句子成分和句子结构

1、句子成分主要成分有 主语和谓语；次要成分有 表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。主语：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句 中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和 主语从句等表示。例如：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular 名词2. We often speak English in class 代词3. One-th

2、ird of the students in this class are girls.数词4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure 不定 式5. Smoking does harm to the hea 1th. 动名词6. The rich should help the poor.名词化的形容词7. When we are going to have an English test hasnot been decided 主语从句8.It is necessary to master a foreignlanguage, it作形式主语，真正

3、的主语为后面的不定式谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。女口：You may keep the book for two weeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形，现在分词，过去分词构成。如：Do you speak English?They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。女口：We are

4、students.表语 说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系 动词（如I be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、 不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句 表示。例 女口：1. Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）2. Is it yours?（代词）3. The weather has turned cold. （形容词）4. The speech is exciting（分词）5. Three times seven is twenty on

5、e? （数词）6. His job is to teach English.（不定式）7. His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8. The meeting is of great importance（介词短语）9. Time is up. The class is over （ 畐ij词）10. The truth is that he has never been abroad（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb）用于连接主语和表语，说明主 语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be 一词，例如：He is a t

6、eacher2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度， 主要有 keep, remain, st ay, lie, st and,例如I：He always kept silent at meeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look,例如：He seems （to be） very sad.4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste,例 女口： This kind of cloth feels very soft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fa

7、ll, get，go, come, run.例如I：The river was beginning to run dry.6)终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out,表达结果是；证明是“，之意，例如：The rumor proved falseHis plan turned out a success宾语 表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于 及物动词和介词后面。例如：1. He is doing his homework 名词2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming toschool on time. 代词、动名词3. Ho

8、w many dietionaries do you have? I have five.名词、数词4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.名词化形容词，名词5. He pre tended not to see me. 不定式短语6. I enjoy listening to popular music 动名词短语7. I think ( that ) he is fit for his office. 宾 语从句宾语种类：(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)，例如I： Lend me your dietionary, ple

9、ase.To: write，tell, pass, give, send, promise,show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw 等，例如I：He sent the novel to William yesterdayFor: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw,find, get，order，post，save 等，例如I：She bought a gift for her mother2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.宾语补足语用于补充说明宾语的动作，一

10、般 位于宾语之 后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。“宾补” 一般 可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从 句充当。例如：1. His fat her named him Xiaoming 名词2. They painted their boat white. 形容词3. Let the fresh air in. 畐ij词4. You mustrf t force him to lend his money to you不定式短语5. We saw her entering the room 现在分词6. We found everything in the lab in go

11、od order 介词短语7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.从句 定语 修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句 称为 定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：1. Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词）3. There are thirty women teachers in our school. （名词）4. His rapid progress in English ma

12、de us surprised.（代词）5 Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不 定式短语）6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.动名7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8. She is the girl who sings best in my class（定语从句）状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子， 说明动作或状 态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以

13、下形式 表示：1. Light travels most quickly.副词及副词性词组2. He has lived in the city for ten years. 介词短 语3. He is proud to have passed the national college ent rance examina tion. 不定式短语4. He is in the room making a model plane 分词短5. Wait a minute名词6. Once you begin, you must continue. 状语从句同位语 对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通

14、常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，女口：This is Mr. Zhou, our headmaster.插入语 对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有to behonest，I think (suppose, believe) 等，如I：To be frank, I don t quite agree with you.主语+谓语 动词大多是不及物动词，常见的动词如：work,sing, swim, fish, jump, arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen 等。 eg： 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。2) Th

15、e little girl cried even harder 小女孩哭得 更厉害了。3) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.事故是昨天下午发生的。主语+系动词+表语这种句型主要用来表示主语的特点、身份 等。其系动词一般可分为下列两类：(1)表示 状态。这样的词有：be, look, seem, smell,taste, sound, keep 等。（2）表示变化。这类系动词有：become, turn, get,grow, go 等。主语+谓语+宾语 动词一般为及物动词。其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当eg： 1） H

16、e took his bag and left.（名词）2） Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties.（代词）3）She plans to travel in the coming May Day.（不定式）4）I dont know what I should do next.（从句） 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语为主要宾语，在句 中不可或缺，常常由表示“物”的名词来充当；间接宾语也 被称之为第二宾语，去掉之后，对整个句子的影响不大，多 由指“人”的名词或代词承担。引导这类双宾语的常见动 词有：buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send 等。eg:The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March.主语+谓语+宾语+补语“宾语+补语”统称为“复合宾 语