FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS

1、fifth edition fiber optic communications joseph c. palais professor of electrical engineering arizona state university prentice hall international, inc. library of congress cataloging-in-publication data palais, joseph, c. fiber optic communication 5th ed. p. cm. includes bibliographical references

2、and index. phipe isbn: 0-13-919895-4 cip data available acquisition editor: alice dworkin production editor: edward defelippis editor-in-chief: marcia horton managing editor: bayani mendoza de leon assistant vice president of production and manufacturing: david w. riccardi cover director: jayne cont

3、e cover designer: bruce kenselaar copy editor: bob lentz manufacturing buyer: julia meehan editorial assistant: nancy garcia dedicated to my wife sandra, my children michael and barbara, and my grandchildren joshua and logan 2004, 1998, 1992, 1988, 1984, by prentice-hall, inc. simon & schuster / a v

4、iacom company upper saddle river, new jersey 07458 all rights reserved. no part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. the author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. these efforts incl

5、ude the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. the author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. the author and publisher shall not be liab

6、le in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. printed in the united states of america 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 isbn: 0-13-895442-9 prentice-hall international (uk) limited, london prentice-hall of aus

7、tralia pty. limited, sydney prentice-hall canada inc., toronto prentice-hall hispanoamericana, s.a., mexico prentice-hall of india private limited, new delhi prentice-hall of japan, inc., tokyo simon & schuster asia pte. ltd., singapore editora prentice-hall do brasil, ltda., rio de janeiro contents

8、 prefacexi 1 fiber optic communications systems1 1-1historical perspective, 1 1-2the basic communications systems, 1-3nature of light, 1-4advantages of fibers, 1-5applications of fiber optic communications, 1-6summary and discussion, problems, references, 2 optics reviewxx 2-1ray theory and applicat

9、ions, xx 2-2lenses, xx 2-3imaging, xx 2-4numerical aperture, xx 2-5diffraction, xx 2-6summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 3 lightwave fundamentalsxx 3-1electromagnetic waves, xx 3-2dispersion, pulse distortion, and information rate, xx 3-3polarization, xx 3-4resonant cavities, xx

10、3-5reflection at a plane boundary, xx 3-6critical-angle reflections, xx 3-7summary, xx problems, xx references, xx 4 integrated optic waveguidesxx 4-1dielectric slab waveguide, xx 4-2modes in the symmetric slab waveguide, xx 4-3modes in the asymmetric slab waveguide, xx 4-4coupling to the waveguide,

11、 xx 4-5dispersion and distortion in the slab waveguide, xx 4-6integrated optic components, xx 4-7summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 5 optic fiber waveguidesxx 5-1step-index fiber, xx 5-2graded-index fiber, xx 5-3attenuation, xx 5-4modes and fields in step-index fibers, xx 5-5mode

12、s and fields in graded-index fibers, xx 5-6pulse distortion and information rate in optic fibers, xx 5-7construction of optic fibers, xx 5-8optic fiber cables, xx 5-9summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 6 optical sources and amplifiersxx 6-1light-emitting diodes, xx 6-2light-emitti

13、ng-diode operating characteristics, xx 6-3laser principles, xx 6-4laser diodes, xx 6-5laser-diode operating characteristics, xx 6-6narrow spectral width and tunable laser diodes, xx 6-7optical amplifiers, xx 6-8fiber lasers, xx 6-9vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes, xx 6-10 summary and di

14、scussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 7 light detectorsxx 7-1principles of photodetection, xx 7-2photomultiplier, xx 7-3semiconductor photodiode, xx 7-4pin photodiode, xx 7-5avalanche photodiode, xx 7-6summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 8 couplers and connectorsxx 8-1connector

15、 principles, xx 8-2fiber end preparation, xx 8-3splices, xx 8-4connectors, xx 8-5source coupling, xx 8-6summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 9 distribution networks and fiber componentsxx 9-1distribution networks, xx 9-2directional couplers, xx 9-3star couplers, xx 9-4switches, xx

16、9-5fiber optical isolator, xx 9-6wavelength-division multiplexing, xx 9-7fiber bragg gratings, xx 9-8arrayed-waveguide gratings, xx 9-9mems switches, xx 9-10 other components: attenuator, circulator, and polarization controller, xx 9-11 summary and discussion, xx problems, xx references, xx 10 modul

17、ationxx 10-1 light-emitting-diode modulation and circuits, xx 10-2 laser-diode modulation and circuits, xx 10-3 analog-modulation formats, xx 10-4 digital-modulation formats, xx 10-5 electroabsorption modulator 10-6 optic heterodyne receivers, xx 10-7 summary and discussion, xx problems, xx referenc

18、es, xx 11 noise and detectionxx 11-1 thermal and shot noise, xx 11-2 signal-to-noise ratio, xx 11-3 error rates, xx 11-4 modal noise, mode-partition noise, amplifier noise, laser noise, and jitter, xx 11-5 additional noise contributors, xx 11-6 receiver circuit design, xx 11-7 summary and discussion

19、, xx problems, xx references, xx 12 system designxx 12-1 analog system design, xx 12-2 digital system design, xx 12-3 summary and discussion, xx problems, 322 references, 323 bibliographyxx answersxx indexxx preface fiber optic communications developed very quickly after the first low-loss fibers we

20、re produced in 1970. operational fiber systems are now common, and new installations and applications appear continually. communication by fibers has taken over many of the functions previously performed by copper-based systems and extended them significantly. fibers have become an enabling technolo

21、gy in the information society in which we live. they work together with the remaining copper applications and the growing wireless infrastructure to meet our expanding communications needs. fiber technology has matured sufficiently so that many books have been written on the subject. some of these b

22、ooks are quite detailed in terms of theoretical and mathematical content, and the beginner may find the level difficult. this text is intended to be less difficult, while still bringing to the reader the information necessary to understand the design, operation, and capabilities of fiber systems. im

23、portant theoretical and mathematical results are given without the accompanying lengthy proofs. however, results are explained in physical terms when possible and appropriate, and extensive tables and figures are used to make those results readily usable. to provide a realistic view, numerical value

24、s are given for the range of typical device parameters. when the first edition of this book appeared in 1984, fibers had already crisscrossed much of the united states and many other countries to deliver telephone messages between the major exchanges. by 1988, when the second edition was published,

25、the land-based long-distance fiber telephone network was nearly complete, and submarine fiber telephone cables were being installed beneath the major oceans. in addition, fiber optic local-area networks (lans) were in development. when the third edition went to press in 1992, over 10 million kilomet

26、ers of fiber had been installed worldwide, undersea cables were being constructed, and installation of fiber lans was increasing. by 1998, when the fourth edition was published, numerous submarine fiber cables covering the atlantic and pacific oceans and many other smaller seas were operational. in

27、addition, numerous tests had been completed for bringing fiber to all homes, holding the promise for expanded services to the individual subscriber. with this fifth edition, we note several new developments. the demand for more transmission bandwidth (particularly for internet and business applicati

28、ons) has required design of fiber systems carrying information at terabit per second rates over great distances. metropolitan area networks (mans) have become significant parts of the fiber industry. bringing fiber connections to the home is still a goal, but an allusive one. economic considerations

29、 have slowed progress in this direction. it is the insatiable demand for greater bandwidth that makes this fifth edition necessary the fundamentals have not changed, but new technological advances and improvements have emerged to satisfy this demand. i have attempted to work these new ideas into the

30、 previous edition with as little disruption as possible. this is an introductory book. no background in fiber optics, or optic communications, is presumed. only the simplest concepts from algebra and trigonometry are invoked in explaining the characteristics of fiber systems. appropriate background

31、material on optics, electronics, and communications is introduced in the text as needed. this book was originally based on a set of notes i developed and used for numerous short courses on fiber optic communications. participants in these courses had training ranging from two years of technical scho

32、ol through the ph.d. level. jobs varied from designer to board chairman. attendees included personnel from industry, government, and academia. individual backgrounds were in chemistry, physics, and many areas of engineering. in addition to the short course presentations, i have taught this material

33、to over fifteen hundred electrical engineering students at the senior and first-year graduate level. the course has been taught over television for more than twenty years. in the last few years it has also been available as an internet-delivered class. the professionals benefiting from this book inc

34、lude practicing design engineers concerned with the selection and application of components and with the design and evaluation of systems. knowledge of the entire system is useful for the device designer as well. others involved in fiber optics, such as high-level engineering decision makers, projec

35、t managers, technicians, marketing and sales personnel, and teachers, can also obtain valuable information from the material presented. the organization of the book is as follows. block diagrams of entire fiber optic systems are presented at the outset. this identifies the components of fiber system

36、s, providing motivation for their individual study in succeeding chapters. chapters 2 and 3 contain a review of important results from the fields of optics and wave travel. this basic information is needed for an understanding of fiber optic devices and systems. chapter 4, on integrated optics, intr

37、oduces the technology of combining optic components onto a single substrate. the integrated-optic waveguide provides an excellent, simplified model for propagation of light in a fiber. chapters 59 present the main devices encountered in a fiber optic system. these are the fiber, light source, light

38、detector, couplers, and distribution networks. system considerations appear in chapters 1012, where modulation formats, the effects of noise on message quality, and system design are covered. the last chapter includes examples of operational systems. in this chapter, the design information developed

39、 throughout the book is applied to realistic problems. i expect the reader who has mastered this material to be able to design and specify systems and to choose and evaluate system components such as fibers, light sources, detectors, and couplers. commercially available subsystems, such as complete

40、transmitters and receivers, will also be amenable to evaluation by the techniques presented in this book. this new and fully revised edition of fiber optic communications incorporates significant advances made in the fiber industry since publication of the fourth edition. because the fundamentals of

41、 the technology have remained the same, the number of changes is moderate. nonetheless, the changes and additions are significant. added or expanded topics include: raman amplifier, erbium-doped waveguide amplifier, the arrayed waveguide grating, electroabsorption modulator, optical micro-electro-me

42、chanical (mems) components, dispersion compensation, tunable light sources, tunable filters, optical time- division multiplexing, dense and course wavelength-division multiplexing, increased utilization of the optical spectrum, and emphasis on external modulation. a new table showing the most curren

43、t spectral band classification scheme has been added. small form factor connectors and non-adhesive splices are described. in addition, the discussions in a number of sections were modified to improve clarity of the presentation. because numerous colleges adopted the initial text for an undergraduat

44、e course in fiber optics, a homework problem set was inserted in the second edition. new problems have been added and several of the old ones have been updated for this new edition, making this texts use in the classroom even more desirable. some problems are merely “plug-in”-type questions intended

45、 to give the student practice and confidence in understanding of the material presented. other problems take more thought and may even require finding and reviewing material from other sources. answers to most problems appear at the end of the book, and a new solutions manual is available for instructors. many new references have been added. the bibliography and periodicals listing at the end of the text provides a resource for further study. the bibliography includes older “classic” fiber optics presentations and seve