英语：Unit 4 Learning efficiently-Grammar课件 新人教选修10

1、The Subjunctive Mood Grammar 1. If I were Andy Lou, I would be in Hong Kong now. 2. I wish I were a millionaire. 3. We suggest that everyone should help the AIDS patients. When to use the Subjunctive Mood in English? hypotheses wishes suggestion 虚拟语气虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气虚拟语气是一种特殊的动词形式是一种特殊的

2、动词形式 (verb structure), 用来表示说话人所说用来表示说话人所说 的话不是一个事实的话不是一个事实 (fact)，而只是一种，而只是一种 假设假设(hypotheses )愿望愿望(wishes)、建议、建议 (suggestion) 或怀疑或怀疑(doubt)等等。等等。 The definition of the Subjunctive Mood 1. 虚拟语气在条件句中虚拟语气在条件句中 1) “表示不太可能出现的情况表示不太可能出现的情况”, 条条 件从句一般用过去时件从句一般用过去时,主句用主句用 would do, should do 或或 might /coul

3、d do; 虚拟语气应该注意的几点虚拟语气应该注意的几点: : 2) 表示表示“本可能发生却未发生的事本可能发生却未发生的事 情情”, 条件从句用过去完成时条件从句用过去完成时, 主句主句 用用would have done, should have done, might / could have done. n The old men would find it difficult to get a job if they left the farm. n I should be surprised if it was less than five pounds. n If I frigh

4、tened those birds, they might fly off and I would never see them again. n If I were you, I would accept the offer. n If I were asked to define my mood, Id say “bored”. n If he had taken his doctors advice, he might not have died so soon. n If he had realized that, he would have run away while there

5、was still time. n If she had not married, she could have become special in the filed. 2. 虚拟语气在条件句也可用来表示虚拟语气在条件句也可用来表示“将将 来不太可能出现的情况来不太可能出现的情况”, 条件从句用条件从句用 should do, were to do或一般过去时或一般过去时, 主句用主句用 would do, should do, could/might do. n If it should rain tomorrow, the sports meet would have to be put

6、 off. n I could see the surface of the moon with my own eyes if I were to go to the moon some day. n What would you do if he failed to come tomorrow? 注意注意: 含有含有 should 的条件句的条件句, 主句可以主句可以 用一般现在时或一般将来时用一般现在时或一般将来时. 例如例如: n If there should be another flood, what shall we do? n Ask her to leave a messag

7、e if she should come. 3. 在正式英语文体中在正式英语文体中, if 从句中的第从句中的第 一个动词如果是一个动词如果是should, were 或或 had, 可将此动词置于句首可将此动词置于句首, 替代替代 if例如：例如： n Were it all true, it would still not excuse their actions. n Had the captain been more careful, his ship would not have sunk. n Should any visitors come, I would say you ar

8、e not here. 4. if only 和和 suppose (supposing), 也可也可 以引导虚拟从句以引导虚拟从句 n If only I had more time, I could go there to help them. n Supposing it were fine tomorrow, would you go climbing the mountain with us? 5. If it were not / had not been for 也也 是常见的虚拟句型是常见的虚拟句型, 意思是意思是“要不要不 是是” 例如例如: n If it had not

9、been for your help, we would not have achieved so much in our work. n If it were not for the wise decision, we could not be living a happy life. 6. 虚拟语气用于虚拟语气用于I wish的宾语从句的宾语从句 中中: 表示现在时间表示现在时间, 动词用一般过去时动词用一般过去时 和过去进行时和过去进行时 (be动词用动词用were /was)。 表示过去时间表示过去时间, 动词用过去完成时和动词用过去完成时和 过去完成进行时。过去完成进行时。 表示将来

10、时间表示将来时间, 动动 词用词用 would/ could 等等+动词原形。动词原形。 n I wish I knew how to operate this computer. n I wish he werent so lazy. n I do wish everything would be as quiet as before. n I wish we hadnt been working overtime yesterday. 注意注意: 这里这里I wish 所表达的意思与所表达的意思与 if only差不多。以上的句子都可差不多。以上的句子都可 以用以用if only 来代替来

11、代替 I wish 例如例如: n If only I knew how to operate this computer. n If only we hadnt been working overtime yesterday. 7. Its (about/high) time +从句，表示从句，表示 “该做而未做的事该做而未做的事”, 是一种婉转的是一种婉转的 建议建议, 从句中的动词用一般过去时。从句中的动词用一般过去时。 例如：例如： n It is high time we began to work. n Weve enjoyed the evening, but its time

12、we went home. n Its about time the boy learned to behave himself. 8. 表示表示“要求、建议、命令要求、建议、命令” 等动词等动词 demand, require, suggest, insist, advise, order 等后接宾语从句时等后接宾语从句时, 从从 句谓语动词一般用虚拟语气句谓语动词一般用虚拟语气, 即即 should + 动词原形动词原形 (do/be done), should 也可以省略例如：也可以省略例如： n He insisted that John (should) do the job. n

13、We suggest that the meeting (should) not be postponed. n The union demanded that the wages (should) be raised by 20%. 常用的这类动词是常用的这类动词是: ask (要求要求), advise (建议建议), command(命令命令), decide(决定决定), demand(要求要求), insist(坚持坚持), move(提提 议议), order(命令命令), propose(提出提出), require(要求要求), request(请求请求), suggest (

14、建议建议), urge(主张主张) 如果这些动词不是如果这些动词不是 表示表示“要求、建议、命令要求、建议、命令”等意思时等意思时, 这时宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。这时宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。 例如：例如： n He insisted that I was wrong. (这儿这儿 insist 意思是意思是“坚持认为坚持认为”） n The expression on her face suggests that she knows the secret. (这儿这儿 suggest 意思是意思是“表明表明”） 虚拟语气在条件句中除了表示与将来、现在虚拟语气在条件句中除了表示与将来、现在

15、及过去事实相反的情况以外，还需要注意以及过去事实相反的情况以外，还需要注意以 下几点：下几点： 一、一、 错综时间条件句错综时间条件句 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的 行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要 依据它所表示的时间来调整。如：依据它所表示的时间来调整。如： If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you might be well now. (条件句与过去事实相反条件句与过去事实相反,主句与现在事实主句与现在事实 相反。相反。) 如果你昨天吃了药如果你昨天吃了药

16、, 你的病今天也许就好你的病今天也许就好 了。了。 二、省略二、省略if的条件句的条件句 如果如果if条件句中有条件句中有were，had，should时，时， 可省略可省略if，把，把were，had，should放在主语前。放在主语前。 这种结构主要用于书面语中。如：这种结构主要用于书面语中。如： Were it necessary (= If it were necessary), I might resign 如果需要的话，我可以辞职。如果需要的话，我可以辞职。 Had you informed me earlier (= If you had informed me earlier)

17、, I wouldnt have signed the contract. 要是你早点告诉我的话，我是不会签那要是你早点告诉我的话，我是不会签那 份合同的。份合同的。 三、含蓄条件句三、含蓄条件句 有些句子虽不含条件句，但意思和含条有些句子虽不含条件句，但意思和含条 件句的句子差不多，这种句子叫含蓄条件句，件句的句子差不多，这种句子叫含蓄条件句， 这种句子中也用虚拟语气。含蓄条件句的这种句子中也用虚拟语气。含蓄条件句的 “暗含暗含”之意一般用三种方法来表达：之意一般用三种方法来表达： 1. 条件暗含在短语中。条件暗含在短语中。如：如： Without air, there would be n

18、o living things. 没有空气，就没有生命。没有空气，就没有生命。 （条件暗含在介词短语（条件暗含在介词短语Without air中）中） But for your help, I couldnt have made so much progress. 要不是你的帮助，我不可能取得这么大要不是你的帮助，我不可能取得这么大 的进步。的进步。 （条件暗含在介词短语（条件暗含在介词短语But for your help中）中） This same thing, happening in wartime, would result in disaster. 同样的事，如果发生在战时，就会酿

19、同样的事，如果发生在战时，就会酿 成大祸。成大祸。 （条件暗含在分词短语（条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中）中） 2. 条件暗含在上下文中。条件暗含在上下文中。如：如： You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。你可以永远待在这儿。 （可能暗含（可能暗含if you wanted to） They would have succeeded. 他们本来是会成功的。他们本来是会成功的。 （可能暗含（可能暗含if they had kept trying） 3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已经成为习惯在不少情况下，虚拟式已经成为习惯 说法，很

20、难找出其暗含的条件。如：说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如： I wouldnt have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。这是我做梦也不会想到的。 四、省去主句的非真实条件句四、省去主句的非真实条件句 非真实条件句如果省去主句，通常表非真实条件句如果省去主句，通常表 示一种不可能实现的愿望。示一种不可能实现的愿望。 这种条件句常用这种条件句常用if only来引导。如：来引导。如： If only I had known where to find you just now. 刚才我要是知道去哪儿找你就好了。刚才我要是知道去哪儿找你就好了。 1. If he had not

21、 lost his money, he _ the piano last week. A. would buy B. had bought C. bought D. could have bought 2. If we were to be 200 years old, we _ everything. A. will change B. can change C. could change D. changed 3. If you _ that film last night, you would not be so sleepy now. A. didnt see B. havent se

22、en C. wouldnt seen D. hadnt seen 4. You are late. If you _ a little minutes earlier, you _ him. A. came, would meet B. had come, would have met C. came, would have met D. were to come, would meet 5. But for the storm, we _ a pleasant journey. A. should have B. have had C. would have D. should have h

23、ad 6. _ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 7. Without the computer, the problem _ in such a short time. A. couldnt be solved B. wouldnt have solved C. couldnt have been solved 8. Without electricity, human life _ quite different today. A. will be B. were to be C. would be D. is 9. “You are very selfish. Its high time you _ you are not the most importa