建筑 土木工程 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 建筑业的竞争及竞争策略

外文文献CONSTRUCTIONOFTHECOMPETITIONANDCOMPETITIONSTRATEGYENGINEERINGANDCONSTRUCTIONFIRMSFROMTHEUNITEDSTATESDOMINATEDTHEGLOBALMARKETFORMANYDECADESBUTRECENTWORLDEVENTSHAVEALTEREDTHEIRPOSITIONTOINVESTIGATETHEDRIVINGFORCESANDTRENDSTHATWILLAFFECTENGINEERINGANDCONSTRUCTIONCOMPETITIONINTHENEXTDECADE,ARESEARCHPROJECT,CALLEDTHE“ANATOMYOFCONSTRUCTIONCOMPETITIONINTHEYEAR2000“,WASSPONSOREDBYTHECONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYINSTITUTESCONSTRUCTION2000TASKFORCETHEPROJECTEXAMINEDTHEFACTORSTHATAFFECTCOMPETITIVENESS,INCLUDINGTHEFOLLOWING,THESHAPINGOFCORPORATECAPABILITIESVERTICALINTEGRATIONANDHORIZONTALEXPANSIONTOINCREASECORPORATECAPABILITIESANDMARKETSHARE,INCLUDINGACQUISITIONANDMERGERSBYOFFSHORECONGLOMERATESANDTHEACQUISITIONOFFOREIGNFIRMSBYUSCOMPANIESFINANCINGOPTIONSTHEROLEOFPRIVATIZATION,BUILDOWNTRANSFERPROJECTS,ANDTHENATUREOFPROJECTFINANCINGINFUTUREMARKETS,MANAGEMENT,ORGANIZATION,ANDSTRUCTUREFUTUREMANAGEMENTANDORGANIZATIONALAPPROACHES,STRUCTURES,ANDTECHNIQUESTOATTRACTPERSONNELTOPERFORMINAGLOBALCOMPETITIVEENVIRONMENTWORKFORCECHARACTERISTICSFUTUREAVAILABILITYOFENGINEERINGANDCONSTRUCTIONWORKERSATTHEPROFESSIONALANDCRAFTLEVELSTECHNOLOGICALISSUESHOWTECHNOLOGYWILLAFFECTCOMPETITIONANDBEUSEDTOOFFSETWORKFORCESHORTAGESRESEARCHOBJECTIVESANDSCOPETHISRESEARCHPROJECTSGOALISTOCOLLECTINFORMATION,TOADAPTTOTHE2000ANDTHEENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONAFTERADJUSTMENT,FORMULATESTRATEGIESNEEDEDTOPROVIDEINSIGHTANDFORMULATE2000ENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONOFPOSSIBLEDEVELOPMENTPLANTHISSTUDYREVIEWEDTHEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONPROCESSOFHISTORY,CURRENTDEVELOPMENTTREND,TODETERMINETHEIMPACTOFTHEINDUSTRY,ANDTHEIMPETUSTOTHEFUTUREINDUSTRIALENTERPRISESARERELATEDTORESHAPETHEABILITY,PRIVATISATIONANDFINANCINGMETHODSOFPOTENTIALFUNCTIONANDMANAGEMENT,ORGANIZATIONSTRUCTURE,METHODSFORFUTUREDEVELOPMENTDIRECTIONRESEARCHSCOPEINCLUDESSELECTEDSOMEOFTHECOMPANY,THECOMPANYHASINTERVIEWEDEXPERTISEPERSONNELTHESTAFFPROFESSIONALWIDERANGE,INCLUDINGCOMMERCIALBUILDINGS,PUBLICBUILDINGS,INDUSTRIALINFRASTRUCTURE,INFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTION,POWER,LIGHTINDUSTRYTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSANDSPACESCIENCEENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONCOMPETITIVECHARACTERISTICSENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONOFCOMPETITIONBECAUSETHEFOLLOWINGREASONSINCHANGEFEATURESINTHE1980S,ANDPLANINTHE1990S,THEIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONAREGUIDEDFROMCONTRADICTORYSITUATION,TOCOOPERATESHOULDBEINAPOSITIVEVIEWOFTHENEWCOMPANYTOENTERTHEINTERNATIONALMARKET,BECAUSEOFITSCONSTRUCTIONINCREASEDGLOBALCOOPERATIONOPPORTUNITIESCOOPERATIONWILLMAKEALLTHEPARTNERS,BECAUSETHEAMERICANCOMPANYBENEFITCANBEFOUNDINTHECOUNTRYPARTNER,LIKEWISE,FOREIGNCOMPANIESOPPORTUNITIESWILLBREAKINTOTHEUSMARKETCOMPETITIVESTRATEGYFUTURESTRATEGYIN2000,THECOMPANYWILLSTRIVETODOPROVIDETHEHIGHESTQUALITYSERVICECANASSUMEANYPARTOFTHEWORLDINORDERTOREDUCETHESPLITGROUNDANDRISKCONTROLOUTININTERNATIONALMARKETTHEMOSTCOMPETITIVEPRICEINORDERTOACHIEVETHEIDEAL,ENGINEERINGCONSTRUCTIONSHOULDBEINCREASESTAFFCAPITALINVESTMENTTHEKNOWLEDGEANDIMPROVELABORTECHNOLOGYLEVELHAVESOLIDCOMPLETECOMMUNICATIONSANDTRANSPORTINFRASTRUCTURECONCENTRATEONKEYRESEARCH,PRODUCTQUALITYISGUARANTEED,FINE,ANDAROUSETHEENTHUSIASMOFTHEWORKERS,IMPROVEWORKERSTECHNOLOGYLEVELTHE21STCENTURYISTHEMAINFACTORFRACTALRINGWILLCOMPETEINTHEINTERNATIONALMARKET,INCLUDINGTHEINTEGRATIONOFPRODUCTIVITY,UNIONSALARYTOABATE,REDUCETHEPOWERINDUSTRYMANAGEMENTANDPRIVATIZATIONAMERICANCOMPANYCOMPETITIONABILITY,LARGELYDEPENDSONDEVELOPINGANDEFFECTIVEUSEOFTECHNICALINNOVATIONAMERICANCOMPANIESNEEDNOTONLYUSETHETECHNICALINNOVATION,DOMESTICBYOTHERCOUNTRIESOPTIMIZATIONIMPROVEDTECHNOLOGYINTHEFUTUREWILLBEPOPULARTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONWILLNOTSOMEBIGBREAKTHROUGH,BUTTHEEXISTINGTECHNOLOGYCONTINUOUSIMPROVEMENTSBRITISHBUILDINGSCOMPANYPROFILEINTHEEARLY1990S,THEHEADOFTHEFLEXIBLEBUILDERSWHODONTMAKEABUILDING,BUTWHATELSECANDO,MAKINGMANYBUILDINGSCOMPANYSUFFEREDASERIOUSBLOWTHEECONOMICDEPRESSION,EXPERIENCEDANDEXCESSIVEEXPANSIONOFREALESTATEINDUSTRYALSOBUT,WHENHESAWTHEMINTHEREALESTATEINDUSTRYINTHEBIGMONEY,MOSTOFTHEMINORDERTODISENCUMBERTHEBETDOWNAGAININTHEREALESTATEMARKETBYALANCOSMASINDICOPLEUSTESUNDERTHELEADERSHIPOFMRSHAWAIENJOYINTHEOLDFIELDCOMPANYMERCKSREPUTATIONCANEARNCASHONTHEBALANCESHEET,ANDCANKEEPTHEBALANCEHOWEVER,INSOMEAREASOFTHEWORLD,THECOMPANYALSOMANADILEMMA,ESPECIALLYINTHEUNITEDSTATES,THECHANGEFROMALOUISIANAOILANDNATURALGASMARKETOFRECESSION,ITISESPECIALLYOUTSTANDINGINBRITAIN,THECOMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALREALESTATEMARKET,THECOMPANYISFACEDWITHADIFFICULTSITUATION,WITHPROFITSANDITALSOBECAMEWORSETHECOMPANYSDEVELOPMENT,WALIDUKEARLY1990STHIRDBIGHOUSEBUILDERS,PROBABLYBECAUSELONDONSUBURBWILLHAVEACOPYFROMTHEERAOFGEORGESELLBUILDINGSOFFORMERPRIMEMINISTERMARGARETTHATCHERANDWORLDFAMOUSTHECOMPANYSCHARACTER,CHAIRMANOFTHEUNIQUELAURIEWALIDFROMMROFTEN“GIVE“IRONLADYPUBLICSUPPORTTHEAPPROXIMATEMYTHOLOGICALBLESSINGTHATHESEEMEDDESTINEDTOENJOYINFACT,THECOMPANYALSOISDIFFERENT,THEINFLUENCEOFTHEHOUSINGSLUMPISSTRONGINLAURIE,UNDERTHELEADERSHIPOFTHECOMPANYNOWRECOVERITSSTRONGERTOWARDSTHEFINANCIALSTATUSLAURIERETIREDCHARGEAGAINSITUATION1991FALLAFTERHISRETIREMENTHERESTOREDTOTHECOMPANYRECALLEDASMOSTOFITSBUSINESSCOMPETITORS,THEINDUSTRYINDIFFERENTMARKETALSOSUFFEREDASERIOUSBLOW,ALTHOUGHTHESLUMPIN1993,THECOMPANYISBEGINNINGTOIMPROVELONGTERMCREDITRATINGIBCAINSTITUTIONOFTHEFIRSTBUILDINGSCOMPANYBUSINESSDEVELOPMENTFORAWHILEJOHN,THECOMPANYISDIFFERENT,HAVEVERYGOODTOWITHSTANDTHELATESTWORLDCONSTRUCTIONDIFFICULTIESTHEYHAVEABUNDANTCAPITAL,CLEARLYRECOGNIZEDTHATTHEYHAVEGREATLYREDUCEDTHEBOOKVALUEOFTHEASSETFOREXAMPLE,INEARLY1990,THEYINREALESTATEINTHEBANKDELIMITLOST12MVALUEAFTERTHAT,THEYCUTANDLABORDESPITETHEIRHOUSINGSALESSTILLQUITEGOOD,BUTITSPROFITISREDUCEDTHECOMPANYISINMOSTLAIATTENTIONISFAMOUSFORITSENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSTHESTATUSANDTHETOWERMIKECOMPANYWALIDSPECIALFORMBRIGHTCONTRAST,IN1993,THEIRCREDITRATINGAGENCYREDUCEDBYIBCATHISCOMPANYINTHE1980SMOSTTIMETRYINGTOPROVETOTHEWORLDTHATTHEYARETHEUKSBIGGESTBUILDERS,THEINFORMATIONBEINGUNDERSTANDING,ANDEITHER,BUTHOPEFULLYITNEVERHAPPENEDTHEYSUFFERFROMCOPEWITHHIGHGROWTHRATECUTS,TOBUILDHOUSESBUTTHECOMPANYISSTILLTOWERMIKEBRITAINSBIGGESTCONSTRUCTIONANDBUILDINGMATERIALSGROUPCOMPANYOCTOBER1992,THEYCLOSEDTHEREALESTATEBUSINESS,ANDTHISISTHEWILLOFTHESEVENBUSINESSTOTHREEBUILDING,QUARRYINGANDRESIDENTIALBUILDINGPARTOFTHEPLANMICHAELESSIEN,SOMERVILLE,RESISTANTTOFLY,THEGROUPSPRESIDENT,INTHECOMPANYAFTER22YEARSINTHESPRINGOF1992,SITONTHESEATOFTHEHOTASSPEOPLETHINKTHATTHEHOUSINGPROBLEMOFEXPOSURE,THISPOSITIONHASARRIVEDATTHEPOINT,WHICHINCLUDINGSEVERALONACOMPANYSBALANCESHEETOFTHELARGESCALEJOINTENTERPRISE,JOINTENTERPRISEBUSINESS,ACTUALLYMAKESCORPORATIONDEBTSMACHINEMORETAYLORWOODOFREALESTATEINDUSTRYRECESSIONROYCEUNPLEASANTEXPERIENCESEMBODIEDIN1992,WHENTHEESTATEOFAUTUMNISDANIELPETERHEJISUDDENRESIGNATION,ITALSOHAPPENSINITSPREDECESSOR,PETERTRILLIONRESIGNEDAFTERALLSHOCKEDBYONLYAFEWMONTHSHOME,THENREVERSE,TAYLORWOODROLLSROYCEANNOUNCEDDUETOBADMANAGEMENT,CAUSEDSEVERELOSSESALTHOUGHCONSTRUCTIONCONTRACTINGBUSINESSINCREASINGLYIMPORTANTSTATUSINARECESSION,BUTCOMPANYTWOTHIRDSOFINCOMEFROMTHISBUSINESSISHOWEVER,THECOMPANYHASAHUGEINVESTMENTASSETSSECURITIES,RENTALINCOMEMORETHAN5YEAR2000MILLIONPOUNDSTHECOMPANYHASNOLONGERCONDUCTRISKYBUSINESSPROJECTS,ATLEASTUNTILTHESITUATIONINBETTERLATEREASTERNEUROPEANARCHITECTURALMARKETCOMPETITIONSITUATIONANALYSISATPRESENT,THEECONOMICREFORMSOFTHEEASTERNEUROPE,THUSCAUSEDCONFUSIONOFTHESEAREASOFBUSINESSACTIVITIESWITHTHENEWECONOMICSYSTEMEXPERTSSAY,ANALYZEDFROMALONGTERMPERSPECTIVE,USINGTHEMARKETECONOMICPOLICYWILLBRINGAMORESTABLE,ANDMOREFAVORABLEECONOMICENVIRONMENTTHEREFORMOFPOLITICALECONOMYINEASTERNEUROPEWILLBEFORTHOSEWHOAREWILLINGTOINVESTINTHISAREAOFTHECOMPANYTOCREATEALOTOFMONEYBUTMARKETIFYOUKEEPTHEMOMENTUM,BEFORELONG,EASTERNEUROPE5640BILLIONDOLLARSEACHYEARFORTHECONSTRUCTIONOFINTERNATIONALCONSTRUCTIONMARKETWILLBEMORETHANONETHIRDOFTHEMARKETTHISAREAISOPENTOTHEWORLDSITUATIONINAUGURATEDANEWCONSTRUCTIONTHEOBJECTOFSTUDYTHEGOALISTOESTABLISHAFRAMEWORK,ANDINTERNATIONALENGINEERINGANDCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYMAYFORMULATEFEASIBLESTRATEGY,ANDTOEVALUATETHETHEFRAMEWORKHASBEENINTRODUCEDFORTHEPROJECTCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYOUTSIDETHEEASTERNAREAINTHECONSTRUCTIONBUSINESSISVERYHELPFULINORDERTOMEASURETHEMARKETOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGES,WESENTTHEQUESTIONNAIRESANDINTERVIEWS,THEINDIVIDUALTOIDENTIFYIMPORTANTSUCCESSFACTORSORASPECTSTHUSILLUSTRATESCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYINDETERMININGTHEIRSTRATEGYMUSTPOSSESSTHECHARACTERISTICSTHROUGHTHERESEARCHOFSTRATEGICFRAMEWORKHASBEENSETUPINTHISAREABYANACTUALCONSTRUCTION,ANINTERNATIONALENGINEERINGANDCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYISCONSIDERINGTOUNDERTAKETHEENGINEERING,TOTESTTHISSTRATEGICFRAMEWORKINSPECIFICMARKETENVIRONMENTEFFECTTHERESEARCHMETHODSBYREFERENCETOTHELITERATURE,QUESTIONNAIREISSUEDAPERSONALINTERVIEW,ANDTHERESEARCHTARGETHASBEENACHIEVEDTHISRESEARCHUSINGDATAFROMTHEWORLDSMAJORCONSTRUCTIONCOMPANYINCLUDING13USCOMPANIES,TWOSOUTHKOREANCOMPANIESQUESTIONNAIRESTOCOLLECTDATACOMPILEDFORINVESTIGATIONANDENSURETHECONSISTENCYOFTHECONTENTTHEPROBLEM,NOTTHEWAYPEOPLEWONTPRODUCEACERTAINCRITERIAFREETOANSWERTHISQUESTION,ASKQUESTIONSINORDERTOGUARANTEETHEUNFAVORABLEANDOVERMUCHPARTICIPATEINTHECOMPANYSANSWERTOTHEQUESTION,QUESTIONNAIREINVOLVINGTHEPROBLEMSINTHREEASPECTS1THEEASTERNARCHITECTUREMARKETOPPORTUNITIESANDCHALLENGES,2THECONSTRUCTIONOFKEYFACTORSYANGCHENGGONGCITY,3TODETERMINETHESTRATEGICFRAMEWORK,CONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYSHOULDMAKEADJUSTMENTSEACHMAINPARTSATTACHEDTOASETOFPROBLEMSUNDERWHICHTHEOBJECTOFSTUDY,MAKECLEARFURTHERINTERVIEWBASEDONCONSTRUCTIONENGINEERINGCOMPANYVOLUNTARYUNDERTHECONDITIONOFTHESTUDYOFTHECOMPANY,INANSWERTHETELEPHONEINTERVIEWSSURVEYORSEPARATEFORTHESECOMPANIESHOWTOBUILDANDUSETHEIROWNINTHISAREAISASTRATEGICFRAMEWORK,IFTHERESEARCHERSBELIEVETHATTHEMETHODISFEASIBLE,ANDTHEYPUTMAINSKILLSASSEMBLYWRITTENBYVISITINGPERSONNELTOANSWERQUESTIONS,WHATISEASTERNARCHITECTUREMARKETSUCCESSFACTORTHEIMPORTANTFACTORINHISCOMPANYISAPOSITIVEORNEGATIVEIMPACTWHATEFFECTRESEARCHERSALSOCOLLECTEDFROMINTERNATIONALARCHITECTURALENGINEERING,ASWELLASALESSONINLATERINTHEPROJECTOFMEASURESHAVEBEENTAKENTHEFUTURETRENDOFREALESTATEINVESTMENTHOUSINGHASBEENTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINTHEMODERNLIFEOFDEMANDFAMILIESWITHMORESPACIOUSANDCOMFORTABLEHOUSINGDEMANDHASINCREASED,ANDHOPETOHAVEMOREDISPOSABLEINCOMEINTHEHOUSEASARESULT,HOUSEHOLDSRESIDENTIALBECOMEVERYEXPENSIVEINADDITION,THENEWPOPULATIONSTATISTICSSHOWTHATCURRENTLYEXISTINGHOUSINGNEEDSTOSELLTHEHOUSEOFPOINTS,RECREATIONALPROPERTYANDRETIREECOMMUNITYCOMMERCIALANDINDUSTRIALREALESTATEINVESTMENTISALSOVERYGOODINORDERTOJUDGEWHATREALESTATEMARKETWITHINTHESCOPEOFCOMPARATIVESPRUCE,ANALYZEDTHEMARKETISVERYIMPORTANTHOWEVER,MANYINVESTMENTPROSPECTSAREVERYOPTIMISTICTHEFEASIBILITYOFTHEECONOMY,THEFUTUREOFTHEINVESTMENTREALESTATESHOWINGSTRONGBUTINGENERALECONOMICCONDITIONS,ALSODONOTEXCLUDEIT“LOW“PERIODIFINVESTORSCANDEVELOPASAFETYSTRATEGY,SOTHEYWILLGETCONSIDERABLEINCOMETHESESTRATEGIESINCLUDINGEFFECTIVEOPERATIONANDMANAGEMENT,ANALYZESTHEPROBLEM,REALESTATEANDCORRECTTREATMENT,THECONTRADICTIONBETWEENTHEOWNERANDTHEOCCUPIERSANDUNDERSTANDTHEROLEOFINVESTMENTANDINVESTMENTPROJECT,THEINFLUENCEOFTHEGOVERNMENTINPROPERTYTHEREALESTATEINVESTORCANDOMINATETHEMARKETTHISPROBLEMWITHREALESTATEINCOMEHASMORETHANORDINARYSHARES,THEPROBLEMISANOLDPROBLEMACTUALLYNOREASONTOBELIEVETHATANINVESTORCANUSETHESAMEMARKETINFORMATIONANDANALYTICALSKILLSINLONGTERMOPERATIONCANOBTAINEXCESSPROFITHOWEVER,USINGINTERNALMESSAGE,DATAANALYSISANDCOMPLEXANALYSISMETHOD,SOINVESTORSWILLPROBABLYMAKEABETTERCHOICETHANITSCOMPETITORSACCORDINGTOTHEREALESTATEMARKET,REALESTATEINVESTMENTPROCESSFORINVESTMENTANDREDUCECOSTS“AND“OBTAINGOODRESULTSPROVIDETHEOPPORTUNITYOFINVESTORSWEKNOW“LUCKY“ORLUCKMAYPRODUCESHORTTERMABNORMALRETURNSWEEVENHAVEAFEWPEOPLEBECAUSEOFGOODNEWSTOAVOID“SEEKMOREEXPENSIVEANDSUCCEEDALTHOUGHAFEWOFTHESEPEOPLE,THEYHAVEINTUITIONACCORDINGTOTHEREALESTATEINVESTMENTPROCESSIFYOUHAVETHETALENT,DONTSTUDYALSOTOINVESTMENTTHETYPESOFREALESTATEINVESTMENTINREALESTATEINVESTMENTISRESIDENCETHOUGHRELATIVELYCOMMONFORM,ANDSOMEPROPERTIESOFFUTUREINVESTORSHAVEQUITEATTRACTIVEINEACHOFTHEDIFFERENTFIELDSDURING,ANDRESIDENTIALAREASINCLUDINGREALESTATE,COMMERCIALREALESTATE,INDUSTRIALREALESTATE,AGRICULTURE,SUCHASGOLF,ANDREALESTATEANDOTHERSPECIALPURPOSESALTHOUGHEFFECTIVEANALYSISSKILLSNECESSARYTOINVESTMENTPROJECTSWITHENLARGEDANDCOMPLEXANDINCREASING,BUTTHEBASICSKILLSANDREALESTATEINVESTMENTPROCESSREMAINSUNCHANGEDBUTTHEREALINCOMEINACCORDANCEWITHTHEINCOMELEVELCANRENTLEVELSANDGEOGRAPHICALLOCATIONANDACCORDINGTOTHECLASSIFICATIONTHEPOSITIONOFURBANREALESTATEVALUEECONOMICINFLUENCETHEEFFECTOFECONOMICENVIRONMENT,SOTHEANALYSISISVERYIMPORTANTHOWEVER,SOMEPLACESOFTHELANDCLEARLYMORESUITABLEFORSPECIFICPURPOSESFOREXAMPLE,INTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWURBANRESIDENTIALAREA,THELANDMAYBETOOEXPENSIVE,ISNOTSUITABLEFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFLOWDENSITYGARDENPROJECTBECAUSEITISSOHARDTOUSEACCURATEWAYTOPREDICTFUTUREEVENTS,FORECASTANDACTUALDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHERESULTSMAYCAUSESOMESERIOUSPROBLEMSOVERESTIMATESRENTRATEORFUTUREPRICE,LOWOPERATIONCOSTESTIMATES,ORTODETERMINEEQUIPMENTRENEWALFEEWILLCAUSESERIOUSCASHFLOWPROBLEMSFAILTOFULFILLDEBTOBLIGATIONSORREALESTATETAXLIENMAYBECOMPELLEDTOCANCELALLTHESETHINGSARECLOSELYRELATEDWITHINVESTORS中文译文建筑业的竞争及竞争策略美国的工程建筑公司几十年来一直控制着国际建筑市场，但近来世界上发生的事件改变了它的主导地位。为了调查今后十年对工程建筑竞争产生影响的推动力及趋势，由建筑工业研究院的“2000年建筑特别工作组发起一项称为“2000年建筑市场竞争分析”的研究项目。该研究项目考察了一些影响竞争的因素，包括下列方面企业能力塑造采用纵向联合，横向发展的方法，提高企业的综合能力。扩大市场领地，这种做法包括被海外的联合企业收购或被其合并，或是由美国公司收购外国公司。筹措资金的选择方法私有化作用，建筑权力转让项目，未来市场中工程筹资特征。管理、组织及结构未来的经营管理及组织方法、组织结构、组织技巧要有利于引导职员在世界竞争环境中发挥作用。劳力特征未来具有专业水平和技工水平的工程建筑工人的供求情况技术问题技术将如何影响竞争，如何用来弥补劳力不足的缺陷。研究目标及范围这一研究项目的目标是收集信息，使之为适应2000年及以后的工程建筑业在调整、制定策略方面的需要提供真知灼见，并制定出2000年工程建筑业的可能的发展计划。这项研究回顾了工程建筑业的历史过程，审视了当前的发展趋势，以确定影响该工业未来的推动力，与该工业相关的有重塑企业能力，私有化及筹措资金方法的潜在作用以及经营管理、组织方法、公司结构方面的未来发展方向。研究范围包括选定一些公司，采访这些公司有专业特长的人员。这些人员的专业涉及面很广，包括商业建筑，重工业建筑，公共事业设施建设，基础建设轻工业建筑，电力，生产程序以及航天科学。工程建筑业竞争特性工程建筑业的竞争特征由于下列原因在变动80年代发生的事件，以及计划在90年代实施的项目，正在引导建筑业摆脱相互对立的局面，转向相互合作。应该以积极的眼光看待新的公司进入国际工程建筑市场，因为它增加了全球合作的机遇。合作关系会使所有的伙伴受益，这是因为美国公司可以在合作伙伴的国家找到机遇，同样，外国公司也会打入美国市场。未来的战略到2000年，美国的公司将努力做到提供最高质量的服务可以承担世界任何一个地方的工程施工另劈蹊径，以降低并控制风险拿出参与国际市场最有竞争力的价格为了实现这一理想，工程建筑业必须增加人员资本投资提高劳力的知识及技术水平具备坚实完备的通讯及运输基础设施集中精力搞重点研究，产品优良，质量有保障，并注意激发工人们的积极性，提高工人的技术水平。二十一世纪形响竞争的主要因素将包括一体化的国际市场，供过于求的生产力，工会确定工资的权力减弱，减少对工业的管理及私有化的实现。美国公司的竞争能力，很大程度上取决于大力开展并有效地利用技术革新。美国公司不仅需要利用国内的技术革新，还要利用其他国家优化改进了的技术。在未来将流行的技术革新将不是一些大的技术突破，而是对现存技术的不断改进。英国建筑公司概况90年代初，头脑灵活的建筑商们除了不搞建筑，别的什么营生可能都干，许多建筑公司遭受过经济萧条的严重打击，经历了与过度膨胀的房地产业同样的厄运。但是，当看到他们的难兄难弟们在房地产业方面大把大把地赚钱时，他们中的大部分人为了摆脱困境又把赌注重重地压在房地产开发市场上。由阿兰考克肖先生领导的艾莫克公司享有在老本行上能挣现钱的盛誉，并能保持资产负债表平衡。不过，在世界上其他的一些地区，这家公司也陷人一片困境之中，尤其是在美国，由于路易斯安那州石油和天然气市场的不景气，这一情况尤其突出，在英国的商业和工业房地产市场方面这家公司也面临困境，利润随之而暴跌。而且情况还有变得更糟的危险。瓦利特发展公司，这个英国90年代初期第三大房屋建筑商，可能是因为将伦敦郊区都尔威一处仿乔治时代建筑物出售给了前首相撒切尔夫人而举世闻名。该公司的性格独特的主席劳利瓦利特先生经常得益于“铁夫人”给予他的公开支持。这种近似神话般的福气使他似乎注定还要享受一阵子。事实上，瓦利特公司也受到房产业不景气的影响，只是在劳利的强有力的领导下，该公司现在又朝着恢复其更强劲的金融地位迈进。劳利退休后又重新执掌局面（1991年秋他退休后为救活该公司又被召回）。正像它的大多数经营对手一样，瓦利特公司在房产业市场也遭受了暴跌的严重打击，虽然在1993年初，该公司成为被IBCA机构提高长期信用等级的第一家建筑公司时业务发展了一阵子。约翰莱英公司的情况则不同，已很好地经受住了最近世界建筑业方面困难的冲击。他们具有雄厚的资本，还清醒地认识到他们不得不大幅度降低资产的帐面价值。例如，早在1990年，他们就在地产银行中划减了1200万英镑的价值。在此之后，他们又削减了26的劳动力。尽管他们的住房销售情况目前依然相当良好，但其赢利却减少了。莱英公司还以最关注环境问题而闻名于世。塔迈克公司的状况与瓦利特形成了鲜明的对比，在1993年初，他们的信用等级被IBCA机构降低了。该公司在80年代大部分时间里试图向世人证明他们是英国最大的建筑商，结果信息一旦被人了解后，又后悔不迭，倒但愿此事从没发生过。他们苦于应付高的增长速度，不得不大幅度削减住房建造业务。不过塔迈克公司目前仍然是英国最大的建筑和建材集团公司。1992年10月，他们关闭了房地产业务，这是将其目前的七个经营业务裁减到三个（建筑、采石和住宅建造）的计划的一部分。耐维尔辛蝇斯，这位集团公司的总裁，在该公司供职22年后，于1992年春坐上了目前这把烫屁股的交椅。人们认为，随着房地产向题的曝光，这一位置已到了岌岌可危的地步，这其中包括数个在公司资产负债表外的大型联合企业，而这些联合企业业务的开展，实际上会使集团公司的债台更加高筑。泰勒伍德劳斯的房地产业衰退的不愉快经历集中体现在1992年的秋季，当时其房地产都以理彼得赫基突然辞职，这事也就发生在其前任彼得兆提出辞呈引起众人震惊之后仅几个月。屋漏偏逢连阴雨，随后，泰勒伍德劳斯宣布由于经营不善，造成了严重的亏损。虽然建筑承包业务的重要地位正日益衰退，但公司三分之二的收益仍来自这部分业务。不过，该公司拥有巨额投资资产有价证券，每年租金收益超过5000万英镑。该公司已不再开展风险性很大的开发业务项目，重新介入至少要等到局势好转以后。东欧建筑市场竞争形势分析前言当前，东欧的经济改革引起了混乱，因此这些地区的贸易活动同新的经济体制相互冲突。分析专家们指出，从长远的观点看，采用市场经济政策会带来一个更稳定，更有利的经济环境。东欧政治经济上的改革将会为那些愿意来这一地区投资的公司创造一个很大的可赚钱的市场。如果保持目前的增长势头，要不了多久，东欧每年5640亿美元的建筑市场将会占国际建筑业市场的三分之一以上。这一地区的开放形势为世界范围的建筑业开辟了一块新天地。研究的目标目前研究的目标是要建立一个战路框架，使国际工程建筑公司可以制定出可行的策略方案，并可以对之加以评价。已推出的战略框架对于东欧以外的工程建筑公司在这一地区开展建筑业务很