托福长难句解析

1、1. totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the earth； thsideace- ocean bottom is a hostileenvironment to humans , in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space.（定语后置 in some ways ）由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在

2、某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。分句 1: totally without light and subjected to intense pressures分旬 2: hundreds of times greater than at the earth s surface分旬 3: the deepocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans分旬 4: in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space分句2修饰分句1结尾的短语intense pressures

3、 ,分句1是分句3的状语分句3是整个长句子的主句分句4是分句3的后置定语，修饰分句 3的a hostile environment to humans 主句前后分别有状语和定语的修饰成分，但是本句其实不是复合句。句子的核心意思是深海对于人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境。2. basic to any understanding of canada in the 20 years after the second world war is the countrys impressive population growth .（倒装结构 basic to any understandingis ）要理

4、解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。分旬 1: basic to any understanding of canada in the 20 years after the secondworld war分句2: is分句 3: the countrys impressive population growth分旬1, 2, 3共同构成倒装句，正常的语序应该是 3, 2, 1,即：该句的正常语 序是 the countrys impressive population growth is basic to any understanding of canada in th

5、e 20 years after the second world war .本句是一个简单句，只不过使用了倒装，谓语动词是is.3. as a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore .（同位语从句claims that ）结

6、果.那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增讲健康的观点广为人知.并成为一些民间说法的基础。分旬 1: that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health分句 2: claims have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore 分句1作为分句2主语claim的同位语从句嵌套在分句 2中。因此本旬的主 旬就是分旬 2.同

7、位语从句是 that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health : 吃有 机食品就能防治疾病或增进健康。4. there are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic ones , that fertilized eggs are nutritionally super

8、ior tounfertilized eggs , that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like .（并列同位语从句reports that , that ，that）关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。分旬 1: there are numerous unsubstantiated reports分旬 2: that natural vitamins are superior to synthetic on

9、es分旬 3: that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs分旬 4: that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like分句1是整个长句的主句，分句2、分句3和分句4是并列关系，共同构成分句1的同位语从句。本句的意思是有很多没有经过证实的报道，然后并列了三个未 经过证实的报道的从句。5. the desperate plight of the south has eclipsed the fact that recon

10、struction had to be undertaken also in the north , though less spectacularly .（同位语从句fact that ）南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建（尽管不像南方那么引人注目）这一事实显得不太重要。分句 1. the desperate plight of the south has eclipsed the fact分旬 2. that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the north分句 3. though less spectacularly （省略

11、）分句2是嵌套在分句1中的，做分句1中的fact的同位语从句。分句3是分句2中的让步状语从句，并有省略现象存在，完整的说法是：though the reconstruction is less spectacular.6. the new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl .（宾语从旬 what we now

12、 know as）现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。分旬 1: the new accessibility of land around the periphery of almost every majorcity sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled分旬 2: what we now know as urban sprawl分句2嵌套在分句1里，即分句1是主句，分句2是宾语从句，主句结构经过精简应该是 the new

13、accessibility of land sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled urban sprawl.整句话的谓语动词是 sparked和fueled,两个并列的动词。本句的理解困难还来自于抽象词fuel,它作为名词的含义广为人知，是能源、燃 料，作为动词的时候的意思就可以引申为（供给燃料）激发，促使、造成。7. but these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there cameto be such a concent

14、ration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth .（of 结构作定语： of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs ）但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出 现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。分句 1: but these factors do not account for the interesting question分旬 2: o

15、f how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth分句1中嵌套着分句2.分句2是of结构作后置定语修饰说明question的内容。8. amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mou

16、ntain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent , the two captains set out .（同位语从句rumors that ）当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛鸡在这一陌生的区域活动， 而且在这一区域的某 个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，具面积达 80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中， 两位上尉出发了。分句 1: amid rumors分旬 2: that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region分旬 3: and that somewhere in its

17、 wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent分句 4: the two captains set out.整个句子的主句是分句4.amid表示在.之中”，是介词，它引导的分句1嵌套着分句2和分句3, 并且在整句话中作状语。 而分句2和分句3是并列关系的同位语从句来修饰分 句1中的rumors ,作rumors的同位语从句，用来说明谣言的具体内容。9. in the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the c

18、hief instruments of the keyboard group , a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century .（同位语 a supremacy）17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为傩盘乐器类的/要成员，这一种至高无上的 地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。分旬 1 ： in the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord be

19、came the chief instruments of the keyboard group , 分句 2: a supremacy分句 3: they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century分句2是分句1的同位语，用来修饰说明分句1中的the chief instruments of the keyboard group分句3是省略了 that的定语从句，修饰分句2.10. a series of mechanical improvements continuing w

20、ell into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullnes

21、s of sound , from a liquid , singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance .(介词结构fromto作定语)持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和， 改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的 乐器这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。分旬 1: a series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth centur

22、y分句 2: including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it分旬 3: the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality 分旬 4: finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects 分旬 5: from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness ofsound,分

23、句 6: from a liquid , singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance本旬的真正的主句结构其实是由分句1和分句4构成，即a series of mechanicalimprovements continuing well into the nineteenth century finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects. 分句 2 和分句 3 并列修饰说明分句 1中的a series of mechanical improvements ,而分句5和

24、分句6并列，修饰说 明了分旬 4 中的 an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects.11. the largest later named pueblo bonito(pretty town)by the spanish, rose in five terraced stories , contained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more .最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为pueblo bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有

25、800多间房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。分旬 1: the largest rose in five terraced stories , contained more than 800 rooms , and could have housed a population of 1 , 000 or more分旬 2: later named pueblo bonito(pretty town)by the spanish分句1嵌套了分句2,分句1的主语是the largest,这是“the +形容词”表示一 个名词的结构，相当于“ the largest one的省略的说法。分句2是省略了

26、 “which was的定语从句，用来修饰分句1的主语the largest,分 旬1内部是由三个并列的谓语构成的句子。12. accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “ silent, the film has never been , in the full sense of the word, silent .(倒装 accustomed though we are =though we are accustomed ) 虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做 无声电影”，但是就 无声这

27、个词的 牛整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。分旬 1: accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent ”分旬 2: the film has never been silent分旬 3: in the full sense of the word本句的难点是在分句1是倒装句，正常语序是 though we are accustomed to speaking of the films made before 1927 as silent. 分旬 3 是 一个插入语，嵌套 在分句2中，所

28、以本句真正强调的核心是 the film has never been silent.13. for a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra , and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ow

29、nership of a large personal library of musical pieces .（特殊结构not so much as与其说不如说）在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中， 而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。分旬 1: .for a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orches

30、tra 分旬 2: and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces分句1和分句2是两个并列关系的分句，分句2的难点在于not so much as的结构。14. coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats h

31、as been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity , the number of species in a particular ecosystem , to the health of the earth and human well-being .（倒装 coincident with concernshas been = has been coincident with concerns在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地

32、球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。此句是完全倒装句，谓语动词是has been,真正的主语是has been后面的内容。coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats 是表原来的正常语序是：a growing appreciation of the importance of biologicaldiversity , the number of species in a particular ecosystem , to the health of the earth and human w

33、ell-being has been coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats其中 the number of species in a particular ecosystem 是插入语，作为同位语出现，用来解释说明biological diversity在这句话真正的主语中有一个the importance of a to b的结构，应该翻译为“a 对 b 的重要性”。原句中就是the importance of biological diversity to the healt

34、h of the earth and human well-being 叫做生物多样性对于地球和人类幸 福健康的重要性。15. the fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests does not seem surprising , considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species .（同位语从句fact that ;定语从句that comprise the bulk

35、 ）考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。分句 1: the fact does not seem surprising.分旬 2: that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the worlds rain forests分旬 3: considering the huge numbers of insects分句 4: that comprise the bulk of the species分句1中嵌套着分句2,分句2解释说明分句1的主语the fact,是同位

36、语从句； 分句3是主句的状语，分句4是定语从句，修饰分句 3的the huge numbers of insects16. to appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea , it helps to think small .（特殊结构it helps to 做一有帮助）要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。目 的状语： to appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, 主句：it helps to th

37、ink small .（这里的it是形式主语，没有实际意义） 1 7.science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks , but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.（特殊结构not any more than像一样不一）科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。分旬 1: science is

38、built with facts分句 2: just as a house is built with bricks,分句 3 ： but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house.这句话的难点在于 “notany more than 像一样丕一”，相当于 “a pile of bricks cannot be called a house,18. in a period characterized by the abandonment

39、of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john barth , donald barthelme , and thomas pynchon, joyce carol oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction .（特殊结构 characterized by -l%特征）尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统（以作家约翰巴思、唐纳

40、德巴塞尔姆和托 马斯.品钦为代表）为特征的时代、乔伊斯卡罗尔欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上 模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。分旬 1. characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as john barth , donald barthelme , and thomas pynchon, 分旬 2. joyce carol oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insisten

41、ce od the essentially mimetic quality of her fiction .分句1做时间状语“in a period ”的后置定语，补充修饰period ,相当于省略了 which was”的定语从句。分句2是主句。整个句子的难点在于找主句。其实分句1的末尾是such as引导的三个人名 的并列，在最后一个人名thomas pynchon前有and”,说明这个列举对象中的最 后一个。所以整个句子的主干在 tp这个人后面出现。19. if it were not for this faculty, they would devour all the food av

42、ailable in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence .（虚拟语气）如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。分旬 1. if it were not for this faculty分旬 2. they would devour all the food available in short time分句 3. would probably starve themselves out of existence分句1是虚拟语气的条件从句分句2、3是并列

43、关系，并且是主句。20. people in the united states in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos.（同位语从句 prospect that）19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景 而提心吊胆。分旬 1. people in the united states in the nineteenth century were ha

44、unted by the prospect分旬 2. that unprecedented change in the nations economy would bring social chaos.2嵌套在1中，做1中prospect的同位语从句；1是主句，2具体解释说明 prospect o21. accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nations labor force f

45、rom agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits .（倒装 accompanying that growth was a structural change that=a structuralchange was accompanying that growth）伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业 到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。分旬 1. accompanying that growth was a structural change分旬 2. that fea

46、tured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift inthe nations labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits2嵌套在1中，做1中的structural change的定语从句，这个定语从句结构较 复杂，由两个and连接三个并列的名词性成分。分句1是主句，且采用完全倒装的形式。22. as the roles men and women played in society became more

47、 rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home .（倒装so did ）随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是分旬 1. the roles became more rigidly defined分旬 2. men and women played in society分句 3. so did the roles分旬 4. they played in the home .1和2嵌套，2是修饰1中的role的定语从句。3和4嵌套，4是3中的roles 的。1和3并列，3是由so引导的部分倒装句

48、。23. surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals , sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous , weird , but always functional shapes .（倒装 surrounding the column ar e）围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、 奇特但总是有用的形状。完全倒装句，正常语序是：three sepals and three petals are s

49、urrounding the column, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted into gorgeous , weird , but always functional shapes.24. with the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war and the economic boom that followed it , young people married and established households earlier and b

50、egan to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression .（倒装than had their predecessors比较结构的第二部分）随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结蜡成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。分旬 1. the growing prosperity brought on by the second world war分旬 2. the economic boom that followed it分旬 3. young people

51、 married and established households earlier分旬 4. began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the depression .1和2并列，3和4并歹1和2是伴随状语3和4是主句25. the railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature ; furthermore , in its manifestation of speed and noise , it might be a despoiler of hum

52、an nature as well .（关联结构 could be and was）铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是 人性的掠夺者。分旬 1. the railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature 分旬 2. it might be a despoiler of human nature as well .1和2是并列（由分号连接的两个并列分句）26. in the railroads prime years , between 1 890 and 1920 , there were a few indiv

53、iduals in the united states , most of them with solid railroading experience behind them , who made a profession of writing about railroading-works offering the ambience of stations , yards , and locomotive cabs .（同位语 most of them； 定语从旬 who made a profession of writing）在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人（他们

54、大多有丰富的铁路 经验）以写铁路题材为职业作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。分句 1. there were a few individuals in the united states分旬 2. most of them with solid railroading experience behind them分旬 3. who made a profession of writing about railroading分旬 4. works offering the ambience of stations , yards , and locomotive cabs .1是主句2和3是嵌套2作为

55、1中a few individuals的同位语，对它进一步解释说明29. on the other hand , when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information , crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter , not a few quite uncommon ones : the endangered california condor , to cite one obvious exam

56、ple .（特殊结构 for that matter）另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而 言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显 的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那样为人所知。分旬 1. when it comes to substantive-particularly behavioral-information 分旬 2. crows are less well known than many comparably common species and, for that matter , not a few quite

57、 uncommon ones : the endangered california condor, to cite one obvious example .1和2是并列，分句1是时间状语，2是主句，其中包含插入语结构以及 冒号连接的解释说明的成分30. keen observers and quick learners , they are astute about the intentions of other creatures , including researchers , and adept at avoiding them .（并歹u 同位语 keen observers a

58、nd quick learners）乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物（包括研究人员）的意图感 觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。分句 1. they are astute about the intentions of other creatures , including researchers分句 2. and adept at avoiding them .1 和 2 是并列。句子开头的 “keen observers and quick learners” 是主语 they的同位语。31. these researchers have sought to demonstrate th