[专业英语考试复习资料]专业八级分类模拟225

1、专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟225专业英语考试复习资料专业八级分类模拟225专业八级分类模拟225LISTENING COMPREHENSION In this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening to the mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for ea

2、ch gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking. You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work

3、. The Differences Between American and British English . Introduction American English and British English: two 1 of English A. Three major differences: 2 vocabulary spelling B. The most important rule of thumb: be 3 in your usage . Principal differences between American and British English A. Use o

4、f the present perfect 4 : to express an action that has occurred in the recent past and has influence until now example: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? is 5 in British English but accepted in American English. other differences concerning the use of already, just and yet B. 6 two forms:

5、 have or have got have got being 7 in British English; have being popular in American English C. The verb get the past participle in American English: gotten; got in British English D. Vocabulary: the major difference the same word means different things, e.g. 8 , rubber solution: 9 exception: the 1

6、0 used for automobiles E. 11 examples: on the weekend/at the weekend; on a team/in a team; please write me soon/please write to me soon F. Past simple/past participle some verbs with two forms of the past simple/past participle: burn, burnt or burned, dream, dreamt or dreamed, etc. British English:

7、12 ; American English: the regular one G. 13 words ending in -or (American) -our (British); words ending in -ize (American) -ise (British) to use the 14 on your word processor . Conclusion A. Very few differences between British and American English B. The largest difference: the choice of vocabular

8、y and 15 (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 1.答案:varieties听力原文 The Differences Between American and British English Good morning, everyone, today we are going to talk about the differences between American and British English. While there are certainly many more varieties of English, American English and British

9、English are the two varieties that are taught in most programs of teaching non-native speakers. Generally, it is agreed that no one version is correct, however, there are certainly preferences in use. The three major differences between American and British English are: pronunciation differences in

10、both vowel and consonants, as well as stress and intonation; vocabularydifferences in nouns and verbs, especially phrasal verb usage; spellingdifferences are generally found in certain prefix and suffix forms. The most important rule of thumb is to try to be consistent in your usage. If you decide t

11、hat you want to use American English spellings, then be consistent in your spelling. In another word, the color of the orange is also its flavourcolor is American spelling and flavour is British. This is of course not always easyor possible. The following guide is meant to point out the principal di

12、fferences between these two varieties of English. Firstly, use of the present perfect in British English. The present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past and has an effect on the present moment. For example, Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In Ameri

13、can English the following is also possible: I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English a

14、nd simple past in American English include already, just and yet. In British English Ive just had lunch. Ive already seen that film. Have you finished your homework yet? In American English: I just had lunch or Ive just had lunch, Ive already seen that film or I already saw that film. Have your fini

15、shed your homework yet? or Did you finish your homework yet? Secondly, possession. There are two forms to express possession in English. Have or Have got: Do you have a car? Have you got a car? He hasnt got any friends. He doesnt have any friends. She has a beautiful new home. Shes got a beautiful n

16、ew home. While both forms are correct and accepted in both British and American English, have got, have you got, he hasnt got, etc. are generally the preferred forms in British English while most speakers of American English employ the have: do you have, he doesnt have, etc. Thirdly, the verb get. T

17、he past participle of the verb get is gotten in American English. For example, hes gotten much better at playing tennis. In British English, they say hes got much better at playing tennis. Fourthly, vocabulary. Probably the major difference between British and American English lies in the choice of

18、vocabulary. Some words mean different things in the two varieties, for example, mean: in American Englishangry, bad humored, while in British Englishnot generous, tight fisted; rubber: in American Englishcondom, while in British Englishtool used to erase pencil markings. There are many more examples

19、, too many for me to list here. If there is a difference in usage, your dictionary will note the different meanings in its definition of the term. Many vocabulary items are also used in one form and not in the other. One of the best examples of this is the terminology used for automobiles. American

20、Englishhood, British Englishbonnet; American Englishtrunk, British Englishboot; American Englishtruck, British Englishlorry. Once again, your dictionary should list whether the term is used in British English or American English. Fifthly, prepositions. There are also a few differences in preposition

21、 use, including the following: American Englishon the weekend, British Englishat the weekend; American Englishon a team, British Englishin a team; American Englishplease write me soon, British Englishplease write to me soon. Sixthly, past simple/past participle. The following verbs have two acceptab

22、le forms of the past simple/past participle in both American and British English, burn, burnt or burned, dream, dreamt or dreamed, learn, learnt or learned, smell, smelt or smelled, spell, spelt or spelled, spill, spilt or spilled, spoil, spoilt or spoiled. However, the irregular form is generally m

23、ore common in British English (the first form of the two) and the regular form is more common to American English. Seventhly, spelling. Here are some general differences between British and American spellings: Words ending in -or (American) -our (British), color, colour, humor, humour, flavor, flavo

24、ur etc. Words ending in -ize (American) -ise (British), recognize, recognise, patronize, patronise, etc. The best way to make sure that you are being consistent in your spelling is to use the spell check on your word processor if you are using the computer and choosing which variety of English you w

25、ould like. As you can see, there are really very few differences between standard British English and standard American English. However, the largest difference is probably the choice of vocabulary and pronunciation. No matter which dialect you have chosen, you need to be consistent in the usage. I

26、hope that you, by adopting my suggestions, can speak fluent and standard American or British English with perfect pronunciation, carefully selected vocabulary and correct grammar. Thanks for your attention. 考点 本题考查对细节的理解。 该讲座探讨的是美式英语和英式英语之间的差别，根据听力原文可知，英语的变体语言有很多种，而美式和英式英语是在母语非英语教学中应用最广的，所以答案为variet

27、ies，注意采用复数形式。 2.答案:pronunciation考点 本题考查重要细节。 通过听力原文可知，美式英语和英式英语有三大不同之处，第一个是发音，即元音与辅音发音的差异，其次是重音和音调方面的不同，因此答案为pronunciation。 3.答案:consistent考点 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文可知，运用英语最重要的经验法则就是保持一致性，故可直接得出答案为consistent。 4.答案:function考点 本题考查对重要信息的概括。 两种英语具体差别的第一点就在于英式英语中现在完成时的运用，根据听力原文可知，现在完成时用来描述发生在过去并对现在产生影响的动作，即现在完

28、成时的作用，所以可以总结得出答案为function。 5.答案:incorrect/unaccepted考点 本题设题点在举例处。 根据听力原文和其所在段落前面的内容可知，英式英语中多运用现在完成时来强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响，而对于这种情况，美式英语有时会用一般过去时表达，而这种用法在英式英语中并没有得到认可，常会被认为是不正确的，所以答案为incorrect或unaccepted。 6.答案:Possession考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 通过听力原文可知，美式英语和英式英语具体差别的第二点是在表达“拥有，所有”概念时的不同，此外注意首字母须大写，因此答案为Possession。 7

29、.答案:preferred考点 本题考查对细节的理解。 根据听力原文可知，have或者have got都可以表达“有”的意思，但这两种表达在英式英语和美式英语中又各有侧重，have got是英式英语中的首选形式，所以答案为preferred。 8.答案:mean考点 本题设题点在举例处。 听力原文表明美式英语和英式英语的第四点差别在词汇的选择上，并列举两例，说明同一单词在两种英语中却有完全不同的意思，这两个单词分别是mean和rubber，根据所填空格之后的提示词rubber，可以得出答案为mean。 9.答案:use a dictionary考点 本题考查重要细节。 通过听力原文可知，为了区

30、分词汇的用法，可以借助词典了解词的多种意思，因此答案为use a dictionary。 10.答案:terminology考点 本题考查重要细节。 听力原文阐述了两种语言在表达同一个意思时各自有且仅有的表达方式，进而列举了和汽车相关的专门用语的例子，如hood, bonnet, trunk, boot等，所以答案为terminology“术语”。 11.答案:Prepositions考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 通过听力原文可知，美式和英式英语的第五点差别是在介词的应用方面，如美式英语用on the weekend，英式英语用at the weekend，此外该空位于句首，首字母须大写，因此

31、答案为Prepositions。 12.答案:the irregular form考点 本题考查重要细节。 通过听力原文可知，在动词的过去式和过去分词方面，英式英语更倾向于使用不规则形式，因此答案为the irregular form。 13.答案:Spelling考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 根据听力原文可知，第七点差别为拼写，并且下面的两点总结都是围绕此差别展开的，所以答案为Spelling。注意首字母要大写。 14.答案:spell check考点 本题考查重要细节。 演讲者总结的第七点差别是在具体的拼写上，这里提到了一些词在美式英语中是以-or结尾，英式英语中以-our结尾等。根据听力

32、原文可知，要检查在拼写上是否一致最好的方法就是使用文字处理器上的拼写检查功能，所以答案为spell check。 15.答案:pronunciation考点 本题考查对细节的理解。 演讲者在最后总结说，英式英语和美式英语之间的差别很少，根据听力原文可知，在这些很少的差别当中最大的区别可能是在对词汇和发音方式的选择上，所以可以直接得出答案为pronunciation。 Good Writing Educators in English-speaking countries have developed a set of basic characteristics of good English

33、writingunity, 16 , emphasis, development and clarity. Here, a different set of concepts are introduced: . Good writing is 17 . It should be 18 , having something insightful to say about the topic. It is not simply 19 . It may 1)enlighten you or 20 the subject; 2)make you feel something similar; 3)ma

34、ke you feel exactly 21 . . Good writing involves thoughtful 22 . It is the result of 99% of hard work and 1% of 23 . . Good writing is directed toward an 24 . The audience determines 1)diction and sentence structure 2)the sentence 25 3)the overall 26 4)details that would be included . Good writing a

35、chieves a clear 27 . . Good writing expresses 28 clearly. It reflects good thinking, which should be put into precise, 29 and lucid articles. For non-native speakers of English, clear expression involves being 30 . (如需获取本MP3听力录音请搜索标题名) 16.答案:coherence听力原文 Good Writing What is good writing? Different

36、 cultures using different languages may come up with very different answers to the question. Indeed, even different individuals may have different standards, tastes and expectations. However, as far as English is concerned, a set of basic characteristics, which is believed to be present in all good

37、writing, has been promoted by educators in English-speaking countries. They are: unity, coherence, emphasis, development and clarity. While these good old values are still relevant, todays discussion of good writing focuses on a different set of concepts. Ill define good writing using different term

38、s: good writing is good thinking; good writing involves thoughtful revision; good writing is directed toward an audience; good writing achieves a clear purpose; good writing expresses ideas clearly. Firstly, good writing is good thinking. Good thinking leads to good writing, and muddy thinking can o

39、nly result in muddy writing. As simple as that. Writing is a thinking process; it is not making a big deal out of nothing. Good writing should be substantive, really having things to say. Not only having things to say, but also having insightful things to say about the topic. This concept is particu

40、larly important for you non-native speakers of English. You may tend to be overly concerned with being correct in grammar, spelling and mechanics. While good writing is expected to be free from grammatical and other errors, it is worth repeating here that good writing is not good grammar or vice ver

41、sa. At the advanced level, you should be much more concerned with higher and more important issues of writing in English. If you were excited at all by a piece of writing, most likely, it was for one or a combination of the following reasons: 1)because it enlightens you or sheds light on the subject

42、; 2)because you have felt something similar but in a rather vague and superficial way; 3)because you have felt exactly the same, but have never been able to express yourself in such an effective and elegant manner. Secondly, good writing involves thoughtful revision. Although there are geniuses who

43、are such inspired writers that they can produce great writings at the spur of the moment without having to revise as much as one word, such geniuses are few and far between. For the overwhelming majority of writers, good writing is ninety-nine percent hard work and one percent inspiration. Experienc

44、ed writers subject their writings to numerous revisions before feeling satisfied. Lu Xun, the greatest modern Chinese writer, for example, talks about pacing pensively in the study for days searching for the right word. Thirdly, good writing is directed toward an audience. Notice the use of the word

45、 audience here: it usually refers to viewers and listeners, but now its reference has expanded to include readers too, particularly in discussions of writing. You should remember that what is appropriate for one kind of audience may not be appropriate for another. The intended audience determines yo

46、ur choice of words, your sentence length and patterns, the overall tone, the details that would be included in your writing, etc. Fourthly, good writing achieves a clear purpose. Good writing must achieve your intended purpose. If you want to write about how to make Jiaozi, your reader, after readin

47、g your writing, should get everything he or she needs to know about how to make Jiaozi, from the necessary ingredients to step by step instructions. If your purpose is to convey the sublime and soul-awakening beauty of the morning sun bursting out of the horizon in the misty Huangshan Mountain in An

48、hui Province, you should describe it in such a way that your readers should be able to visualize the scenery. If you want to propose that China adopt a legal drinking age, you should make it clear to the Peoples Congress why such a law is necessary, what it should be, how to implement such a law, an

49、d so forth. Last but not least, good writing expresses ideas clearly. Good writing reflects good thinking, and good thinking needs to be put in precise, concise and lucid prose. An important task for revision is to trim all the deadwood, pruning all the redundancies, wordiness, and confusing and mis

50、leading ambiguities. For non-native speakers, to express yourself clearly often involves making your writing more idiomatic, reducing the level of negative interference of your native language and to bring your writing closer to English-speaking readers. Only when you can write clearly can you begin

51、 to think of developing a distinctive style. What kind of style you should develop or use depends on your temperament, your need, and such controlling factors as the subject you are writing about, the audience you are writing to, and the purpose you want to achieve. One style may be appropriate for

52、certain occasions but totally inappropriate for others. You would feel totally out of place if you go to a casual gathering of old friends dressed in expensive suit and tie, unless you want to appear snobbish and showy. How about going to a concert performed by the Vienna Philharmonic Symphony Orche

53、stra in the elegant Grand Capital Arts Center in loosely fit T-shirt and jeans? So far, we have discussed five characteristics of good writing. In later lectures, you will learn in greater detail about how to write to different audiences to achieve specific purposes in clear and effective styles. 考点

54、 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文可知，学者们认为一篇好的写作应具备的基本特征是：unity, coherence, emphasis, development and clarity，故答案为coherence。 17.答案:good thinking考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 通过听力原文可知，演讲者将从不同的方面定义好的写作，首先是好的写作有好的思想，因此答案为good thinking。 18.答案:substantive考点 本题设题点在语气强调处。 演讲者认为，一篇好的写作首先要有好的思想(good writing is good thinking)，根据听力原文可知，好的写作应

55、该是实质性的，是真的有话要说，故答案为substantive。 19.答案:good grammar考点 本题考查重要细节。 根据听力原文可知，演讲者认为好的写作不能简单地认为是语法正确，反之亦然，故答案为good grammar。 20.答案:shed light on/elaborate考点 本题设题点在原因列举处。 演讲者接着谈到写作成功的原因有三个，根据听力原文可知，第一个原因是能启发思维或能阐明所讨论的话题，shed light on sth. 是一个固定搭配，意为“阐明”，故答案为shed light on或elaborate。 21.答案:the same考点 本题设题点在原因列举处。 听力原文提到写作成功的第三个原因：好的作品是你感到作品中表达的思想与你自己的思想一致，但你却不能像作品中那样用有效、优雅的文字表达出来，故答案为the same。 22.答案:revision考点 本题设题点在分论点处。 听力原文提到好的作品应具备的第二点：好的作品是作者经过深思熟虑、反复修改完成的，故答案为revi