四级阅读讲义-如何提高阅读水平.doc

四级阅读讲义+如何提高阅读水平四级传统阅读部分如何提高阅读读 解 细节推理题词汇 主旨题（大意，目的，标题）句法 猜词题篇章 态度题词汇：4500w常考词汇6000基本词汇2000 = 40004000不用背的词汇500 = 3500 如：oceanography，socialization，platypus等3500同词根重复词汇1000 = 2500 如：theory theoretical理论上的， effect effective effectively effectiveness ineffective ineffectiveness（17次）， stable instable stability稳定性，vary various variety多样性 variation， create creative creativity creativeness创造力，等高频词汇700个怎么背1. 词根词缀：vis- = see 如：vision视力，视野；television电视；visible可视的；visibility可视性；invisible隐形的；visual视觉的；visit Go and see词根：单词最核心的含义词缀：单词的附属含义或词性2. 激情联想：worm蠕虫；swamp沼泽；reluctant勉强的，不情愿的（94年做过注释）；apparent明显的；monologue自言自语；peep偷窥；whimsy奇思怪想；meticulous小心谨慎3. 根源记忆：Destroy gorgon Achilles heel4. 阅读记忆：在做练习时遇到不认识的单词，查出并熟记5. 类比记忆：同义词分类不认识词汇怎么办？1.跳：adj. adv.若该词出现频率较高2.代：n. 人物，动物，学科 等若该词为重要词汇3.推：词根词缀推测法：如：Page 1 Paragraph 2 line 2：theoretical理论上的theory理论；Page 4 line 2：energetic精力充沛的energy能量；Page 10 line 1：mercilessly无情mercy同情，怜悯Page 25 line 3：fishless没有鱼，birdless没有鸟Page 27 line 2：fridgeless没有冰箱连接词and / or / but推测法：and / or为顺接词；but为转接词。如： Page 1 line 2：few and far between极少 Page10 Paragraph 4 line 3：inconstancy and instability不稳定Page 90 the Last paragraph line 1：fun and rewarding有益的Page 91 Paragraph 1 line 1：practicality and rationality实用性 line 2：idealist and a fool傻瓜从句法：behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences.例子：there are many kinds of animals like crocodiles, wren and rats ；physiological needs such as thirst or hunger句法逗号原则：1. 两逗号间的句子可跳过注：跳过1 2之间，其后每隔一个逗号再跳过，以此类推。_(,_,)_._(,_,)_,_.2. 逗号后出现的分词，短语，从句可跳过如：Page 25 line 3line 4：Man (, however much he may like to pretend the contrary,) is part of nature.破折号后为插入语，可以跳过如：Page 23 line 1line 2：Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do(especially in a tight job market).长难句分析：1.拆分：从关系词处拆开2.连接：自问自答3.整合：言语逻辑整合如：Page 4 line 7：Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.1.拆分：Much family quarrelling endswhen husbands and wives realizewhat these energy cycles mean, andwhich cycle each of the family member has.2.连接：很多家庭争吵结束了什么时候就结束了？当丈夫和妻子认识到意识到什么了？什么是能量循环的意义同时意识到什么了？每个成员拥有怎样的能量循环。3.整合：当丈夫和妻子都意识到能量循环的意义和每个家庭成员拥有怎样的能量循环的时候，很多家庭争吵就结束了。篇章：文章主旨段主旨句判断法文章主旨段：先看第二段段首有无否定词，如：not；no；wrong，有，则第二段为全文主旨段；无，则看文章首末两段哪一段长度小于等于全文的1/4；若首末两段长度极为相似，则取首不取末。段落主旨句：段落中是否有转折词，如：but；however；yet，有，则其后为段落主旨句；无，则取首不取末。细节推理题黄金原则：一、位置对应原则：正确选项应与问题处在同一段落 例：Page 2 第21题 The passage implies that the telegraph cable was built mainly _C_.A. for oceanographic studiesB. for military purposes 对应原文Paragraph 4 C. for business considerations 对应原文Paragraph 3D. for investigating the depths of the oceans二、主旨矛盾原则：正确选项不能与文章主旨或段落主旨相矛盾 例：Page 4 第31题 If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _D_. A. he is a lazy person 与主题相矛盾 B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening三、反义选项答案在其一：若两选项意义相反，则答案在其中产生例：Page 15 第35题Some people feel that _B_.A. artificial hearts are seldom effectiveB. the country should not spend so much money on artificial heartsC. the country is not spending enough money on artificial heartsD. Americas health-care programs are not doing enough for the nations health PS：“钱不够”原则Scientists：fund资金；finance财政；money钱四、同义选项同错：若两选项意义相近或相同，则同为错 例：Page 7 第23题 A primary nurse can propose a different approach of treatment when _C_. A. present one is refused by the patient B. the patient complains about the present one C. the present one proves to be ineffective D. the patient is found unwilling to cooperate五、未提及原则：文章未提及选项不选 例：Page 4 第31题 If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably _D_. A. he is a lazy person B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening B、C为未提及选项六、绝对词原则：选项中含有绝对词，如：only；never；every；each；all；ever等为错 例：Page 7 第21题 Which of the following best characterizes the main feature of the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital? A A. The doctor gets more active professional support support from the primary nurse. B. Each patient is taken care of by a primary nurse day and night. C. The primary nurse writes care plants for every patient. D. The primary nurse keeps records of the patients health conditions every day. 七、包含选项一般为对：若一个选项包含了其它一个或多个选项，则该选项一般为正确选项。 例：Page 6 第38题 The author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students _B_.A. personal qualities and social skillsB. total personalityC. learning ability and communicative skillsD. intellectual abilityA+D=B八、词汇(同意)替换原则：正确选项会用同义词讲原文替代。 推论：与原文过于接近的选项，即连续重复3词以上，或总共重复5词以上，一般为错。 例：Page 9 第30题 According to Papousek, the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of _A_.A. a basic human desire to understand and physiological needsB. the satisfaction of certain physiological needsC. their strong desire to solve complex problemsD. a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills 与原文过于接近 态度题做题原则：一、中立选项不选1. 表示中立的词汇：objective客观的；neutral中立的；compromising折衷的；defensive保守的；indifferent漠不关心的；cautious谨慎的2. 表示正面的词汇：positive正面的；optimistic乐观的；approval同意，赞成；supportive证实的3. 表示负面的词汇：negative负面的；pessimistic悲观的；critical批评的；questioning怀疑的；doubtful怀疑的；prejudiced有偏见的二、同感情色彩同错猜词题做题原则：1. 根据词汇猜测：and；or / but前后意思相近 / 相反2. 通过句子推测：含有被猜词汇的语句3. 感情色彩推测：通过判断词汇感情色彩，给予相应感情色彩解释4. 排错原则： 正确选项不能含有被猜词汇或其衍生词汇 例Page 63 第23题 The word “bested” (Line 3, Para. 5) most probably means _A_.A. beatB. enviedC. caught up withD. made the best of原句： and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. 主语逻辑上要搭配合理 例Page 2 第24题 Defied in the 5th paragraph probably means _C_.A. doubted 逻辑搭配不合理，defied的主语是which B. gave proof toC. challengedD. agreed to 原句： a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. 中学词汇要猜测其引申含义 例：Page 34 第59题 The word “burnout” (Line 4, Para.5) here refers to the state of _D_.A. being seriously burnt in the skinB. being unable to burn for lack of fuelC. being badly damaged by fire 原文解释 D. being unable to function because of excessive use原句：Overall, half the participants did about as well on the last round of tasting as on the first, so fatigue, or taste burnout, was not a factor.如何提高阅读水平 如何提高阅读水平？这个问题本身很宽泛，不具有操作性。所以现在我将其操作化，分三个层次来说明。阅读文章本身考察的能力有三个层次：词汇。句法。篇章。这三个层次都做好了，阅读水平自然也就提高了。1词汇。众所周知，词汇是功克阅读必不可少的基础，也是提高阅读最重要的环节。没有扎实的词汇量摆在面前的阅读文章无非是甲骨文，根本谈不上什么句法和篇章。大学英语考试（包括四级，六级，考研及出国考试）与中学考试最核心的区别在于词汇量陡然增大了。所以同学们想要在大学考试重取得好的成绩首先就必须过掉词汇关。当然，在真正的考场上，我们很难做到一个生词也没有。那么如何应对那些未知的词汇呢？其实，并不是每个词汇都需要我们认识，40的阅读词汇其实没有重要意义。所以，面对生词我们应该做到“跳代推”：首先选择跳过，跳过的一般是形容词或者副词，因为大部分形容词和副词只是一个程度上的修饰，不影响整个句子的意思。如an impressive symbola symbol；the gravatational pull of the earththe pull of the earth；if women are mercilessly exploitedif women are exploited跳过之后意思是完全不变的；第二步选择代替。如人物名字：EdisonE；NewtonN；PastuerP；动物名字：crocdileC；porcupineP；学科名字：OceanographyO等；第三步，我们才进行词意推理。而推理的依据主要是下面四条：1词根词缀。如：theoretical 来自于 theory，意为“理论上的”。Engetic来自于energy，意为“精力充沛的”等。2连接此（连接词分为两种：顺接：and or 转接 but ：）。如：few and far between 中fewfar between。Condemned or made illegal中condemnedmade illegal等。3例子。如：there are many kinds of animals：crocdiles, wren, rats后面三个显而易见是三种动物。等4从句（主要是定语从句）。如：behavrorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences. 后面一句话就解释了behaviorists就是研究行为和结果关系的人行为主义学家等。 掌握了以上方法后，我们来练习一下四级的一段话：Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. 经过跳代推的过程，这句话就变成了O has been as the study of the sea. 翻译：O就是研究海洋。那么推测O作为学科就是海洋学。这样，很多生词就被我们有效处理掉了。2句法。很多同学可能会出现这样的情况。词汇认识，整个句子读不懂。这种情况尤其容易出现在复杂的句子中。那么如何认清句子的构成和把握复合句就成了同学们必须要明白的问题。一要明白插入语的形式。插入语在英文中非常常见，在四六级文章里主要表现为以下两种符号：逗号，破折号。如：man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature./ most people, with the exceptions of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, have little interest in the sea. / the biologists have, actually for a long time, interested in the matter. 又如：the sight of Bercey who replaced his illed heart for an artificial one has convinced the world that the future had arrived. / the long-term factorsincluding blood pressure, body control, homonal regulationare well documented.等等。一旦了解了插入语成分，就可以大大简化句子，迅速识别主干。因为插入语对于整个句子的结构和意思没有影响，所以可以在快速阅读时跳过。所以，以上的句子就可以简化。如：man, however much he may like to pretend the contrary, is part of nature.man is part of nature.most people, with the exceptions of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, have little interest in the sea.most people have little interest in the sea.the long-term factorsincluding blood pressure, body control, homonal regulationare well documented.the long-term factors are well documented.此外，括号，冒号都是补充说明的内容，也可以跳去不看。二学会分析复合句。复合句结构复杂，需要首先能够拆分。其实拆分很简单，从关系词处拆开就可以了。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词：who what which that when where how why 拆开就变成一个个的简单句，这时候理解起来就轻松了许多。当然仅仅理解这些简单句还不够，还要能够还原为复合句。这里介绍一种办法自问自答（根据关系词）。现在举一个例子：Much family quarrelling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each of the family member has.首先拆分：Much family quarrelling endswhen husbands and wives realizewhat these energy cycles mean, andwhich cycle each of the family member has.翻译 很多家庭争吵结束了 当丈夫和妻子认识到 什么是能量循环的意义 每个成员拥有怎样的能量循环。连接 很多家庭争吵结束了什么时候就结束了？当丈夫和妻子认识到意识到什么了？什么是能量循环的意义同时意识到什么了？每个成员拥有怎样的能量循环。整合： 当丈夫和妻子都意识到能量循环的意义和每个家庭成员拥有怎样的能量循环的时候，很多家庭争吵就结束了。3篇章。词句过关后，就是篇章把握的问题了。一片文章到底想说什么，主要讲的是什么，如何迅速把握？关键要找到文章的主旨句。大部分文章都是有主旨句的。如何寻找呢？一般分为两步走。首先，要找到文章的主旨段落。然后找到主旨段的主旨句，全文的主旨句也就一目了然了。全文的核心也就瞬间把握了。首先，找主旨段。主旨段分两种：一，第二段首出现了否定词。那么第二段就是文章的主旨段落。二，第二段短首没有否定词。那么首段，末端都有可能。这时候，要看哪个段落更短(一般超过两行的差距，几个单词不算)。如果首末段差不多，那就“取首不取末”。Oceanography has been defined as The application of all sciences to the study of the sea. Before the nineteenth century, scientists with an interest in the sea were few and far between. Certainly Newton considered some theoretical aspects of it in his writings, but he was reluctant（不愿意）to go to sea to further his work. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travellers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. The first time that the question What is at the bottom of the oceans? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed. The engineers has to know the depth profile（起伏形状）of the route to estimate the length of cable that had to be manufactured. It was to Maury of the US Navy that the Atlantic Telegraph Company turned, in 1853, for information on this matter. In the 1840s, Maury had been responsible for encouraging voyages during which soundings（测深）were taken to investigate the depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Later, some of his findings aroused much popular interest in his book The Physical Geography of the Sea. The cable was laid, but not until 1866 was the connection made permanent and reliable. At the early attempts, the cable failed and when it was taken out for repairs it was found to be covered in living growths, a fact which defied contemporary scientific opinion that there was no life in the deeper parts of the sea. Within a few years oceanography was under way. In 1872 Thomson led a scientific expedition（考察）, which lasted for four years and brought home thousands of samples from the sea. Their classification and analysis occupied scientists for years and led to a five-volume report, the last volume being published in 1895.属于首段主旨。For some time past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true. But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards, at least in the early stages, had to be directly related to such basic physiological（生理的）drives as thirst or hunger. In other words, a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort, not otherwise. It is now clear that this is not so. Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome. Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to reward the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements, such as turning the head to one side or the other. Then he noticed that a baby who had had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure. So he began to study the childrens responses in situations where no milk was provided. He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement switched on a display of lightsand indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result, for instance, two left or two right, or even to make as many as three turns to one side. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of