英语句子结构概论

1、Unit 3 The Million Pound Bank Note,Noun clauses as the object and predicative,英语句子的种类,简单句 (simple sentence,并列句 (compound sentence,复合句 (complex sentence,英语句子结构概论,复合句:主句+从句,名词性从句 定语从句 状语从句,1. The boy who is standing over there is Tom,2. Because it is raining , we have to stay at home,定语从句,状语从句,3. I kn

2、ow (that) he is from America,宾语从句,名词性从句,Who will win the match is still unknown. I want to know who will win the match . The question is who will win the match . The question who will win the match is interesting,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句,Noun Clauses (名词性从句,Subject Clause (主语从句,Appositive Clause （同位语从句,

3、Object Clause （宾语从句,Predicative Clause （表语从句,Object Clauses 宾语从句,Conjunctions of Noun Clauses （引导名词性从句的关联词,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether, if,when(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,做及物动词的宾语,做介词的宾语,做形容词的宾语,一、连词（引导词） 1. that 1)当宾语从句是由陈述句转变而来时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因

4、为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略,Lin Tao feels (that) his own team is even better,The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do,2.在主句为动词be加某些形容词（如sorry, sure, afraid, glad等）作表语时，后面所跟的从句也可算是宾语从句(that可省略,Im sorry (that) I dont know . Were sure (that) our team will win . Im afrai

5、d (that) he wont pass the exam,3）宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略,1）当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省；He said (that) he liked rain very much and that he wouldnt use an umbrella when it was raining. （2）当that从句作介词宾语时，that不可省。I know nothing about him except that he is from the countryside. （3）用it做形式宾语的宾语从句，th

6、at不可省,1.I dont think _ she is coming. 2.I dont think it necessary _ you should read English aloud. 3.He told me _ his father had died and _ he had to make a living alone,that,that,that,that,1. I dont doubt _ he can speak English. 2. I doubt_ he can speak English,whether/ if,that,当宾语从句是由一般疑问句变来时时，由连词

7、whether或if引导， “是否”，不能省略,1) Lily wanted to know _ her grandma liked the handbag . (2) Lets see _ we can find out some information about that city . (3) She asked me _ she could borrow these books,2. whether/if,whether/ if,whether/ if,whether/ if,注意 whether和if的使用区别,1) whether和if都可以引导宾语从句，但 a. 当从句中有or

8、not时就用whether,不用if。 b. 介词后面的宾语从句不能用if表示“是否”。 c. whether to do 做动词宾语不能用if to do. 2) if可以引导条件状语从句，whether无此用法,I dont know whether or not I will stay,I worry about whether I hurt her feeling,If you are to succeed, you ought to work harder,I dont know whether to tell him about this,Practice time,I asked

9、 her _ she had a bike. Were worried about _ he is safe. I dont know _ he is well or not. 4. I dont know _ or not he is well. 5. I dont know _ I should go,if / whether,whether,whether,whether,whether/if,_ to go,whether,3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句转变而来时，由疑问词（what, who, whom, which, whose, when, where, how, why等）引导

10、，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略,Do you know _ he said just now ? I dont remember _ we arrived . I asked him _ I could get so much money in so short a time. Please tell me _ we have to see . Do you know _ time the plane leaves ,what,when,where,who / whom,what,二、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态 （包括一般现在时 ，现在进行时，现在

11、完成时），从句的时态可根据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等,I know he _ here .(live) I know he _ here ten years ago .(live) I have heard that he _ tomorrow . (come,lives,lived,will come,2. 如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时,I knew who _ here. (live) I saw she _ her mother

12、. (talk) He asked whether his father _ tomorrow. (come back) He said that he _ it before. (see,3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时,He said the earth _ around the sun.（travel,lived,was talking with,would come back,had seen,travels,三、语序 宾语从句要用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,1. I dont know what is the matter / the trouble/

13、 wrong with him. 2. I dont know who did it. 3. I dont know who is he,1. His brother asks when he will go to the library . 2. His brother asks when will he go to the library,1. I dont know what he wants to buy . 2. I dont know what does he want to buy,21,如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，要使用形式宾语 it 而将真正的宾语that/wh-从句放到补

14、足语后面；find, feel, think, believe, guess, make e.g. I thought it strange that he failed to call me 我觉得奇怪：他没给我打电话,用it作形式宾语的宾语从句,1). Can you make sure_ Alice has put the gold ring. 2). It all depends on _they will support us . 3). She will give _needs help a warm support. 4). He made _clear to the publi

15、c _ he did an important and necessary job,where,whether,whoever,it,that,1.The young man asked _ its summer or winter. A. if B. that C. weather D. whether 2.We dont know _ they did it . A. how B. who C. what D. which 3. The teacher asks us _ Jim can come back on time . A. that B. if C. when D. what t

16、ime 4. Does anybody know _ we will have a sports meeting this weekend or not . A. if B. where C. whether D. that,D,A,B,C,5. Could you show me _ ? A. how can I get to the station B. where is the station C. how I could get to the station D. how I can reach the station 6. Please tell me _. A. what does

17、 he like B. what he does like C. what he likes D. what he like 7. My sister told him _ . A. what day was it B. when the train arrived C. who she was waiting D. where did you live,C,B,D,8. Someone is ringing the doorbell . Go and see _ . A. who is he B. who he is C. who is it D. who it is 9. Could yo

18、u tell me how long _ ? A. you have bought the watch B. you have kept this science book C. have you been away from China D. have you been a member of Greener China 10. He said that if it _ the next day , he _ fishing . A. would rain , wouldnt go B. rains , wont go C. rained , wouldnt go D. rains , wi

19、ll go to,B,C,D,Predicative Clauses 表语从句,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether, as if/as though， because,when(ever), where(ever), how(ever), why,表语从句是在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的系动词有be, look, remain, seem等,表语从句,表语从句,The questions is_we can rely on h

20、im. 2. He didnt study abroad. Thats_he was in need of money at that time. 3. He looked_he was going to cry. 4. My car broke down halfway. Thats_I was late,whether,because,as if,why,注 意,在表语从句中，表“是否” 时，只能用 “whether”不能用“if”。 一般情况下，“that”不能省。 It is/ was because . It is/ was why. 4. The reason (why/for)i

21、s/ was that. 5. The reason/ result is because/ why,that,My advice is that you _(set) off early tomorrow morning. His order is that we _(clean) the classroom every day. His suggestion is that the thief _(send) to the police station. The question is _ he will come,should) set,should) clean,should) be

22、sent,whether,表示建议，要求，命令的词 sb (should) do,1. Thats _ the Party called on us to do. A. why B. what C. how D. that 2. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. Whether 3 .That is _ they separated. A. that B. what C. which D. where 4.Jane is no longer _ she was fo

23、ur years ago. A. what B. which C. that D. when,5. She looked _ she were ten years younger. A. that B. like C. as D. as though 6. - I fell sick! - I think it is _ you are doing too much. A. why B. when C. what D. because 7. The problem is _ he has enough time. A. if B. whether C. / D. that,D,D,B,8. T

24、he trouble is _we are short of tools. A. what B. that C. how D. why that 9. The energy is _ makes the cells able to do their work. A. that B. which C. what D. such,B,C,Subject Clauses 主语从句,Conjunctions of Noun Clauses （引导名词性从句的关联词,what(ever), which(ever); who(ever), whom(ever), whose,that, whether,w

25、hen(ever), where(ver), how(ever), why,whether “是否”，不做主语从句中成分，源于一般疑问句；“if” 不能引导主语从句,引导词,_ is not easy to say(他是否会来这儿,Whether he will come here,If he will come here .,_ is more practice.（我们所需要的,_ is under discussion.（我们什么时候开始会议,四. 连接副词 when 等在从句中作状语,What we need,When we will begin the meeting,三. 连接代词w

26、hat 等在从句中作主语、宾语等,注意一:主语从句后置! 为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语. 1. That the earth is round is known to all. 2. That you missed the chance is a pity,It is a pity that you missed the chance,Its known to all that the earth is round,这样就构成了下面一些常用句型: It is +adj./ n. (strange/a pity/) + that It is

27、+ v.-ed (said/ reported) + that,What he needs _ that book. What he needs _ some books,is,are,注意三：what 与 that 引导主语从句的区别,注意二:主语从句对应的主句谓语动词一般用单数。但what/ who等引导主语从句时，主句谓语单复数可根据表语决定,1. that不做成分；不能省略。 2. what可以做主语，宾语，表语。可译成“-的东西，话，事情，人，地方，时间，样子等” “所,1. What he said disappointed me. 2. A computer can only d

28、o what you have instructed it to do,_ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How,2. _ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where,3. _ is known to us all is that America is a developed country _ the First World. A. Which

29、; belong to B. As, belonged to C. What; belonging to D. It; belonging to,4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy. A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when 6. What I say and think _ none of your

30、 business. A. is B. are C. has D have,appositive Clauses 同位语从句,同位语从句 1. 跟在某些抽象名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明,解释这些名词的具体内容。 常用名词有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, result, thought, information, opinion等。以及suggestion, order, demand, wish等。 2. 常用连词：that, whether; when, where, why, how; what, which, who, whom, wh

31、ose, wh-ever等,The Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China./ We heard the news last night,_,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a three-day visit in China,_,_,Chinese students should be given more free time. The suggestion is welcomed by many people, especially ki

32、ds in school,_,_,The suggestion that Chinese students should be given more free time is welcomed by many people, especially kids in school,_,_,1. The news _ we won the competition is very encouraging. 2. I have no idea _ has happened to him,用that/ what填空,what,that,1.We expressed the hope that they h

33、ad expected. 2.We expressed the hope that they would come to visit China again,定语从句,同位语从句,3. 连词that在同位语从句中不可省略,而在定语从句中当它充当从句宾语时可以省略,区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句,1.引导同位语的连词that在句中不作任何句子成分，而在定语从句中，that充当的可以是从句的主语或宾语等,2. 同位语从句是对前面名词的内容的具体说明，而定语从句是对前面名词进行修饰，解释为“的,判断:定语从句or同位语从句,1.The order that we should send a

34、few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 2.The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 3.The news that he will leave for Shanghai is true. 5.The question that we discussed yesterday is a difficult one,定语从句,同位语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,B,

35、2. _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising . A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever,3. Information has been put forward _ more graduates will be admitted into universities . A. that B. how C. where D. what,D,A,1. He is absent from school . It is _ he is seriously ill. A. why B. beca

36、use C. that D. the reason,Practice time,4. - Are you still thinking about yesterdays game ? - Oh, thats _. A. what makes me feel excited B. whatever I feel excited about C. how I feel about it D. when I feel excited,A,5.There will be a special price for _ buys things in large number here. A. who B.

37、whom C. whoever D. whomever 6. Mary wrote an article on _ the team had failed to win the game . why B. what C. who D. that 7.The poor young man is ready to accept _ help he can get. A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever,8. _ man must fear when traveling in space is radiation from the sun.

38、Which B. How C. What D. That 9. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _ he or she wants. A. however B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever,10. She received the message _ he would come by plane. A. that B. which C. what D. when 11. Energy is _ makes things work. A. what B. something C. anyt

39、hing D. that 12.Our city has changed a lot ,and now it is quite different from _ a few years ago. A. what it used to be B. that it used to be C.which it used to be D. what was it,Correct or not,When the meeting will be held havent been known yet,be held hasnt been known yet,Pay attention:主语从句对应的主句的谓

40、语用单数形式,Correct or not,Pay attention: 在此宾语从句中，it 充当形式宾语，真正的宾语为that 从句,I think it worthwhile that,I think that worthwhile that we spent so much money on these books,His brother asks when will he go to the library,Pay attention:名词性从句的语序用陈述语序,Correct or not,when he will go to the library,If we will have a meeting hasnt been decided yet,Correct or not,Whether we will. decided yet,Pay attention:放在名词性从句句首，表示“是否”，只能用whether, 不能用if,Correct or not,