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1、专业好文档19 四边形 小结1 概述通过学习平行四边形、矩形、菱形、正方形、等腰梯形的定义、性质及判定,了解它们之间的关系,并能灵活运用它们的性质和判定解决一些计算问题和实际问题.同时,本章探索并了解了有关三角形中位线、梯形中位线的相关知识 小结2 学习重难点【重点】掌握并会灵活运用平行四边形的定义、性质及判定;会灵活应用平行四边形及特殊平行四边形的相关知识解决一些简单的实际问题;掌握梯形及等腰梯形的定义、性质及判定,并会灵活运用;理解并掌握三角形中位线、梯形中位线的定义及性质,会应用它们解决一些计算及实际问题.【难点】掌握平行四边形、矩形、菱形、正方形、等腰梯形的性质及判定条件,以及它们之间

2、存在的联系与区别,会应用三角形中位线、梯形中位线解决一些简单问题.【应注意的问题】通过设立问题情境,主动探索和自觉总结四边形的相关性质,掌握四边形的性质;同时要熟识几种特殊四边形的判定,掌握转化思想在本章中的应用,如将梯形问题转化为三角形和平行四边形问题来解决.小结3 中考透视中考关于四边形的考题大多结合三角形知识进行考查,而平行四边形的性质是证明两条直线平行、线段相等及角相等的依据.另外关于平行四边形的面积及周长、对称性也常出现在中考题中,这类题有填空题、选择题、计算题和证明题,深刻理解和牢记多边形、平行四边形的性质和判定是关键和前提知识网络结构图专题总结及应用一、 知识性专题专题1 平行四

3、边形、矩形、菱形、正方形、等腰梯形的概念及性质【专题解读】 围绕平行四边形、矩形、菱形、正方形、等腰梯形的概念及性质进行命题.例1 下列说法错误的是 ( )a.平行四边形的对角相等b.等腰梯形的对角线相等c.两条对角线相等的平行四边形是矩形d.对角线互相垂直的四边形是菱形例2 如图19-125所示,在梯形abcd中,abcd,e为bc的中点,设dea的面积为,梯形abcd的面积为,则与的关系为 .例3如图19-126所示,abcd是正方形,g是bc上一点,于点e,于点f.(1)求证abfdae;(2)求证.例4 如图19-127所示,将一张矩形纸片abcd沿着gf折叠(f在bc边上,不与b,c

4、重合),使得c点落在矩形abcd的内部点e处,fh平分,则的度数a满足 ( )a.90a180b.a=90c.0a90d.a随关折痕位置的变化而变化例5 如果菱形的一条对角线长是12,面积是30,那么这个菱形的另一条对角线长为 .例6 如图19-128所示,的周长为16,ac,bd相交于点o,交ad于点e,则的dce周长为 ( )a.4 b.6c.8 d.10二、规律方法专题专题3 构造中位线解决线段的倍分关系【专题解读】 题目中涉及或2倍关系时,常常考虑构造中位线.例7 四边形abcd为平行四边形,ac,de交ac的延长线于f点,交be于e点.(1)求证(2)若求be的长;(3)在(2)的条

5、件下,求四边形abed的面积.专题4 构造平行四边形解决线段相等、角相等的问题【专题解读】 利用平行四边形边、角的性质可以解决有关线段相等、角相等的问题.例8 如图19-130所示,在中,是dc的中点,e是垂足,求证.例9 如图19-131所示,在中,e,f分别是边ad,bc的中点,ac分别交be,df于点m,n.给出下列结论:abmcdn;samb sabc.其中正确的结论是 . (只填序号)专题6 动手操作题【专题解读】 这类题的特点是根据给出的图形,需要通过裁剪、平移、旋转等方法才能得到题中要求的图形和结论.例10 某市要在一块块形状为平行四边形abcd的空地上建造一个四边形花园,要求花

6、园所占面积是面积的一半,并且四边形花园的四个顶点作为出入口,要求其分别在的四条边上,请你设计两种方案.方案(一):如图19-132(1)所示,两个出入口e,f已确定,请在图(1)上画出符合要求的四边形花园,并简要说明画法.方案(二):如图19-132(2)所示,一个出入口m已确定,请在图(2)上画出符合要求的梯形花园,并简要说明画法.三、 思想方法专题专题7 转化思想【专题解读】 本章中转化思想主要是将梯形问题转化为三角形和平行四边形问题来处理.例11 如图19-134所示,在梯形abcd中,abcd,将该梯形折叠,点a恰好与点d重合,be为折痕,那么ad的长度为 .专题8 方程思想【专题解读

7、】 本章主要体现在通过方程(组)、不等式(组)恒等变形等式代数方法解决有关图形计算的问题.例12 已知两个多边形的内角和为1440,且两多边形的边数之比为1:3,求它们的边数分别是多少.1. 如图,在梯形abcd中,adbc,ab=dc,过点d作debc,垂足为e,并延长de至f,使ef=de连接bf、cd、ac(1)求证:四边形abfc是平行四边形;(2)如果de2=bece,求证四边形abfc是矩形考点:等腰梯形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质;平行四边形的判定与性质;矩形的性质;相似三角形的判定与性质专题:证明题2. (2011四川广安,23,8分)如图5所示,在菱形abcd中,abc 6

8、0,deac交bc的延长线于点e求证:debe图5考点:菱形的性质,等边三角形的判定与性质,平行四边形的判定与性质,线段的倍分关系专题:四边形3. (2010重庆,24,10分)如图,梯形abcd中,adbc,dcb=45,cd=2,bdcd过点c作ceab于e,交对角线bd于f,点g为bc中点,连接eg、af(1)求eg的长;(2)求证:cf=ab+afabegcdf24题图考点:梯形;全等三角形的判定与性质;直角三角形斜边上的中线;勾股定理4. (2011泰州,24,10分)如图,四边形abcd是矩形,直线l垂直平分线段ac,垂足为o,直线l分别与线段ad、cb的延长线交于点e、f(1)a

9、bc与foa相似吗?为什么?(2)试判定四边形afce的形状,并说明理由考点:相似三角形的判定;线段垂直平分线的性质;菱形的判定;矩形的性质。专题:证明题;综合题。5. (2010重庆,26,12分)如图,矩形abcd中,ab=6,bc=2,点o是ab的中点,点p在ab的延长线上,且bp=3一动点e从o点出发,以每秒1个单位长度的速度沿oa匀速运动,到达a点后,立即以原速度沿ao返回;另一动点f从p点发发,以每秒1个单位长度的速度沿射线pa匀速运动,点e、f同时出发,当两点相遇时停止运动,在点e、f的运动过程中,以ef为边作等边efg,使efg和矩形abcd在射线pa的同侧设运动的时间为t秒(

10、t0)(1)当等边efg的边fg恰好经过点c时,求运动时间t的值;(2)在整个运动过程中,设等边efg和矩形abcd重叠部分的面积为s,请直接写出s与t之间的函数关系式和相应的自变量t的取值范围;(3)设eg与矩形abcd的对角线ac的交点为h,是否存在这样的t,使aoh是等腰三角形?若存大,求出对应的t的值;若不存在,请说明理由adcobpfe26题图考点:相似三角形的判定与性质;根据实际问题列二次函数关系式;等腰三角形的性质;等边三角形的性质;矩形的性质;解直角三角形6. (2011湖北咸宁,22,10分)(1)如图,在正方形abcd中,aef的顶点e,f分别在bc,cd边上,高ag与正方

11、形的边长相等,求eaf的度数(2)如图,在rtabd中,bad=90,ab=ad,点m,n是bd边上的任意两点,且man=45,将abm绕点a逆时针旋转90至adh位置,连接nh,试判断mn,nd,dh之间的数量关系,并说明理由(3)在图中,连接bd分别交ae,af于点m,n,若eg=4,gf=6,bm=3,求ag,mn的长考点:正方形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质;勾股定理。7.(2011贵港)如图所示,在梯形abcd中,adbc,ab=ad,bad的平分线ae交bc于点e,连接de(1)求证:四边形abed是菱形;(2)若abc=60,ce=2be,试判断cde的形状,并说明理由考点:梯形

12、;全等三角形的判定与性质;等边三角形的判定与性质;菱形的判定与性质。专题:几何综合题。8. (2011安顺)如图,在abc中,acb=90,bc的垂直平分线de交bc于d,交ab于e,f在de上,且af=ce=ae(1)说明四边形acef是平行四边形;(2)当b满足什么条件时,四边形acef是菱形,并说明理由考点:菱形的判定;全等三角形的判定与性质;线段垂直平分线的性质;平行四边形的判定。9. (2011湘西州)如图,已知矩形abcd的两条对角线相交于o,acb=30,ab=2(1)求ac的长(2)求aob的度数(3)以ob、oc为邻边作菱形obec,求菱形obec的面积考点:矩形的性质;含3

13、0度角的直角三角形;勾股定理;菱形的性质。专题:综合题。10.(2011年山东省东营市,19,8分)如图,在四边形abcd中,db平分adc,abc=120,c=60,bdc=30;延长cd到点e,连接ae,使得e=c(1)求证:四边形abde是平行四边形;(2)若dc=12,求ad的长考点:等腰梯形的性质;含30度角的直角三角形;平行四边形的判定与性质专题:计算题;证明题11. (2011浙江宁波,23,?)如图,在abcd中,e、f分别为边ab、cd的中点,bd是对角线,过点a作agdb交cb的延长线于点g(1)求证:debf;(2)若g90,求证:四边形debf是菱形考点:菱形的判定;平

14、行线的判定;全等三角形的判定与性质;平行四边形的性质。专题:证明题。12. (2011浙江嘉兴,23,10分)以四边形abcd的边abbccdda为斜边分别向外侧作等腰直角三角形,直角顶点分别为efgh,顺次连接这四个点,得四边形efgh(1)如图1,当四边形abcd为正方形时,我们发现四边形efgh是正方形;如图2,当四边形abcd为矩形时,请判断:四边形efgh的形状(不要求证明);(2)如图3,当四边形abcd为一般平行四边形时,设adc=(090),试用含的代数式表示hae;求证:he=hg;四边形efgh是什么四边形?并说明理由考点:正方形的判定;全等三角形的判定与性质;等腰直角三角

15、形;菱形的判定与性质专题:证明题13. (2011梧州,22,8分)如图,在abcd中,e为bc的中点,连接de延长de交ab的延长线于点f求证:ab=bf考点:平行四边形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质。专题:证明题。14. (2011玉林,25,10分)如图,点g是正方形abcd对角线ca的延长线上任意一点,以线段ag为边作一个正方形aefg,线段eb和gd相交于点h(1)求证:eb=gd;(2)判断eb与gd的位置关系,并说明理由;(3)若ab=2,ag=,求eb的长考点:正方形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质;勾股定理。15. (2011安顺,25,9分)如图,在abc中,acb=90,b

16、c的垂直平分线de交bc于d,交ab于e,f在de上,且af=ce=ae(1)说明四边形acef是平行四边形;(2)当b满足什么条件时,四边形acef是菱形,并说明理由考点:菱形的判定;全等三角形的判定与性质;线段垂直平分线的性质;平行四边形的判定。16. (2011海南,23,10分)如图,在菱形abcd中,a60,点p、q分别在边ab、bc上,且apbq(1)求证:bdqadp;(2)已知ad3,ap2,求cosbpq的值(结果保留根号)考点:菱形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质;解直角三角形。17. (2011黑龙江省哈尔滨,23,6分)如图,四边形abcd是平行四边形,ac是对角线,be

17、ac,垂足为e,dfac,垂足为f求证:df=be考点:平行四边形的性质;全等三角形的判定与性质。专题:证明题。综合验收评估测试题 (时间:120分钟 满分:120分)一、选择题1若四边形的两条对角线互相垂直,则这个四边形 ( ) a一定是矩形 b一定是菱形 c一定是正方形 d形状不确定2如图19-135所示,设f为正方形abcd上一点,交ab的延长线于点e,若正方形abcd的面积为64,cef的面积为50,则cbe的面积为 ( ) a20 b24 c25 d263已知四边形abcd是平行四边形,下列结论不一定正确的是 ( ) a b c当时,它是菱形 d当时,它是矩形4如图19-136所示,

18、abcd,交cd于点e,.则梯形abcd的面积为 ( ) a130 b140 c150 d1605下列命题错误的是 ( ) a平行四边形的对角相等 b等腰梯形的对角线相等 c两条对角线相等的平行四边形是矩形 d对角线互相垂直的四边形是菱形6在矩形abcd中,是cd上一点,且则的度数是( )a30 b22.5 c15 d以上都不对7菱形的周长为20,两邻角的角度之比为1:2,则较长的对角线的长为 ( ) a4.5 b4 c d8.顺次连接等腰梯形的四边中点,得到一个四边形,再顺次连接所得四边形四边的中点,得到的图形是 ( ) a等腰梯形 b直角梯形 c菱形 d矩形9小明爸爸的风筝厂准备购进甲、乙

19、两种规格相同但颜色不同的布料,生产一批形状如图19-137所示的风筝.点分别是四边形abcd各边的中点,其中阴影部分用甲布料,其余部分用乙布料(裁剪两种布料时,均不计余料).若生产这批风筝需要甲布料30匹,那么需要乙布料 ( ) a15匹 b20匹 c30匹 d60匹10如图19-138所示,在中,已知,de平分,交bc边于点e,则be等于 ( ) a2 b4 c6 d8二、填空题11顺次连接对角线相等的四边形的各边中点,所得的四边形是 .12矩形的周长为48,长比宽多2,则矩形的面积为 .13如图19-139所示,在中,ac与bd交于点o,点e是bc边的中点,oe=1,则ab的长是 .14如

20、图19-140所示,在中,于点e,于点f,则= .15如图19-141所示,在等腰梯形abcd中,adbc, ,则梯形abcd的周长是 .16如图19-142所示,在中,bd为对角线,e,f分别是ad,bd的中点,连接ef,若ef=3,则cd的长为 .17若矩形的一条短边的长为5,两条对角线 的夹角为60,则它的一条较长的边为 .18如图19-143所示,折叠矩形纸片abcd,先折出折痕bd再折叠,使ad落在对角线bd上,得折痕dg,若ab=2,bc=1,则ag= .19若菱形的两条对角线长分别为16和12,则它的边长为 ,面积为 20已知等边三角形abe在正方形abcd内,de的延长线交cb

21、于g,则 .三、解答题21如图19-144所示,在中,点e是ad的中点,连接ce并延长,交ba的延长线于点f.求证.22如图19-145所示,四边形abcd是正方形,点g是bc上的任意一点,于点e,bfde,交ag于点f,求证.23如图19-146所示,的对角线ac,bd相交于点o,于点o,分别交ad,bc于点e,f,且.求证四边形abcd为矩形.24在等腰梯形abcd中,已知abcd,ad=bc,ac为对角线,且ac平分. (1)求梯形各内角的度数; (2)当梯形的周长为30时,求各边的长; (3)求梯形的面积.25某生活小区的居民筹集资金1600元,计划在一块上、下底分别为10m,20m的

22、梯形空地上种植花木(如图19-147(1)所示).(1)他们在amd和bmc地带上种植太阳花,单价为8元/,当amd地带种满花后(图形阴影部分),共花了160元.请计算种满bmc地带所需的费用;(2)若其余地带要种的有玫瑰和茉莉花两种花木可供选择,单价分别为12元/和10元/.应选择哪能种花木种植,可以刚好用完所筹集的资金?(3)若梯形abcd为等腰梯形,面积不变(如图19-147(2)所示),请设计一种花坛图案,即在梯形内找一点p,使apbdpc得,且sapd =spbc,并说出理由.26如图19-148所示,在梯形abcd中,adbc,abde,afdc,e,f两点在边bc上,且四边形ae

23、fd是平行四边形. (1)ad与bc有何数量关系?请说明理由; (2)当ab=dc时,求证四边形aefd是矩形.参考答案1d提示:可以是正方形、菱形或等腰梯形. 2b提示:易证bcedcf,.,ce=10.在rtbec中,bc=8,sbce=68=24. 3b提示:平行四边形的对角线不一定相等. 4c提示:过点a作afbd交cd的延长线于点f,则四边形afdb是平行四边形,易证sadf=sabc,即sapc=s梯形abcd.,sfac=. 5d提示:对角线互相垂直的四边形可以为任意四边形. 6c提示:在rtade中,.abcd,.,. 7c提示:两邻角之比为1:2,两邻角的度数分别为60,12

24、0.较短对角线长为5,较长对角线长为(). 8d提示:第一次连接得到的四边形是菱形,第二次连接得到的四边形是矩形. 9c提示:s阴影= s剩余. 10a提示:在中,adbc,则.又,.又,=2. 11菱形 12143提示:设两边长分别为,则,s矩形=1311=143(). 132提示:由题意知oe是abc的中位线,. 1475提示:=75,105.在四边形aecf中,=360-90-90-105=75. 1517提示:如图19-149所示,过点d作deab交bc于点e,则易证四边形abed是平行四边形,cde是等边三角形,所以.所以梯形abcd的周长为, 166提示:因为ef为abd的中位线,

25、所以.又因为四边形abcd是平行四边形,所以. 17提示:较长边长=(). 18提示:,设,点a落在对角线bd上的对应点为,则,.在rt中,解出方程即可. 1910 96提示:边长(). 2045提示:75,=180-75-60=45.21证明:四边形abcd是平行四边形,abdc.又afedce.22证明:四边形abcd是正方形,.,.又=90,.bfde,.在abf与dae中,abfdae(aas).af=ae+ef,af=bf+ef.23证明:因为四边形abcd为平行四边形,所以,所以aoecof.所以又因为所以.因为,所以又,所以=30.所以.因为所以30,所以,所以,所以四边形abc

26、d为矩形.24解:(1)如图19-150所示,因为ac平分,所以1=2.又因为dcab,所以2=3.所以1=3.设1=a,则2=a,.因为,所以.所以,即,所以a=30,2a=60.所以梯形abcd各内角的度数分别为. (2)因为1=3,所以.又因为2=30,所以.因为梯形abcd的周长为,所以.所以等腰梯形各边长分别为. (3)过点c作于点e,则,所以.所以s梯形abcd=.25提示:(1)四边形abcd是梯形,adbc,amdcmb,samd:sbmc =,故bmc地带花费为160848=640(元). (2)s梯形abcd =180,samb+ sdmc=180-20-80=80(),1

27、60+640+8012=1760(元),160+640+8010=1600(元),种植茉莉花刚好用完所筹集的资金. (3)由apbdpc可知点p在ad,bc的中垂线上.设apo的高为x,则sapo=,sbpc,解得,故当点p为ad,bc的中垂线上且与ad的距离为8m时,sapd = sbpc.26(1)解:.理由如下:adbc,abde,afdc,四边形abed和四边形afcd都是平行四边形,.又四边形aefd是平行四边形,. (2)证明:四边形abed和四边形afcd都是平行四边形,.又四边形aefd是平行四边形,四边形aefd是矩形.winger tuivasa-sheck, who sc

28、ored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conc

29、eded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarryd hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year

30、sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back

31、 in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman islands-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelse

32、a on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its about how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans

33、 duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans o

34、f cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the weather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud

35、cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners

36、 (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. as he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.the balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( then, i would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an olympic di

37、ving platform.they blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the kiwis in manchester.five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by englands josh char

38、nley in the opening game of the tournament.that could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but i have been impressed by the kangaroos focus in their games since then.they have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their

39、own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.it is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.in johnathan thurston, cooper cronk, cameron smith and ei

40、ther billy slater or greg inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. they have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into saturday.the kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against england will do w

41、onders for their confidence.they defeated australia in the four nations final in 2010 and the last world cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.winger tuivasa-sheck, who scored two tries in the kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over england, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while slat

42、er has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against usa.both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but australia have not conceded a try since josh charnleys effort in their first pool match against england on the opening day.aussie winger jarry

43、d hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by tuivasa-sheck with eight.but it is recently named rugby league international federation player of the year sonny bill williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.the kiwi - with a tournament high 17 o

44、ffloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the world cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the all blacks in 2011.id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said williams.the (lack of) air up there watch mcayman island

45、s-based webb, the head of fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in london for the football associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend citys premier league match at chelsea on sunday.i am going to be at the match tomorrow and i have asked to meet yaya toure, he told bbc sport.for me its ab

46、out how he felt and i would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against cskafor the racist behaviour of their fans duringcitys 2-1 win.michel platini, president of european footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate inve

47、stigation into the referees actions.cska said they were surprised and disappointed by toures complaint. in a statement the russian side added: we found no racist insults from fans of cska. baumgartner the disappointing news: mission aborted.the supersonic descent could happen as early as sunda.the w

48、eather plays an important role in this mission. starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. the balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. it will climb higher than the tip of mount everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) a

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