第八次课 ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS

1、设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 1 CHAPTER 6 ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP ANALYSIS The activity relationship diagram Determining the relationship code Worksheet Dimensionless block diagram Flow analysis 1. Questions 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 2 Flow based on routings is not the sole basis for lay

2、out arrangements. Other Factors Supporting Services Tool Room (not routed) Rest Areas Central Coolant Tanks中央冷却罐中央冷却罐 Shop Superintendents Office 管理室管理室 In some cases, flow is simply not important and no Significant flow Service, Repair, Tool Room 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 3 Manufacturing f

3、low was discussed in Chapter 5, but other departments, services, and facilities must be included to establish good overall flow. Material flows from receiving, to stores, to warehousing, to shipping. Information flows between offices and the rest of our facility, and people move from place to place.

4、 Each department, office, and service facility must be placed properly in relationship to each other. 制造流程在第五章已讨论过，但要建立完善的整体流程，制造流程在第五章已讨论过，但要建立完善的整体流程， 其它部门、服务和设施必须被包含在其中。从验收、装配、其它部门、服务和设施必须被包含在其中。从验收、装配、 入库再到装运过程中的物流；存在于各办公室与其它部们的入库再到装运过程中的物流；存在于各办公室与其它部们的 信息流，以及人流。每个部门、办公室和服务设施必须按照信息流，以及人流。每个部门、办

5、公室和服务设施必须按照 它们之间相互的关系布置在合适的位置。它们之间相互的关系布置在合适的位置。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 4 2. The techniques to be studied in this chapter are: The activity relationship diagram（活动关系图）（活动关系图） The worksheet（工作单（工作单 ） The dimensionless block diagram（无量纲方块图（无量纲方块图 ） The flow analysis（流程分析（流程分析 ） These techn

6、iques will help us to place each department, office, and service area in the proper location. Our objective is to satisfy as many important relationships as possible in order to create the most efficient layout possible. 这些技术将有助于我们合理地布置每一个部门、办公室以及这些技术将有助于我们合理地布置每一个部门、办公室以及 服务区的位置。我们的目标就是满足尽可能多的重要的关系

7、服务区的位置。我们的目标就是满足尽可能多的重要的关系 以创造最有效的布置。以创造最有效的布置。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 5 The four techniques studied in this chapter are sequential. The activity relation ship diagram is redrawn into a worksheet, and the worksheet is used to draw the dimensionless block diagram. The flow analysis is the

8、n drawn on the dimensionless block diagram. 本章学习的这四种技术是顺次的，活动关系图重画为了工本章学习的这四种技术是顺次的，活动关系图重画为了工 作表，工作单用来制订无量纲方块图，而流程分析则是在无作表，工作单用来制订无量纲方块图，而流程分析则是在无 量纲方块图的基础上进行的。量纲方块图的基础上进行的。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 6 1 1 The activity relationship diagram The activity relationship diagram, also called an

9、affinity analysis diagram, shows the relationship of every department, office, or service area with every other department and area . It answers the question, How important is it for this department, office, or service facility to be close to another department, office, or service facility? 1. 活动关系图

10、，称作关系分析图，显示出每一个部门、办公活动关系图，称作关系分析图，显示出每一个部门、办公 室和服务区与其它部门和区域间的关系。它回答了这样一个室和服务区与其它部门和区域间的关系。它回答了这样一个 问题：某个部门、办公室或服务设施与另一个部门、办公室问题：某个部门、办公室或服务设施与另一个部门、办公室 、服务设施相邻有多么重要。、服务设施相邻有多么重要。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 7 2. Closeness codes are used to reflect the importance of each relationship. As a new

11、 person or an outside consultant, As a new person or an outside consultant, you may need to talk with many people to determine you may need to talk with many people to determine these codes, and once they are set, your arrangement these codes, and once they are set, your arrangement of departments,

12、offices, and service facilities is of departments, offices, and service facilities is nearly determined for you. The codes are as follows: nearly determined for you. The codes are as follows: 我们用接近度代码来反映每一个关系的重要性。我们用接近度代码来反映每一个关系的重要性。 代码代码定义定义 “A”这两个部门相邻是绝对必要的 “E”特别重要 “I”重要 “O”一般重要 “U”不重要 “X”无须相邻 设施

13、规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 8 p “A” code should be restricted to the movement of “A” code should be restricted to the movement of massive amounts of material between departments, for massive amounts of material between departments, for example, the raw steel storeroom and the shear example, the

14、 raw steel storeroom and the shear department in manufacturing is an “A” code. department in manufacturing is an “A” code. p “A”“A”代码一般仅限于用在部门之间有很大量的物料移动。例代码一般仅限于用在部门之间有很大量的物料移动。例 如，钢料毛坯仓库与切料、下料部门在制造关系中即为如，钢料毛坯仓库与切料、下料部门在制造关系中即为“A”A” 关系。关系。 p The need for great numbers of people moving could The nee

15、d for great numbers of people moving could also be classified as A codes; for example, also be classified as A codes; for example, maintenance and the tool and supplies crib are an A maintenance and the tool and supplies crib are an A code. code. p 当需要大量人员流动时也可以定为当需要大量人员流动时也可以定为“A”A”级，例如，保养与工级，例如，保养

16、与工 具部门和供给品库之间应是具部门和供给品库之间应是“A”A”级关系。级关系。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 9 p However, be sparing in the use of this most important However, be sparing in the use of this most important code; otherwise, it will become less useful. You will code; otherwise, it will become less useful. You will find

17、 it difficult to handle more than eight A codes find it difficult to handle more than eight A codes with one department. Sometimes you can combine two with one department. Sometimes you can combine two departments, offices, or service facilities together departments, offices, or service facilities t

18、ogether on the same line such as on line 4 of Figure 6-1 on the same line such as on line 4 of Figure 6-1 (assembly and packout). This is like a super A (assembly and packout). This is like a super A code. code. p 但是，在使用这种重要关系代码时应当谨慎使用，否则它的但是，在使用这种重要关系代码时应当谨慎使用，否则它的 作用将会变弱。有时候可以把两个部门、办公室或服务设施作用将会变弱。

19、有时候可以把两个部门、办公室或服务设施 合并到一起，成为一行，例如图合并到一起，成为一行，例如图6-16-1的第的第4 4行就好比是一个超行就好比是一个超 级级“A”A”关系。关系。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 10 p Use E codes if there is any doubt that it is an A Use E codes if there is any doubt that it is an A code. Much material or many people move between these two code. Much

20、 material or many people move between these two departments, but not everything or everyone moves all the departments, but not everything or everyone moves all the time.time. p 对是否使用对是否使用“A”A”关系代码举起不定时可以使用关系代码举起不定时可以使用“E”E”关系代码。当关系代码。当 在两个部门之间有许多物料与人员流动，但又不是在任何时候每个在两个部门之间有许多物料与人员流动，但又不是在任何时候每个 物料和人员

21、都进行流动的情况下可以使用物料和人员都进行流动的情况下可以使用“E”E”。 p For example, everyone needs the restroom, or break room, For example, everyone needs the restroom, or break room, but not all the time, so an E code could be appropriate but not all the time, so an E code could be appropriate for departments with a lot of peop

22、le. for departments with a lot of people. p 例如，每个人都需要休息室，但并不是在任何时候都需要，于是例如，每个人都需要休息室，但并不是在任何时候都需要，于是 “E”E”关系代码可以用于许多人员的办公室与休息室之间的关系。关系代码可以用于许多人员的办公室与休息室之间的关系。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 11 p Use “I” and “O” codes when some level of importance is Use “I” and “O” codes when some level of impor

23、tance is desired, but these closeness codes are not as useful as desired, but these closeness codes are not as useful as the others. I have been known to omit these codesthe others. I have been known to omit these codes，but I but I do not advise you to do this for the first few layout do not advise

24、you to do this for the first few layout designs.designs. p “I”“I”和和”O”O”关系代码仅在对一定等级的重要性有需求时使用。虽关系代码仅在对一定等级的重要性有需求时使用。虽 然这些关系代码并不比其他一些更重要，但并不建议读者在刚开始然这些关系代码并不比其他一些更重要，但并不建议读者在刚开始 设计布置时就忽略它们。设计布置时就忽略它们。 p U codes are useful because they tell us when no activity U codes are useful because they tell us

25、when no activity or interface is needed between two departments. These or interface is needed between two departments. These departments can be placed far away from each other.departments can be placed far away from each other. p “U”“U”关系代码是十分有用的，因为它告诉我们在两个部门之间没关系代码是十分有用的，因为它告诉我们在两个部门之间没 有相关关系和交互界面时

26、，这些部门之间可以被安放得远些。有相关关系和交互界面时，这些部门之间可以被安放得远些。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 12 p X codes are as important as A codes but for the X codes are as important as A codes but for the opposite reason. For example, if the paint department is opposite reason. For example, if the paint department is locate

27、d next to the welding department, an explosion is located next to the welding department, an explosion is possible. Noise, smell, heat, dust, cold, and so on are possible. Noise, smell, heat, dust, cold, and so on are all good reasons for an X code. all good reasons for an X code. p “X”“X”与与”A”A”关系代

28、码是同样重要的，但是原因却相反。例如，如关系代码是同样重要的，但是原因却相反。例如，如 果油漆车间放置得与焊接车间临近，就有可能产生爆炸。对于噪声果油漆车间放置得与焊接车间临近，就有可能产生爆炸。对于噪声 、刺激性气味、高温、粉尘、冷却等部门可以为它们指定、刺激性气味、高温、粉尘、冷却等部门可以为它们指定“X”X”关关 系代码系代码 p Be sure that you can read the activity relationship Be sure that you can read the activity relationship diagram in Figure 6-1. The

29、 closeness code for the diagram in Figure 6-1. The closeness code for the relationship between paint and the tool room is a U. Do relationship between paint and the tool room is a U. Do you see this? you see this? p 确信你能够读懂活动关系图（确信你能够读懂活动关系图（6-16-1）。描述油漆车间与工具室关系）。描述油漆车间与工具室关系 的代码是的代码是“U”U”，你看到了吗？，你看

30、到了吗？ 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 13 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 14 3. Here is a step-by-step procedure for developing an 3. Here is a step-by-step procedure for developing an activity relationship diagram: activity relationship diagram: （1 1）List all departments in a vertical column on

31、 the left-List all departments in a vertical column on the left- hand side of the form. For an example, see Figure 6-1. hand side of the form. For an example, see Figure 6-1. 在表格左边的垂直列中列出所有部门，如表在表格左边的垂直列中列出所有部门，如表6-16-1。 （2 2）Starting with line 1 (fabrication), establish the Starting with line 1 (fa

32、brication), establish the relationship code for each following department. relationship code for each following department. Establishing these relationship codes requires an Establishing these relationship codes requires an understanding of all the departments, an understanding of understanding of a

33、ll the departments, an understanding of management attitudes, and a determination to produce the management attitudes, and a determination to produce the most efficient layout possible.most efficient layout possible. 从第一行（制造）开始，建立与接下来的每一个部门的关系度代码从第一行（制造）开始，建立与接下来的每一个部门的关系度代码 。建立这些代码需要了解所有的部门、管理层的态度，

34、确定尽可能。建立这些代码需要了解所有的部门、管理层的态度，确定尽可能 有效的布置。有效的布置。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 15 （3 3）Reason codes can be used like asterisks. For example, we Reason codes can be used like asterisks. For example, we dont want shipping and receiving close to each other. dont want shipping and receiving close to

35、 each other. Why? A one (1) could be placed below the X in the 5-8 Why? A one (1) could be placed below the X in the 5-8 intersection below the activity relationship code. We intersection below the activity relationship code. We would write a reason code key below the diagram like: would write a rea

36、son code key below the diagram like: 原因代码可以像星号注释一样来用。例如，我们不想使验收原材料原因代码可以像星号注释一样来用。例如，我们不想使验收原材料 的部门和装运彼此相邻。为什么？可以在的部门和装运彼此相邻。为什么？可以在5-85-8交叉点表示其活动关交叉点表示其活动关 系度的代码系度的代码“X”X”下写一个数字下写一个数字“1”1”。我们可以在表下写一个原因。我们可以在表下写一个原因 代码说明，例如：代码说明，例如： 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 16 RELATIONSHIP CHART Value 1 2

37、3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Equip. used by same persons Movement of material Movement of personnel Supervision and/or support Require same utilities Noise and dirt REASON Reasons behind the “Closeness” Value 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 17 Determining the Relationship CodeDetermining the Relationship Code p

38、 The relationship or affinity codes state the desired The relationship or affinity codes state the desired degree of closeness between two activity centers. Each degree of closeness between two activity centers. Each code can be broken down into a qualitative and a code can be broken down into a qua

39、litative and a quantitative component in order to facilitate the quantitative component in order to facilitate the assignment of the codes.assignment of the codes. p 接近度或亲密度代码描述了两个活动中心接近程度的要求。为简化接近度或亲密度代码描述了两个活动中心接近程度的要求。为简化 代码的分配，每个代码都可拆分为定量和定性上两部分。代码的分配，每个代码都可拆分为定量和定性上两部分。 p The quantitative compo

40、nent of the relationship between two The quantitative component of the relationship between two departments or work centers can be based on the actual departments or work centers can be based on the actual flow of material. flow of material. p 两个部门或工作中心间的接近度，其定量的部分是以实际的物流为两个部门或工作中心间的接近度，其定量的部分是以实际的物

41、流为 根据。根据。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 18 p Considerations given to how many parts per day, or how Considerations given to how many parts per day, or how many different parts, or how many tons of material are many different parts, or how many tons of material are moved between the two given wo

42、rk centers can be a great moved between the two given work centers can be a great aid in determining the proper relationship codes between aid in determining the proper relationship codes between the two centers.the two centers. p 对于每天有多少部件，有多少种不同的部件和有多少顿物料在两个对于每天有多少部件，有多少种不同的部件和有多少顿物料在两个 给定的工作中心之间流

43、动，这些问题的考虑对于准确确定两个中心给定的工作中心之间流动，这些问题的考虑对于准确确定两个中心 之间的关系有着重要的帮助。之间的关系有着重要的帮助。 p Flow lines can be drawn between the two activity codes to Flow lines can be drawn between the two activity codes to depict the movement of the parts or people. The number of depict the movement of the parts or people. The

44、number of lines or the intensity of the flow will then indicate the lines or the intensity of the flow will then indicate the desired degree of closeness. desired degree of closeness. p 我们可以在两个活动单元之间画出物流线，以便描述物料或人员的我们可以在两个活动单元之间画出物流线，以便描述物料或人员的 流动。线的数量或者物流的强度将表示出临近的需求程度。流动。线的数量或者物流的强度将表示出临近的需求程度。 设施

45、规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 19 p One numbering or weighing scheme may assign arbitrary One numbering or weighing scheme may assign arbitrary values to the relationship codes as follows: “A” = 4, values to the relationship codes as follows: “A” = 4, “E” = 3, T = 2, and “O” = 1. Using the same sc

46、ale, “E” = 3, T = 2, and “O” = 1. Using the same scale, one can evaluate the intensity of the flow lines between one can evaluate the intensity of the flow lines between the centers. the centers. p 一种量化方案可以给关系代码分配特定的数值，如：一种量化方案可以给关系代码分配特定的数值，如：“A”=4A”=4， “E”=3E”=3，“I”=2I”=2，“O”=1O”=1。使用同样的标准，人们可以评估两

47、。使用同样的标准，人们可以评估两 个中心之间的物料强度。个中心之间的物料强度。 p The qualitative component in assigning relationship codes The qualitative component in assigning relationship codes can be based on expert opinions and the judgment of can be based on expert opinions and the judgment of individuals as to where two department

48、s or centers should individuals as to where two departments or centers should be located in relation to each other and in assigning a be located in relation to each other and in assigning a relative number to the relationship.relative number to the relationship. p 分配关系代码中的定性成分往往基于专家的意见和个人的判断，利分配关系代码

49、中的定性成分往往基于专家的意见和个人的判断，利 用相互之间的联系和对关系的相对数量赋值可以确定两个部门和中用相互之间的联系和对关系的相对数量赋值可以确定两个部门和中 心应放置的地点。心应放置的地点。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 20 p To keep matters simple and also to avoid the possibility To keep matters simple and also to avoid the possibility that the flow-related and the non-flow-related

50、 criteria do that the flow-related and the non-flow-related criteria do not overshadow each other, it would be advisable to use not overshadow each other, it would be advisable to use the same ranking scale. The average scores from the the same ranking scale. The average scores from the combined flo

51、w and non-flow-related activities can provide combined flow and non-flow-related activities can provide us with a reasonable clear guide in assigning the activity us with a reasonable clear guide in assigning the activity relationship or affinity codes. relationship or affinity codes. p 为了保证问题简单性，同时

52、也为了避免物流联系和非物流联系的标为了保证问题简单性，同时也为了避免物流联系和非物流联系的标 准会将对方覆盖的可能性，建议使用同样的排列尺度。综合考虑的准会将对方覆盖的可能性，建议使用同样的排列尺度。综合考虑的 物流和非物流联系的平均值可以在制定活动关心程度或关系代码时物流和非物流联系的平均值可以在制定活动关心程度或关系代码时 提供给我们更加合理、清晰的引导。提供给我们更加合理、清晰的引导。 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 21 2 Worksheet2 Worksheet The worksheet is an interim step between

53、the activity The worksheet is an interim step between the activity relationship diagram and the dimensionless block diagram. relationship diagram and the dimensionless block diagram. The worksheet will replace the activity relationship The worksheet will replace the activity relationship diagram. Th

54、e worksheet interprets the activity diagram. The worksheet interprets the activity relationship diagram and becomes the basic data for the relationship diagram and becomes the basic data for the dimensionless block diagram. dimensionless block diagram. 工作单是活动关系图和无量纲方块图间的过渡步骤。工作单将工作单是活动关系图和无量纲方块图间的过渡

55、步骤。工作单将 替换活动关系图，它进一步说明了活动关系图，并成为无量纲方块替换活动关系图，它进一步说明了活动关系图，并成为无量纲方块 图的基础数据。图的基础数据。 Here is a step-by-step procedure for the worksheet: Here is a step-by-step procedure for the worksheet: 1.1. List all the activities down the left-hand side of a sheet List all the activities down the left-hand side of

56、 a sheet of paper.of paper.在一张纸的左边一列列出所有活动在一张纸的左边一列列出所有活动 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 22 Make six columns to the right of the activity column and Make six columns to the right of the activity column and title these six columns, “A” title these six columns, “A” ，E, I, O, U, and E, I, O, U, and

57、 X (relationship codes).X (relationship codes). 在活动列右面划出六列并且列名分别标为在活动列右面划出六列并且列名分别标为“A”A”、 “ “E”E”、“I”I”、 “O”O”、“U”U”和和“X”X”（接近度代码）（接近度代码） Taking one activity (department, office, or service Taking one activity (department, office, or service facility) at a time, list the activity number(s) under th

58、e facility) at a time, list the activity number(s) under the proper relationship code. Two points will assist the proper relationship code. Two points will assist the designer here:designer here: 每次拿出一个活动（部门、办公室或服务设施），将活动代码列在每次拿出一个活动（部门、办公室或服务设施），将活动代码列在 相应的接近度代码下，以下两点供设计者参考：相应的接近度代码下，以下两点供设计者参考： a.

59、 Be sure every activity number appears on each line (1-a. Be sure every activity number appears on each line (1- 14 must be somewhere on each line). 14 must be somewhere on each line). 设施规划与设计设施规划与设计 第六章第六章 活动关系分析活动关系分析 23 保证每个活动代码出现在一行（保证每个活动代码出现在一行（1-141-14必须在各行）必须在各行） b. The relationship codes fo

60、r an activity center are b. The relationship codes for an activity center are listed below as well as above the activity name, as shown listed below as well as above the activity name, as shown by the direction arrows in Figure 6-1. For example, line by the direction arrows in Figure 6-1. For exampl