国际贸易实务2010(英语)

PRACTICEOFINTERNATIONTRADE,IntroductionPurpose:InternationalTradePracticeisacoursetostudytheoryandpracticeofgoods-sale.Task:Studentscanmasterbasictheory,knowledgeandskillsofInternationaltradethroughthiscourse,andlearningtocarryoutprinciplesandpoliciesofthecountrycombiningtherealityofourcountry,andunderstandingtheinternationaltradepractice.,1.1FeatureofinternationaltradeItsnotonlyaeconomicalactivity,butalsoaforeignaffairs.Itsacomplicatedaffairs.ItsunstableRisksinitislargerthanDomesticTradeTherearemanyrelateddepartmentsandintermediatelinks.Competesintensely.,1.2LawandPracticeofinternationaltradecargossaleNationallawInternationalTreatyorAgreementInternationalTreatyrelatedImportsealedsample-duplicatesampleSalesbyBuyersSample-returnsample;countersampleEg:“QualitytobeaboutequaltotheSample”“QualitytbesimilartotheSample”,Specificationsarederaileddescriptionofthegoodstobesold.Including:composition,content,purity,strength,size,etc.Eg:PlainSatinSilkWidth(inch)55Length(yds)38/42Weight(m/m)16.5Composition100%silk,2.SalesbySpecification,ChineseSesameSeedMoisture(max)8%Admixture(max)2%OilContent(min)52%,3.SalesbyGradeorStandard,ThesamekindofcommoditieswithdifferentspecificationmaybeclassifiedintodifferentGrades,suchaslarge,medium,orsmall,EX:FreshHenEggs,shelllightbrownandclean,eveninsizeGradeAA:6065gpereggGradeA:5560gpereggGradeB:5055gpereggGradeC:4550gpereggGradeD:4045gperegg,Eg:TungstenTrioxide:三氧化钨Tin:锡Arsenic:砷Sulfur:硫,3.SalesbyGradeorStandard,Bystandardwemeanthosespecificationorgradesthatarelaiddownandproclaiminaunifiedwaybygovernmentdepartmentsorcommercialorganizationsofacountry.ISO9000;ISO14000;GBF.A.Q.-FairAverageQualityEg：BrazilsoybeanF.A.Q.2008,Sept.Chineserawsilkissoldbystandardwhichconsistsof12grades:6A,5A,4A,3A,2A,A,B,C,D,E,FandG.G.M.Q.-GoodMerchantableQuality,Note:Standardissubjecttochangeornewamendmentandanewstandard,soitisimportanttomentionintermsalsothenameofthepublication.,4.SalesbyBrandorTrademark,Goodsofthesamebrandortrademarkareofthesamequalitythatremainsunifiedandunchanged.Eg:Long-jingGreenTea;BMW,5.SalesbyDescriptionorIllustration,Description,illustration,drawinganddiagramMachines,apparatusesinstruments,andcompletesetsofequipment.Eg:Qualityandtechnicaldatawouldbestrictlyinconformitywiththedescriptionsubmittedbytheseller.,Section2QuantityofCommodity,UnitofMeasurementCalculationofWeightMoreorLessClause,1.UnitofMeasurement,Numbers:-piece(pc.),package(pkg.),pair,set,dozen(doz.),gross(gr.),ream(rm.),roll,head,unit,case,bale,barrel/drum,bag,etc.Weight:-gram,kilogram,metricton,ounce,pound,long/shortton,etc.Length:-yard(yd.),meter(m.),foot(ft.),etc.Area:-squareyard,squaremeter,squarefootVolume:-cubicyard,cubicmeter,cubicfoot,cubicinch.Capacity:-liter(l),gallon(gal.),bushel(bu.).,MT(metricton)=1000KgLT(Longton)=1016KgST(shortton)=907.2Kg1pound(pb.)=0.45Kg1ounce(oz.)=28.35g1crat=0.2g1yard(yd.)=0.9144m1foot(ft.)=0.304m1gallon(gal.)=4.5liters,2.CalculationofWeight,GrossweightNetweightGrossfornetEg:US$300perM/T,grossfornetTareweightTheoreticalweightLegalweightNet-netweight,2.CalculationofWeight,ConditionedWeight:-Itisderivedfromtheprocess,withwhichthemoisturecontentofthecommodityisremovedandstandardizedmoistureaddedbothbyscientificmethods.-Rawsilk,cotton,andwool.,3.MoreorLessClause,Ex:5000M/T,with5%moreorlessatsellersoptionEx:about1000yards;approximately300M/T.,Section4Packingofcommodity,TypesofPackingMarkingofGoodsNeutralPacking,TypesofPacking-ShippingPackage(outerpacking),Case(woodencase;carton;skeletoncarton;crate;corrugatedcarton.)bundle,balebag(gunnybag;clothbag;plasticbag)drum(irondrum;plasticcask;woodendrum)palletflexiblecontainercontainer,MarkingofGoods-ShippingMark,2.ShippingMark,ABCNEWYORKNOS.26/60456065G.125kgsN.100kgsT.25kgsMADEINCHINA,Usually,itconsistsof:Nameofconsignee;ReferencenumberDestination;Packingnumber.,2.MarkingofGoods-indicatingMark,USENOHOOK,THISWAYUP,KEEPDRY,FREGILE,2.MarkingofGoods-indicatingMark,Handwith;Glass;Perishable;Liquid;TobeProtectedfromCold;Bottom;KeepUpright;Donotdrop;DonotStackonTop;KeepinDryPlace;KeepinHold;,TobeProtectedfromHeat;Top;NoTurningOver;DoNotCrush;KeepCool;KeeponDeck;StowawayfromBoiler;KeepFlat;OpenHere.,2.MarkingofGoods-WarningMark,EXPLOSIVE（符号：黑色，底色：白色）,INFLMMABLE（符号：黑色，底色：橙红色),POISONGAS（符号：黑色或白色，底色：正红色）,2.MarkingofGoods-WarningMark,OxidizingMaterialCompressedGasPoisonHazardousArticleCorrosivesInflammableCompressedGasExplosivesMaterialRadioactive,3.NeutralPacking,Neutralpackingistheonethatmakesnomentionatallofthenameofthecountryproducingthegoodsandthenameofthemanufactureronthecommodityandontheouterandinnerpackages.SpecificBrandorTradeMarkbythebuyers;NoBrandorTradeMark.,Examples-PackingClauses,Inwoodencasesof50kgneteach,Incartonsofabout12kgnet,eachfruitwrappedwithpaper,Inclothbaleseachcontaining20pcs.Of42yds,Tobepackedinnewstrongwoodencasessuitableforlongvoyageandwellprotectedagainstdampness,moisture,shock,rustandroughhandling.,Chapter3：TransportofInternationalGoods,Abstract：Thischapterisemphasisthemodesoftransport，howtostipulatetheshipmentclauseinthecontract，howtodealwiththeshipmentdocument,especiallytheoceantransportation.Section1：TransportModeSection1：ShipmentclauseSection1：TransportDocument,Oceantransport,RailtransportAirtransportRoadtransportInlandwaterwaytransportParcelposttransportPipelinetransport,Sectionone:TransportModes,1、OceanTransport（1）ThecharacteristicofOceanTransport（2）OperateTypeofmarinetransportshipa、LinerTransportThecharacters:4fixedand1obligationb、CharterTransportThecharactersofcharterTransport:,ThemodeofcharterTransport:（a）VoyageCharter(tripcharter)SingletripcharterReturntripcharterConsecutivetripcharter（连续航次租船）Contractofaffreightment(包运合同租船）（b）TimeCharter（c）BareboatCharter（d）TimeCharteronTripBasis，TCT(航次期租）,（3）TransportFreightofoceanGoodsLinerFreightMainfreightandadditionalfreightMainfreightcountingstandard:W:weighttonM:MeasurementtonW/MA.V.AdValW/MoradvalW/Mplusadval.PerunitOpenrate,additionalfreightBunkeradjustmentfactor,BAFCurrencyadjustmentfactor,CAFLonglengthadditionalDirectadditionalTransshipmentsurchargePortsurchargePortcongestionsurchargeOptionalsurchargeAlterationsurcharge,Exportquantity:100cases,(1.4mx1.3mx1.1m;grossweightis2MT/Case)Offerprice:USD4000./caseFOBShanghai,Basicrate:USD26/freighttonorA.V.1.5%,calculatewithW/MorAdValalternatively,addfuel10%extracharges,theextrachargesofcurrencydevaluationare20%,transship40%ofextracharges.Thetotalfreightcharges?,FreightPrepaidandFreightCollectedb、LoadingandunloadingcostofVoyageCharter（1）GrossTerms（2）Freeout-FO（3）Freein-FI（4）Freeinandout-FIO?-FIOST,2、RailTransportMultimodalTransportofInternationalRailwayInternationalRailTransportConventionandInternationalRailTransportAssociation3、AirTransportModeofInternationalAirTransportScheduleflightCharteredflightConsolidationconsignment(集中托运）Aircourier;airexpress,4、ContainerTransport（1）MeaningandvarietiesofContainerTransportDifferenceSpecificationsofcontainerarecounterbyTEU(twenty-footequivalentunit)20(8x8x20)40(8x8x40),6x2.2x2.2m,12x2.2x2.2m,（2）Link-modeandLink-pointofContainerTransport:FCL-fullcontainerloadLCL-lessthancontainerloadCY-containeryardCFS-containerfreightstationFCL/FCLDoortoDoor,CYtoCY,DoortoCY,CYtoDoorFCL/LCLCYtoCFS,DoortoCFSLCL/FCLCFStoCY,CFStoDoord.LCL/LCLCFStoCFS,AcompanyinWuhanexportsthemotorstoSingapore，eachmotorispackedbywoodencaseof80 x70 x80(cm);GW/NW:300/280(KG)Thefreightratefor20containerisUSD1100fromWuhantoSingapore.Howmanymotorscanbepackedina20containerandhowmuchisthefreightforeachmotor?,5、InternationalMultimodalTransport（1）InternationalMultimodalTransporta、DefinitionofInternationalMultimodalTransport:b、ConditionsofInternationalMultimodalTransportc、MultimodalTransportOperatorMultimodalTransportOperator:MultimodalTransportOperatorislitigant,nottheagentoftheselleroftheagentofMultimodalTransportOperator,andheisresponsibilityforperformingthecontract.HeprobablyisrealcarrierorNVOCC.NVOCC-non-vesseloperatingcommoncarrier,（2）LandBridgeTransporta、ThemeaningofLandBridgeTransport:LandBridgeTransportissea-land-seamode,belongstoInternationalMultimodalTransport.b、MainLandBridgeTransportmodesOthertransportmodesRoadTransportationInlandWatertransportationParcelpostTransportPipelineTransportation,Section2:ShipmentClause,1、TimeofshipmentNoticethedifferencebetweenTimeofshipmentandTimeofDeliveryStipulationsofshipmentdate（1）Stipulationsofshipmentdatea、Clearandconcretetimeofshipmentb、SomedaysafterreceiptofL/Cc、Recentlyshipment（2）Noticeofstipulatingtheshipmentdate2、PortofShipmentandPortofDestinationThisclauseisrelatedtothe“F”termsand“C”termsStipulateMethodofshipmentportanddestinationport,3、PartialshipmentandTransshipment（1）Partialshipmenta、ThemeaningofPartialshipmentb、StipulatemethodofPartialShipment（a）Partialshipmentisallowed,thetime,thenumberofunit,thequantityareundecided（b）Partialshipmentisallowed,thetime,thenumberofunit,thequantityaredecided（c）Partialshipmentisprohibited.,（2）Transshipmenta、ReasonsofTranshipmentb、UCP600:Transshipmentareallowed,unlesstheCreditstipulatesotherwise,4、AdviceofShipment5、Loadingandunloadingtime,DemurrageandDespatchMoneyNotice:Thisclauseisadapttothemodeofvoyagechartertransport.Inpractice,itisunsurethatthepeoplechargeloadingandunloadinggoodsisthepeoplerenttheship,maybeitisonepartyofsalescontract(1）LoadingandunloadingtimeNormalmethod:WeatherWorkingDaysof24ConsecutiveHoursRunningorconsecutivedays/hoursWorkingdaysWeatherworkingdays,（2）LoadingandunloadingrateF.O.F.I.F.I.O.F.I.O.S.T.（3）DemurrageandDispatchmoney5、OCPclauseOverlandcommonpoints,save1/3freightNotice:1、ThedestinationofshipmentbelongstoOCParea2、GoodsmustbetransitthroughwestlineofAmerican3、“OCP”isontheBillofLading4、“OCP”andtheCityNameissignedontheshippingMark,Section3:TransportDocument,1、OceanBillofLading,B/L（1）DefinitionofB/L:Amarinebillofladingisatransportdocumentcoveringport-to-portshipmentsofgoods(forcarriageofgoodssolelybysea)(2）FunctionsofB/L:a、Itsareceiptformerchandiseb、Itsatitledocumenttothegoodsc、Itsacertificationoftransportcontract,（3）VarietiesofB/La、Goodsareonboardornot:（a）OnBoardB/L（b）ReceivedforShipmentB/L,b、Notationofgoods:（1）CleanB/L（2）UncleanB/L，FoulB/LItscantnegotiation,Somenotationarenottheclean：Packingisntsatisfied，suchas：“oldpacking”，“oldcases”EmphasiscarrierhavenoresponsibilitiestothepackingofthegoodsCarrierdontknowthequality,quantityofthegoodsConsignercountthegoods,c、Consignee:（a）StraightB/L（b）BearerB/L（c）OrderB/L,d、Modeoftransport:（a）DirectB/L（b）TransshipmentB/L（c）ThroughB/L,e、Modeofshiptransport:（a）LinerB/L（b）CharterpartyB/Lf、ContentofB/L:（a）LongformB/L（b）ShortformB/Lg、EfficacityofB/L:（a）OriginalB/L（b）CopyB/Lh、OtherB/L:,（a）ContainerB/L（b）OndeckB/LUCP600:OndeckB/Ldoesntacceptbybank,otherwiseotherstipulations.（c）StaleB/L（d）Anti-datedB/LAccordingtotherequestofshipper,carriersigntheB/L,thedateofsignedB/LisearlierthanthedateofshipmentB/LinordertoconformwiththeL/Ctonegotiation.（e）AdvancedB/L,2、Seawaybill3、BillofRailTransport4、AirWaybill5、MTD:MultimodalTransportDocument6、Parcelpostreceipt,Summary,Thischapterisemphasisthemodesoftransport，howtostipulatetheshipmentclauseinthecontract，howtodealwiththeshipmentdocument,especiallytheoceantransportation.,Exercises,1、Thedifferencebetweenvoyagecharterandtimecharter.2、WhatsthecharacteristicsofLineTransport？3、WhatsthestipulationsaboutpartialshipmentandtransshipmentinConvention？4、Howtodifferentiatethe“shippingdate”andthe“deliverydate”？5、WhatsthecharacteristicandfunctionofB/L?6、WhatstheconditionofInternationalmultimodaltransport?,Chapter4：InternationalCargoTransportationInsurance,Abstract：Thischapterisemphasistheprinciplesofcargoinsuranceandthreebasictypesofinsuranceinmarinetransportation.Section1：FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsuranceSection2：Risks,LossesandExpensesSection3：MarineInsuranceCoveragesSection4:CountingInsurancePremium,Sectionone:FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoInsurance,1、InsurableInterest（1）noonemayinsureanythingunlesshehasaninterestinit,whichmeansthatifthethinginsuredispreservedhewillderiveabenefitfromitspreservation,butifitisinanywaydamagedorlosttheassuredwillbeadverselyaffected.（2）everycontractofinsurancerequiresaninsurableinteresttosupportit,orotherwiseitisinvalidandanyclaimmadeuponitwillnotberetained.,2.UtmostgoodfaithThemis-statementisafraud,andthepolicyisvoidablebythepartywhoismisled.Evenifthemis-statementwasunintentional,theunderwriterwouldstillbedeceivedandthepolicyvoidable,3.Indemnityindemnityholdsthatacontractofinsuranceisonewhichrestoresapersonwhosufferedalossintothesamepositionashewasinbeforethelossoccurred-nottoabetterposition.thisprinciplecannotapplytolifeorpersonalaccidentinsurance.Cargopoliciesareoftenissuedforanagreedvalueandarethereforecalled“valued”policies.CIF(1+10%),4.Contributioncontributionisasub-principlewhichisassociatedwithindemnity.itholdsthatapersoncannotbeallowedtoinsuretwiceforthesamerisk,andclaimcompensationfrombothinsurers.iftwopoliciesdocoverthesameevent,theinsurancecompaniescontributeproratatotheloss.,5.Subrogationsubrogationisthesub-principle,alsorelatingtoindemnity,isofenormousimportanceincargoinsurance.“subrogate”means“totaketheplaceofanother”theinsurerisentitledtotheadvantageofeveryrightoftheassuredwhichwilldiminishthelosshehasbeenforcedtobear,6.Thedoctrineofproximatecausewhenaninsurancepolicyismadeouttocoveracertainrisk,aclaimbecomespayableonlyifthatriskoccurredastheproximate(closest)causeofthelosssuffered.Theproximatecauseisthedirectcauseoftheloss.,Section2：Risks,LossesandExpenses,1.Risks,2.Losses,constructivetotallossthesubject-matterinsuredisreasonablyabandonedonaccountofitsactualtotallossappearingtobeunavoidable,orbecauseitcouldnotbepreservedfromactualtotallosswithoutanexpenditurewhichwouldexceeditsvaluewhentheexpenditurehadbeenincurred.Generalaverage:Thereisageneralaverageactwhen,andonlywhen,anyextraordinarysacrificeorexpenditureisintentionallyandreasonablymadeorincurredforthecommonsafetyforthepurposeofpreservingfromperilthepropertyinvolvedinacommonmaritimeadventure.”,Section3：MarineInsuranceCoveragesthreebasictypesofinsuranceinmarinetransportation:C.I.C.-ChinaInsuranceClause（1）F.P.A.（FreefromParticularAverage）Thisisaverylimitedcoverconfiningtheinsurersliability,strictlyspeaking,toonlytotallossoftheinsuredcargo,andpartiallossofordamagetothecargoisanswerableonlywherethecarryingvesselisgrounded,sunkorburnt.,(2)W.P.A.(withparticularaverage)ThistypehasawidercoveragethantheF.P.A.Partiallossofordamagetotheinsuredgoodsisexcludedonlywherethelossisunderaspecifiedpercentage.Anylossexceedingsuchapercentageisanswerablebytheinsurerinfull.,(3)AllRisksThiscoveristhemostcomprehensiveofthethree.Theinsurerisresponsiblefortotalorpartiallossordamagetotheinsuredgoodsarisingfromnaturalelementsorfromseaperils,includingalllossescausedbyaccidentstothecarryingvesselsorcraftorbyanyexternalcauses.Butisdoesnot,asitsnamesuggests,reallycoverallrisks.Itdoesnotincludecoverageagainstwar,strikes,riotsetc.,2.AdditionalriskGeneraladditionalriskClashandbreakageTaintofodourFreshwaterand/orraindamageTheft,pilferageandnon-delivery,(T.P.N.D.)ShortageLeakageIntermixtureandcontaminationHookdamageSweatandheatingRustBreakageofpacking,(2)SpecialadditionalriskWarrisksStrikerisksAflatoxinFailuretodeliverOndeckImportdutyRejection,3.ICC-InstituteCargoClausesInstituteCargoClauses(A),ICC(A)InstituteCargoClauses(B),ICC(B)InstituteCargoClauses(C),ICC(C)InstituteWarClauses-CargoInstituteStrikesClauses-CargoMaliciousDamageClauses,Section4CountingpremiumandInsuranceClause1.InsuranceamountCIF（orCIP）x（1+r）r=10%Generallyaccepted,2.Premium=InsuranceamountxPremiumRateI=CIFx（1+r）xR,3.InsuranceclauseInsurance:TobecoveredbytheSellerfor110%oftotalinvoicevalueagainstAllRisksandWarRisksasperandsubjecttotherelevantoceanmarinecargoclausesofthePeoplesInsuranceCompanyofChina.Insurancepolicyorcertificateinduplicateblankendorsed,for110%pctoftheCIFvalueshowingclaimspayableatdestinationinthesamecurrencyasthedraftandcoveringInstituteCargoClauses(A),InstituteWarandInstituteS.R.C.C.Clauses.S.R.C.C.-strikeriotsandcivilcommotionsclauseW/WClause（warehousetowarehouseclause）,Chapter5：TermsofPricing,Section1PriceElementsSection2ExportingCostCheckingSection3CommissionandDiscountSection4ClauseofPrice.,SectiononePriceElements,CostStructureCostofProduction：thesumofthecostsofmaterials,fabricatingandotherprocessingemployedinproducingthemerchandisesoldinmarkettogetherwithappropriateallocationsofgeneraladministrativeandsellingexpenses.SellingandDeliveryCost：includingbothfixedcostslikesalesmenssalariesandvariablecostslikepackaging,transport,commissions,advertisingandsalestripexpenses,insurancepremium.CustomsDuties:taxesimposedbyagovernmentontheimportorexportproductsorservices.,2.FactorConsiderationsinPricinginternationalmarketlevelandtrendpoliciesandregulationsofaparticularmarketareaexportersorimportersspecificpurposeschangeofsupplyanddemandrelationshipprofitmarginratequalityandquantityoftheproducts,transportationcosts,termsofdeliverymethodofpaymentandthefluctuationsofforeignexchangerates,Section2：ExportingCostChecking,Exportingcostthepurchasingpriceofthegoods（includingVAT）.C1VAT-valueaddedtaxexportingexpenses.C2directexportingexpensesindirectexportingexpensesexportrebate.C3C3=C1/(1+VATRate)xExportrebaterateExportcost=C1+C2C3,2.NetexportearningsinforeignexchangeFOBPrice3.ExportCostofForeignExchange=Exportcost/FOBnetexportearnings(USD),Section3CommissionandDiscount1.Commissionreferstothemoneyreceivedbyanagentforhisintermediaryservice.e.g.:US$200/MTCIFSanFranciscoincluding2%commissionUS$200/MTCIFC2%SanFranciscoUS$200/MTCIFSanFranciscoincludingcommission25$/MT,Calculation:CommissionamountPriceincludingcommissionxRateofcommissionC=PcxRcNetpricePriceincludingcommissionCommissionamountPn=PcCPn=Pcx(1Rc)Pc=Pn/(1Rc),2.DiscountDiscount:isacertainpercentofpricereduction,aspecialfavorgivenbytheexportertotheimporter,usuallyusedasameansofpromotionandexpandingsales.E.g.“quantitydiscount”,“cashdiscount”,and“specialdiscount”USD5000/SETCIFD2%SINGAPORENetPrice:meansthatcommissionordiscountisexcludedfromtheexportprice.,Section4Clau