大学精品课件：Histologic structure of nervous system

1、Histologic structure of nervous system,Spinal cord,The gray matter of the spinal cord ventral horns（前角） : somatic motor neurons multipolar neuron, (axon ventral root) neurons larger, 支配骨骼肌 neurons small，支配梭内肌 Ranshaw cells short axon，抑制 neurons,Lateral column （侧角）: multipolar neuron （节前神经元） axon 交感神

2、经节 （ 与节细胞建立突触） dorsal horns（后角） : small neurons， accept the impulse from dorsal root fibers（感觉神经元的中枢突） axon（上行纤维束 ） 脑干，小脑，丘脑 “tract cell,2. The whiter matter of the spinal cord longitudinally arranged nerve fibers,Figure : Cross section of the spinal cord in the transition between gray matter (below

3、) and white matter (above). Note the neuronal bodies and abundant cell processes in the gray matter, whereas the white matter consists mainly of nerve fibers whose myelin sheath was dissolved by the histologic procedure. PT stain. Medium magnification,Cerebral cortex,1.The types of neurons : pyramid

4、al cell （锥体细胞） granular cell （颗粒细胞） fusiform cell（梭形细胞,Figure : Silver-stained section of cerebral cortex showing many pyramid-shaped neurons with their processes and a few glial cells. Medium magnification,pyramidal cell: （大脑皮质的主要投射神经元） 主树突 皮质表面 轴突 脑干或脊髓（投射纤维） 同侧或对侧的皮质（联合纤维） 大，中锥体细胞 投射神经元 小锥体细胞 中间神

5、经元,granular cell：（大脑皮质的中间神经元） stellate cell（星形细胞）： short axon pyramidal cell or fusiform cell horizontal cell（水平细胞）： dendrites and axons parallel to the surface of cortex 锥体细胞顶树突 basket cell（篮状细胞）： fusiform cell：投射神经元 exist in inner cortex dendrites the surface of cortex axons medulla（投射纤维,Six-layer

6、ed structure of cerebral cortex,Molecular layer: small neurons -horizontal cells and stellate cells few neurons, more nerve fibers which are parallel to the surface of cortex 2. External granular layer : many stellate cells and few small pyramidal cells,3. External pyramidal layer: thick many medium

7、 and small pyramidal cells many stellate cells,4. Internal granular layer: many stellate cells 5. Internal pyramidal layer: medium and large pyramidal cells,6. Polymorphic layer: fusiform cells some pyramidal cells and granular cells,N,Mi,Figure : Microglia. Silver stain. Paraffin section. x 540. Th

8、is photomicrograph is of a section of the cerebral cortex, demonstrating the nuclei (N) of nerve cells as well as the presence of microglia (Mi). Note that microglia are very small and possess a dense nucleus (N) along with numerous cell processes (arrows,Cortex vertical column（垂直柱,皮质细胞纵向柱状排列 贯穿皮质 可

9、能是大脑皮质的基本功能单位,包括：传入纤维 传出神经元 中间神经元,Cerebellar cortex,1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje cell layer 3. Granular layer,1. Molecular layer,Thick Few neurons- small stellate cells (outer molecular layer) basket cells (inner molecular layer) -long axon parallel to the surface of cerebellum,the end of branches

10、 surround to the purkinje cells and form synapses,2. Purkinje cell layer,One layer : the body of purkinje cells 主树突 分子层 （侧柏叶状） 轴突 髓质（终止于小脑 内部核群,3. Granular layer,granular cells : short dendrits axon（“T” shape） molecular layer parallell fibers（form synapses with purkinje cells） Golgi cells: dendrits

11、molecular layer ,connected to parallell fibers axons granular layer , connected to granular cells,Figure :Photomicrograph of the cerebellum. The staining procedure used (H therefore, their somata (So) appear spherical in shape. The fibers (f), many of which are myelinated. Note that some somata are

12、large ( arrow ) while others are small ( arrowhead ). Each soma is surrounded by capsule cells (Cc,BV,C,So,Cc,f,Figure : The spherical cell bodies display their centrally located nuclei (N) and nucleoli (n). Observe that both small ( arrowheads ) and large ( arrows ) somata are present in the field,

13、 and that the nuclei are not always in the plane of section. Hematoxylin and eosin stains the somata a more or less homogeneous pink, so that organelles such as Nissl substance are not visible. However, the nuclei and cytoplasm of capsule cells (Cc) are clearly evident. Moreover, the small, elongate

14、d, densely staining nuclei of fibroblasts (F) are also noted to surround somata, just peripheral to the capsule cells,Cc,F,N,n,2. Autonomic ganglia,节细胞：自主神经系统的节后神经元，多极的运动神经元。 核常偏位。 卫星细胞数量少，不完全包裹节细胞胞体。 神经纤维：多为无髓神经纤维（节前纤维和节后纤维），分散,内脏及血管的平滑肌，心肌和腺上皮细胞（内脏运动神经末梢,节细胞的树突，胞体,交感神经节和副交感神经节,sympathetic ganglion

15、：交感神经节,more principal ganglion cell（主节细胞）： 多属于肾上腺素能神经元，少数为胆碱能神经元 few small intensely fluorescene cell（小强荧光细胞）： 聚集成群，荧光组织化学 强荧光 释放多巴胺，轴突 主节细胞 （可能是中间神经元,Figure :Sympathetic ganglion. l.s. Paraffin section. x 132. These ganglia are enveloped by a collagenous connective tissue capsule (C) that sends sep

16、ta (S) containing blood vessels (BV) within the substance of the ganglion. The arrangement of the cell bodies of the multipolar neurons (MN) within the ganglion appears to be haphazard. This very vascular structure contains numerous nuclei that belong to endothelial cells (E), intravascular leukocyt

17、es (L), fibroblasts (F), and those of the supporting cells (SS) surrounding the nerve cell bodies,C,BV,E,S,MN,L,F,Ss,Figure :Sympathetic ganglion. l.s. Paraffin section. x 540. Although neurons of the sympathetic ganglion are multipolar, their processes are not evident in this specimen stained with

18、hematoxylin and eosin. The nucleus (N) with its prominent nucleolus (n) is clearly visible. The cytoplasm contains lipofuscin (Li), a yellowish pigment that is usually seen in neurons of older individuals. The clear space between the soma and the supporting cells (SS) is a shrinkage artifact. Note the numerous blood vessels (BV) containing red blood cells (arrows) and a neutrophil (Ne,N,n,Li,Ss,Ne,BV,BV,Cerebrospinal meninges,dura mater (硬膜）： dense connective tissue subdural space (硬膜下隙） arachnoid（蛛网膜）: thin connec