句型替换法1）用用It i

13、s（或（或has been）时间段）时间段 since句型句型改写，该句型中改写，该句型中since后面的谓语动词多为后面的谓语动词多为瞬间瞬间动动词，且常用一般过去时。词，且常用一般过去时。 It is（或（或has been）two years since my brother joined the army It is ten years since the old man died It is（或（或has been）thirty years since he left his hometown2）用一段时间用一段时间has have passed since SV-ed句型改写。句型

14、改写。 Two years has have passed since my brother joined the army Thirty years has have passed since he left his hometown 3 3、动词替换法动词替换法a)用延续性动词代替瞬间动词用延续性动词代替瞬间动词 1）用）用have代替代替buy My brother has had(不能用不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2）用）用keep或或have代替代替borrow I have kept(不能用不能用have borr

15、owed) the book for quite a few days. 3）用）用be替代替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4）用）用have a cold代替代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. b)用用“be形容词形容词”代瞬间动词代瞬间动词 1）bemarried代代marry to、beill代代fall (get) ill 2）bedead代代die for、beasleep代代fall (get) asleep 3）bea

16、wake代代wake/wake up 4）begone代代lose, die, leave 5）beopen代代open 6）be closed代代close/shut 7）bemissing (gone, lost)代代lose c)用用“be副词副词”代终瞬间动词代终瞬间动词 1）beon代代start, begin 2）beup代代get up 3）beback (to)代代return to, come back to, go back to 4）be here (there)代代come (arrive, reach, get) here或或go (arrive, reach, ge

17、t) there等等等等 d)用用“be介词短语介词短语”代瞬间性动词代瞬间性动词 1）be in/at +地点代替地点代替go to /come to 2）用）用be in the army 代替代替join the army 3）be in/at +地点代替地点代替move to Exercise 1. When he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _for 20 minutes.(离开离开;开走）开走）2.Mary and Rose _friends since they met in 2000. 3.The meeting _ for a week

18、now. had been away have been has been over4.Tom is ill in hospital. He _ a cold for several days. 5. I _ (返回）返回）home for a week. have been back has had Correct the following translation1.我来北京半年了。我来北京半年了。 误：误：I have come to Beijing for half a year. 正：正：I have been in Beijing for half a year.2.他离家两个多星

19、期了。他离家两个多星期了。 误：误：He has left home for over two weeks. 正：正：He has been away from home for over two weeks.3.会议结束半小时了。会议结束半小时了。 误：误：The meeting has ended for half an hour. 正：正：The meeting has been over for half an hour.4.凯特这件衬衫买三天了。凯特这件衬衫买三天了。 误：误：Kate has bought this blouse for three days. 正：正：Kate h

20、as had this blouse for three days.5.那老头死去好几年了。那老头死去好几年了。 误：误：The old man has died for a few years. 正：正：The old man has been dead for a few years.4、过去完成时应注意问题、过去完成时应注意问题1.过去完成时，用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某过去完成时，用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻一时刻回顾回顾更早的动作：更早的动作： Tom was 23 when our story beginsHis father had died five years be

21、fore and since then Tom had lived aloneHis father had advised him not to get married till he was 35，and Tom intended to follow this advice 但是如果只是依次叙述先后发生的事件，就不需但是如果只是依次叙述先后发生的事件，就不需要用过去完成时要用过去完成时 Toms father died when Tom was eighteen Before he died he advised Tom not to marry till he was 35，and Tom

22、 at 23 still intended to follow this advice 注意以下例句含义上的区别：注意以下例句含义上的区别： She heard voices and realized that there were three people in the next room She saw empty glasses and cups and realized that three people had been in the room He arrived at 2 30 and was told to wait in the VIP lounge He arrived a

23、t 2 30He had been told to wait in the VIP lounge 2. 当一个由当一个由before, after, as soon as等连词引导的等连词引导的从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时，由从句所表示的动作与主句的动作前后紧接时，由于连词本身已说明两个动作发生的先后关系，这于连词本身已说明两个动作发生的先后关系，这两个动作都可用一般过去时来表示。两个动作都可用一般过去时来表示。 The train (had) left before I reached the station. After he closed the door, he left t

24、he house 3. 有时我们使用过去时和过去完成时必须十分准确，有时我们使用过去时和过去完成时必须十分准确，特别是用特别是用when的时候：的时候： When I arrived, Anne left. 我到时，安妮走了。我到时，安妮走了。(即两个动作同时发生即两个动作同时发生) When I arrived, Anne had left. 我到时，安妮已经走了。我到时，安妮已经走了。(即在我到达之前；两个即在我到达之前；两个动作先后发生动作先后发生) 第一个句子表示，我见到了安妮，不管时间有多第一个句子表示，我见到了安妮，不管时间有多短；第二句表示，我根本没有见到安妮。短；第二句表示，我

25、根本没有见到安妮。4. 在下面的固定句型中在下面的固定句型中 had +just / barely / hardly / scarcely +done .when., no sooner.than. 是表示是表示“刚刚就就”的固定句型。如：的固定句型。如： No sooner had we left the house than it began to rain. I had not gone much farther before I caught them up. 5、时态呼应、时态呼应 在英语复合句中，从句中的动词时态，特别是宾在英语复合句中，从句中的动词时态，特别是宾语从句中的动词时态

26、，通常在一定程度上受到主语从句中的动词时态，通常在一定程度上受到主句中动词时态的制约，英语语法上称这种现象为句中动词时态的制约，英语语法上称这种现象为时态呼应。时态呼应。 1)并列谓语的时态一致。例如并列谓语的时态一致。例如 The soldier looked at him, exchanged glances with his comrade and took out the gun.2)主从复合句的时态呼应。主从复合句的时态呼应。a)主句为现在时、将来时、现在完成时，宾语从主句为现在时、将来时、现在完成时，宾语从句谓语动词时态按情况而定。句谓语动词时态按情况而定。I wonder wha

27、t will happen tomorrow.I wonder what happened to him yesterday.I wonder what is happening now outside. 我将告诉医生我的同学昨晚呕吐了三次。我将告诉医生我的同学昨晚呕吐了三次。 I shall tell the doctor that my classmate vomited three times last night 我刚刚获悉他昨天去了长沙。我刚刚获悉他昨天去了长沙。 I have just learned that he went to Changsha yesterday b)主句为

28、过去时态，宾语从句一般用过去时态。如主句为过去时态，宾语从句一般用过去时态。如果宾语从句说明的是客观真理，用一般现在时。果宾语从句说明的是客观真理，用一般现在时。He told me he made a big mistake.He told me he would go to Beijing the next day.He told me he had finished his task.The teacher told students that the earth moves around the sun.(客观真理客观真理)3)定语从句和表示原因、结果、比较、让步等的状定语从句和表示原

29、因、结果、比较、让步等的状语从句一般不受时态呼应的限制。例如语从句一般不受时态呼应的限制。例如:The university where she is studying was founded in 1950.You now speak English better than you spoke it last year.4)时间和条件状语从句中，常用现在时表示将来。时间和条件状语从句中，常用现在时表示将来。We will cancel our trip if it rains tomorrow.I will go to visit the Summer Palace as soon as I arrive in Beijing.5）主语从句、表语从句一般要受时态的限制。）主语从句、表语从句一般要受时态的限制。 What he would do was of no importance 他将做什么并不重要。他将做什么并不重要。 The question was what he would do next 问题是下一步他将做什么。问题是下一步他将做什么。 英语时态在许多情况都是前后呼应的，即上文所英语时态在许多情况都是前后呼应的，即上文所用的某种时态与下文所用的某种时态存在一定的用的某种时态与下