经济学人注解

精品文档 1欢迎下载 TO EXTERMINATE1 a living species by accident is normally frowned on2 To do so deliberately3 might thus4 seem an extraordinary5 sin6 But if that species is Plasmodium falciparum7 the sin may be excused This parasitic8 organism9 causes the most deadly form of malaria10 Together with four cousins it is responsible for about 450 000 deaths a year and the ruination11 of the lives of millions more people who survive the initial crisis12 of disease Besides the direct suffering this causes the lost human potential is enormous The Gates Foundation an American charity reckons 13that eradicating malaria would bring the world 2 trillion of benefits by 2040 Malaria is one of the worst examples of the damage that transmissible diseases can wreak14 But it is not alone AIDS carries off15 fit16 young adults by the millions and tuberculosis17 by the hundreds of thousands Measles whooping cough and diarrhoea together kill over 1m 1 to kill large numbers of people or animals of a particular type so that they no longer exist 2 frown on upon somebody something to disapprove of someone or something especially someone s behaviour 3 done in a way that is intended or planned on purpose intentionally 4 as a result of something that you have just mentioned In spoken English it is more usual to use so Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire Thus it would be almost impossible to prove him guilty 5 very unusual or surprising 6 a sin something that you think is very wrong There s so much lovely food here it would be a sin to waste it 7 恶性疟原虫 8 living in or on another plant or animal and getting food from them 9 an animal plant human or any other living thing All living organisms have to adapt to changes in environmental conditions 10 疟疾 11 a process in which someone or something is ruined or the cause of this often used humorously 12 a time when a personal emotional problem or situation has reached its worst point 13 to guess a number or amount without calculating it exactly We reckon that sitting in traffic jams costs us around 9 billion a year in lost output 14 wreak havoc mayhem destruction on something to cause a lot of damage or problems These policies have wreaked havoc on the British economy 15 take by force Thieves carried off the farmer s sheep during the night 16 adjective someone who is fit is strong and healthy especially because they exercise regularly 17 肺结核 精品文档 2欢迎下载 children a year Parasitic worms and mosquito borne1 viruses like dengue though they take relatively few lives debilitate2 many Campaigns have brought3 the toll4 down heroically5 As recently as 2000 malaria killed around 850 000 people a year likewise since 2000 deaths from measles have fallen by 75 to around 150 000 These successes are to be celebrated but an even greater prize exists to go beyond6 controlling infections7 and infestations8 and instead to eradicate some of them completely by exterminating the pathogens9 and parasites10 that cause them That has been accomplished a couple of times in the past for smallpox11 a human disease and rinderpest a cattle disease similar to measles The end is reckoned to be close for polio a virus that once killed and crippled millions and dracunculiasis a parasitic worm But more must follow SWATSWAT teamteam12 12 Some diseases are not suitable for eradication because the organisms that cause them hang around in the environment or have other animal hosts Others such as tuberculosis can infect people silently without causing symptoms so are invisible to doctors But sometimes the culprit13 is a poverty of14 ambition A list of five plausible15 1 water borne sea borne air borne etc carried by water the sea air etc waterborne diseases 2 to make someone ill and weak 3 bring down to make something move in a particular direction bring something up down round etc Bring your arm up slowly until it s level with your shoulder The storm brought the old oak tree crashing down 4 the number of people killed or injured in a particular accident by a particular illness etc The death toll has risen to 83 The bombings took a heavy toll killing hundreds of Londoners 5 heroic on a heroic scale of heroic proportions very large or great 6 go beyond to be much better worse more serious etc than something else 7 a disease that affects a particular part of your body and is caused by bacteria or a virus 8 infest if insects rats etc infest a place there are a lot of them and they usually cause damage 9 病菌 病原体 10 a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant or animal and gets food from it 11 a serious disease that causes spots which leave marks on your skin 12 SWAT team Special Weapons and Tactics team a specially trained group of police who deal with the most dangerous and violent situations 精品文档 3欢迎下载 targets measles mumps rubella filariasis and pork tapeworm has hardly changed since the early 1990s yet1 measles mumps and rubella are all the subjects of intensive vaccination campaigns that could easily be converted into ones of eradication And even though Swaziland is poised to2 become the first malaria free country in sub Saharan Africa see article only a few dare to make explicit3 the goal of ridding the planet of the disease Hepatitis C should be made a target too It kills half a million a year and affects rich and poor countries alike yet new drugs against it are almost 100 effective and there are no silent carriers Eradicating these seven diseases the five plus malaria and hepatitis C would save a yearly total of 1 2m lives It would transform countless more People argue4 that the cost of chasing down5 the last few6 cases7 of a disease is not worth it If the mass vaccination campaigns under way can lower the incidence8 of measles mumps rubella and so on in poor countries to something close to rich world levels the argument goes that is surely good enough Well it isn t A disease can bounce back9 That is what malaria did in the 1960s when political attention waned10 and the parasites that 13 the reason for a particular problem or difficulty High production costs are the main culprit 14 poverty of a lack of a particular quality 15 reasonable and likely to be true or successful 1 yet used to introduce a fact situation or quality that is surprising after what you have just said Kelly was a convicted criminal yet many people admired him She does not speak our language and yet she seems to understand what we say an inexpensive yet effective solution to our problem 2 completely ready to do something or for something to happen when it is likely to happen soon poised to do something Spain was poised to become the dominant power in Europe 3 explicit make explicit expressed in a way that is very clear and direct 4 argue to state giving clear reasons that something is true should be done etc 5 chase down to find something or someone that you have been looking for 6 last few 最后几个 7 case an example of a disease or a person who has a disease 8 incidence the number of times something happens especially crime disease etc 精品文档 4欢迎下载 cause it evolved1 resistance to drugs and the mosquitoes that spread it evolved resistance to insecticides2 Three big improvements underpin3 the argument for throwing eradication s net more widely The first is better communications The technology for locating and monitoring cases of disease in poor countries even when few and far between4 has improved immeasurably in the past two decades with the spread of mobile phones and the internet and the expansion of road networks The second is better medical technology The reason filariasis is on the possibles list for example is the invention of ivermectin a drug that kills the worm which causes it The inventors of this drug won half of this year s Nobel prize for medicine see article The other half was won by the woman who came up with5 an answer to drug resistance in malaria a medicine called artemisinin which has been crucial to the success of the recent push against the disease This time alert to6 the risk of resistance doctors have formulated it with other drugs to create combination therapies7 that natural selection finds hard to get around8 9 bounce back to feel better quickly after being ill or to become successful again after failing or having been defeated 10 wane if something such as power influence or a feeling wanes it becomes gradually less strong or less important 1 evolve if an animal or plant evolves it changes gradually over a long period of time 2 insecticide a chemical substance used for killing insects 3 underpin to give strength or support to something and to help it succeed 4 few and far between not happening very often or not existing in many places 5 come up with to think of an idea answer etc 6 alert to be alert to something to know about or understand something especially a possible danger or problem The authorities should have been alert to the possibility of invasion 7 therapy the treatment of an illness or injury over a fairly long period of time 8 get around to avoid something that is difficult or causes problems for you I think we should be able to get around most of these problems She was always very clever at getting around the rules 精品文档 5欢迎下载 Even better technology is in the pipeline1 In the case of mosquito borne illnesses such as malaria and dengue genetic engineering promises2 ways of making the insects resistant to the pathogens that they pass on to people of crashing the mosquito population and even of attacking insects and pathogens with genetically modified fungi and bacteria Genetic engineering also promises a wide range of new vaccines The third reason for seeking eradication is a change in political attitudes The emergence of AIDS in particular made governments everywhere sit up3 and take notice Last year s west African outbreak of Ebola only reinforced the message Political attention leads to better medical infrastructure4 To deal with AIDS new networks of clinics were created and staffed with trained personnel5 These can serve as6 the backbone7 of the campaigns that would be the starting point for many extermination programmes TheThe DalekDalek doctrinedoctrine8 8 The list of candidates9 for such programmes should be extended as and when 10circumstances change The biggest prize might be AIDS itself 1 be in the pipeline if a plan idea or event is in the pipeline it is being prepared and it will happen or be completed soon More job losses are in the pipeline 2 promise to tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will happen 3 sit up sit up and take notice to suddenly start paying attention to someone because they have done something surprising or impressive 4 infrastructure the basic systems and structures that a country or organization needs in order to work properly for example roads railways banks etc Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure a 65 billion investment package in education health care and infrastructure 5 personnel the people who work in a company organization or military force 6 serve as to be useful or helpful for a particular purpose or reason 7 backbone the backbone of somethingthe most important part of an organization or group of people 8 The Dalek doctrine 宿敌主义 宿敌 Dalek 是英国科幻电视剧 神秘博士 系列 1 的第 6 集 在这 集中 Dalek 是主角博士的毕生对手 文章是将病毒和寄生虫比喻为人类的宿敌 doctrine a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or system of ideas Marxist doctrine 9 ca