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1、JG Hardt, DW SheaDrive axle/differe ntialAll vehicles have some type of drive axle/differe ntial assembly in corporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessaryfor the smooth applicati on of engine power to the road.PowerflowThe drive axle must t
2、ransmit power through a 90 angle. The flow of power in conven ti onal front engin e/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right an gles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed
3、 to the drive wheels.This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which tur ns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differe ntial hous ing, containing a set of smaller gears that are spli ned to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the hous ing is rotated, the in ternal differe ntial
4、 gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.PINIOHIGEAR LEFT-HANDf AXLE SHAFT 鑫总% 易 j: X*? I v/S-j.s,j=j|1 it 1 - - 峑f炳;HING GEARDRIVE PINIONBEARINGPINION SEAL FLANGEf - /:DRIVEPkNlONp J;BEARIM4SEM DtfFERENfTIAL.CASE .RIGHTAKLE SHAFT 7J.f:削雷謂Fig 1 Drive axleRear-wheel dr
5、iveRear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large seda ns and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the
6、 bridge, the bridge drive shaft arran ged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct conn ecti on, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjace nt shaft of the two bridges is arran ged in series. Ve
7、hicle before and after the two ends of the driv ing force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The adva ntage is not only a reduct ion of the nu mber of drive shaft, and raise the driv ing axle of the com mon parts of each other, and to simpli
8、fy the structure, reduces the volume and quality.Fig 2 Rear-wheel-drive axleSome vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswage n vehicles which were rear engin e, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear moun ted tran saxle with halfshafts conn ected to the drive w
9、heels. Also, some vehicles were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.Differential operationIn order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordi
10、nation about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics o
11、f rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kin ematics.73Fig 3 Prin ciple of differe ntialThe accompa nying illustrati on has bee n provided to help un dersta nd how this occurs.1. The drive pin io n, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.2. The ring gear
12、, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.3. The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differe ntial case, is at right an gles to the axle shafts and tur ns with the case.4. The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .5. Differ
13、ential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.6. The side gears are spli ned to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the hous ing tur ns.7. Whe n both wheels have equal tractio n, the pi nio n ge
14、ars do n ot rotate on the pin io n shaft, since the in put force of the pinion gears is divided equally betwee n the two side gears.8. Whe n it is n ecessary to turn a corner, the differe ntial geari ng becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at differe nt speeds .Open-wheel differe n
15、tial on each gen eral use the same amount of torque. To determ ine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipme nt and fricti on. In dry con diti ons, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice)
16、, is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So eve n if the car can produce more torque, but also n eed to have sufficie nt tractio n to tran sfer torque to the groun d. If you in crease the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.Fig 4
17、 Conven ti onal differe ntialLimited-slip and locking differential operation卅卿LdflForofilial side gearsring geardifferenthlpinionpinion bearing血X俪创血hp展兮pinion shaftFig 5 Limited-slip differe ntialaxle shaftDifferential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at
18、 about the different requirements; but is followed by the existenee of differential in the side ear wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driv ing force, rather tha n spin the wheel and does not have eno ugh torque. Good non-slip dif
19、fere ntial settleme nt of the car wheels skid on the side of the power tran smissi on whe n the issue, that is, lock ing differe ntial, so that no Ion ger serve a useful differe ntial right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.Limited-slip and lock ing differe ntial operati on can be d
20、ivided in to two major categories(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to in crease, whe n the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pn eumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with th
21、e axle differe ntial lock in to one, thus the temporary loss of differe ntial role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop lock ing and restore the role of differe ntial.(2) self-lock ing differe ntial in stalled in the oil viscosity or
22、 frictio n clutch coupli ng, whe n the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed differenee there, coupli ng or clutch frictio n resista nee on the automatic, to make certa in the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car con ti nued to travel. Whe n there is no speed di
23、ffere nee on both sides of the wheel, the fricti onal resista nee disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has bee n in creas in gly applied in the car. About non-slip differe ntial, not only used
24、for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle in ter-axle differe ntial/.Gear ratioThe drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certa in axle ratio. This nu mber (usually a whole nu mber and a decimal fractio n) is actually a comparis on of the nu mber of gear teeth
25、on the ring gear and the pin io n gear. For example, a 4.11 rear mea ns that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed fro
26、m the drive shaft, thereby in creas ing the torque. Lord of the reduct ion ratio reducer, a driv ing force for car performa nee and fuel economy have a greater impact. In gen eral, the more reduct ion ratio the greater the accelerati on and climbi ng ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. Howeve
27、r, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smalle, the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the accelerati on and climb ing ability will be poor.翻译驱动桥和差速器所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。无论是前驱汽车,后驱汽车还是四轮驱动的汽车,对
28、于将发动机的动力转化到车轮上差速器都是不可缺 少的部件。动力的传递驱动桥必须把发动机的动力转一个直角后传递出去,但人对于前轮驱动汽车发动 机输出的转矩与主减速器是在同一直线上的,但是发动机前置的后轮驱动的汽车发动 机的动力必须以正确的角度传递出去,来驱动车轮。图中所示是齿轮驱动的过程,即由一个相对小的齿轮驱动一个大齿轮(主动齿轮 和从动齿轮),从动锥齿轮和差速器壳连接在一起,在半轴的根部有一对带有内花键 的半轴齿轮,半轴齿轮和半轴通过花键来连接在一起。当差速器壳旋转时,就驱动内 部的半齿轮转动从而使半轴转动,将转矩传给车轮。后驱动桥后轮驱动的车辆大多是卡车,大型轿车和大部分跑车。典型的后轮驱动
29、的车辆使 用前置发动机和变速箱总成将转矩传输到后轮驱动桥。多驱动桥汽车中,在贯通式驱 动桥的布置中,各桥的传动轴布置在同一纵向铅垂平面内,并且各驱动桥不是分别用 自己的传动轴与分动器直接联接,而是位于分动器前面的或后面的各相邻两桥的传动 轴,是串联布置的。汽车前后两端的驱动桥的动力,是经分动器并贯通中间桥而传递 的。其优点是,不仅减少了传动轴的数量,而且提高了各驱动桥零件的相互通用性, 并且简化了结构、减小了体积和质量。一些车辆不是这个典型的例子。如老式的保时捷或大众汽车引擎在汽车后面,是 后轮驱动。这些车辆使用的后方安装驱动桥与半轴来驱动车轮。另外,一些车辆是前 置引擎,后桥与传动轴连接发动
30、机来驱动车轮。差速器为了消除由于左右车轮在运动学上的不协调而产生左右车轮外径不同或滚动半径 不相等而要求车轮行程,汽车左右驱动轮间都装有差速器,后者保证了汽车驱动桥两 侧车轮在行程不等时具有以不同速度旋转的特性,从而满足了汽车行驶运动学要求。如图所示说明了其工作情况1. 主动齿轮转动,从而驱动从动齿轮。2. 从动齿轮将转矩作用于差速器壳,使其转动。3. 位于差速器壳中的行星齿轮以适当的角度和半轴齿轮接触,并随的差速器壳转动。4. 行星齿轮(驱动齿轮)和十字轴连接,和十字轴一起转动。5. 半轴齿轮(被驱动齿轮)和行星齿轮啮合并且和从动齿轮及差速器壳作为一个 整体一起转动。6. 半轴齿轮的内花键和半轴端部饿花键接在一起随着差速壳一起转动。7. 当两侧车轮转速相同时,行星齿轮和半轴齿轮无相对运动,左右齿轮力矩平均 分配。8. 当汽车转弯时差速器开始起作用,是两侧的半轴以不同的转速旋转。开式差速器对每个车轮一般使用相同量的扭矩。确定车轮承受的扭矩大小的因素 有两个:设备和摩擦力。在干燥的条件下,当摩擦力很大时,车轮承受的扭矩大小受 发动机和挡位的限制,
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