不良地基土及处理方法中英对照

PoorPoor soilsoil andand FoundationFoundation methodsmethods 不良地基土与地基处理方法 Abstract The ground foundation engineering and uses very important regarding high rise construction s security its construction cost is high the time is long Science reasonable choice ground treatment way has the vital significance regarding the modern civil engineering construction 摘 要 地基基础工程对于高层建筑的安全及使用至关重要 其造价高 工期长 科学合理地选择地基处理方式对于现代土木工程建设有着重要的意义 Key words foundation soil ground ground treatment 关键词 地基土 地基 地基处理 1 The most common adverse soil and its characteristics 常见不良地基土及其特点 1 1 Soft clay 软粘土 Soft clay also called soft soil the clay is weak and short It was formed in the late Quaternary a marine lagoon phase of the valley the lake is the drowning of the valley the delta equivalent viscous alluvial sediments or river More distributed in coastal areas middle and lower reaches of rivers or lakes nearby areas The weakness is common clay mud and silt soil Soft soil of the physical and mechanical properties include the following aspects 软粘土也称软土 是软弱粘性土的简称 它形成于第四纪晚期 属于海相 泻湖相 河谷相 湖沼相 溺谷相 三角洲相等的粘性沉积物或河流冲积物 多分布于沿海 河流中下游或湖泊附近地区 常见的软弱粘性土是淤泥和淤泥 质土 软土的物理力学性质包括如下几个方面 1 physical properties 物理性质 it has high clay content and high moisture content the void ratio which showed the mechanical nature of it with the corresponding features of low intensity high compression low permeability high sensitivity 高粘粒含量 高含水量 大孔隙比 因而其力学性质也就呈现与之对应的 特点 低强度 高压缩性 低渗透性 高灵敏度 2 mechanical properties 力学性质 The strength of soft clay is very low 软粘土的强度极低 Soft clay of the great compression 软粘土的压缩性很大 Hydraulic Conductivity is very slow 渗透系数很小 3 engineering properties 工程特性 Soft clay foundation bearing capacity of low intensity slow growth easy loading after deformation and uneven deformation rate of large and stable long time pervasive small and thixotropy Rheology major characteristics The foundation used a pre pressure treatment replacement mixing method and so on 软粘土地基承载力低 强度增长缓慢 加荷后易变形且不均匀 变形速率 大且稳定时间长 具有渗透性小 触变性及流变性大的特点 常用的地基处理 方法有预压法 置换法 搅拌法等 1 2 Miscellaneous Fill 杂填土 Miscellaneous filling occurred mainly in the neighbourhood of some old and Mining Areas is people s lives and production activities left by the garbage dumps or soil These waste soil generally fall into three categories namely construction waste soil solid waste soil and industrial production of refuse soil 杂填土主要出现在一些老的居民区和工矿区内 是人们的生活和生产活动 所遗留或堆放的垃圾土 这些垃圾土一般分为三类 即建筑垃圾土 生活垃圾 土和工业生产垃圾土 Miscellaneous filling the main features is the accumulation of planning complex and varied nature uneven thickness the law worse Thus the same venue for the performance of compression and intensity of the obvious differences easily cause uneven settlement the foundation usually need to be dealt with 杂填土的主要特点是无规划堆积 成分复杂 性质各异 厚薄不均 规律 性差 因而同一场地表现为压缩性和强度的明显差异 极易造成不均匀沉降 通常都需要进行地基处理 1 3 Chong filling 冲填土 Filling is man made water filled way of the soil and sediments In recent years more for coastal shoreline development and to create River floodplain Fill the foundation generally has the following important features 冲填土是人为的用水力冲填方式而沉积的土 近年来多用于沿海滩涂开发 及河漫滩造地 冲填土地基一般具有如下一些重要特点 1 particles Shen points clear of the election and in the direction of the depth marked on the bedding 颗粒沉积分选性明显同时在深度方向上存在明显的层理 2 filling the high water content generally greater than liquid a flow state 冲填土的含水量较高 一般大于液限 呈流动状态 3 foundation filling low early strength higher compression which is due to less filling in the consolidation of state 冲填土地基早期强度很低 压缩性较高 1 4 saturated loose sand 饱和松散砂土 Fine sand or silt in the foundation under static load often have a high intensity But when the vibration load earthquakes vibration etc role saturated loose sand foundation is likely to have a large number of seismic subsidence liquefied or deformation or even the loss of capacity Common ways of handling out there vibro law 粉砂或细砂地基在静荷载作用下常具有较高的强度 但是当振动荷载 地震 机械振 动等 作用时 饱和松散砂土地基则有可能产生液化或大量震陷变形 甚至丧失承载力 常用的处理方法有挤出法 振冲法等 1 5 Collapsible loess 湿陷性黄土 In the casing layer themselves under stress or stress self respect and common under additional stress due to water damage to the structure of soil in significant additional deformation of the soil known as the collapsible soil 在上覆土层自重应力作用下 或者在自重应 力和附加应力共同作用下 因浸水后土的结构破坏而发生显著附加变形的土称 为湿陷性土 In collapsible loess foundation carrying out works on the building consideration must be given due to wet ground subsidence caused additional settlement of the project may cause harm to choose suitable method of dealing with the foundation to avoid or eliminate the foundation of collapsible or a small amount of subsidence caused by wet Hazard 在湿陷性黄土地基上进行工程建设时 必须考虑因地基湿陷引起附加沉降 对工程可能造成的危害 选择适宜的地基处理方法 避免或消除地基的湿陷或 因少量湿陷所造成的危害 1 6 Expansive soil 膨胀土 Expansive soil if the mineral composition of montmorillonite kyu it is very hydrophilic when the water volume expansion when the volume of water loss contraction 膨胀土的矿物成分圭要是蒙脱石 它具有很强的亲水性 吸水时体积膨胀 失 水时体积收缩 这种胀缩变形肚往很大 极易对建筑物造成损坏 Common ground treatment method for soil soil improvement pre soaking and the prevention of soil moisture content such as changes in engineering measures 常用的地基处理方法有换土 土性改良 预浸水 以及防止地基土含水量 变化等工程措施 1 7 Containing organic matter in soil and peat 含有机质土和泥炭土 When the soil contains organic matter in a different it will be a different soil organic matter organic matter content when it exceeds a certain form of peat it has different characteristics of the project the higher the organic matter content the greater the impact on soil quality mainly For the low intensity compression and the incorporation of different projects have different effects on the direct construction or foundation treatment adversely affected 当土中含有不同的有机质时 将形成不同的有机质土 在有机质含量超过 一定含量时就形成泥炭土 它具有不同的工程特性 有机质的含量越高 对土 质的影响越大 主要表现为强度低 压缩性大 并且对不同工程材料的掺入有 不同影响等 对直接工程建设或地基处理构成不利的影响 1 8 Mountain soil 山区地基土 Mountain soil more complicated geological conditions mainly in the foundation of the uneven and stability of both venues As the natural environment and soil conditions affect the generation site of large boulders may exist there may be space environment landslides and mud rock flows slope failure and other adverse geological phenomenon 山区地基土的地质条件较为复杂 主要表现在地基的不均匀性和场地稳 定性两个方面 由于自然环境和地基土的生成条件影响 场地中可能存在大孤 石 场地环境也可能存在滑坡 泥石流 边坡崩塌等不良地质现象 1 9 Karst 岩溶 喀斯特 In karst region often exist or cave earth dissolved ditch the gap solution such as depression Underground water erosion or potential erosion of its formation and development of their impact on the structure of the great easy to appear uneven ground deformation and the collapse of the fall 在岩溶 喀斯特 地区常存在溶洞或土洞 溶沟 溶隙 洼地等 地下水 的冲蚀或潜蚀使其形成和发展 它们对结构物的影响很大 易于出现地基不均 匀变形 崩塌和陷落 2 Ground treatment 2 1 Replacement Act And then get rid of being bad supercrust foundation soil being dug backfill soil having dense fairly good pressure characteristic property carrying out the compaction or densification force forming fine holding tier Bearing the weight of changing foundation thereby force characteristic property improves the resist deformation and stable ability 第第 2 2 节节 地基处理方法地基处理方法 2 1 置换法 1 换填法 就是将表层不良地基土挖除 然后回填有较好压密特性的土进行压实或夯实 形成良好的持力层 从而改变地基的承载力特性 提高抗变形和稳定能力 2 Vibrate according to displacing law Make use of special vibrating to rinse machines and tools rush near vibrating below high handed water jet ready made a hole in foundation fill in rude granules such as breakstone or pebble again in batches in Kong Zhong expecting forming the pole body Be the pole body and plain foundation soil turn to be composed of compound foundation achieve rise foundation bears the weight of a force diminishing compressibility s purpose 2 振冲置换法 利用专门的振冲机具 在高压水射流下边振边冲 在地基中成孔 再在孔 中分批填入碎石或卵石等粗粒料形成桩体 该桩体与原地基土组成复合地基 达到提高地基承载力减小压缩性的目的 3 Densification displaces law Make the soil body push against to broadside coming untied put fillings such as person breakstone or grit in to being in charge of an inner or to pounding a pit and in making use of the way sinking a tube or pounding a hammer to place hammer being buried Be the pole body and plain foundation soil turn to be composed of compound foundation body side direction squeezes the floor bulges since pushing against ramming messenger earth super quiet small opening of soil body water pressure improves think that the super quiet small opening water pressure elimination God of the earth body intensity also has corresponding rise 3 夯 挤 置换法 利用沉管或夯锤的办法将管 锤 置入土中 使土体向侧边挤开 并在管内 或夯坑 放人碎石或砂等填料 该桩体与原地基土组成复合地基 由于挤 夯 使土体侧向挤压 地面隆起 土体超静孔隙水压力提高 当超静孔隙水压力消 散后土体强度也有相应的提高 2 2 pre Method 1 reactor preloading law Before the construction of buildings temporary surcharge aggregate soil and other construction materials goods etc the way the foundation to impose load to a certain pre pressure period Foundation to complete the pre compression most of the settlement and foundation bearing capacity is improved removable load to the construction of buildings 2 2 预压法 1 堆载预压法 在建造建筑物之前 用临时堆载 砂石料 土料 其他建筑材料 货物等 的方法对地基施加荷载 给予一定的预压期 使地基预先压缩完成大部分沉降 并使地基承载力得到提高后 卸除荷载再建造建筑物 2 vacuum pressure method Soft clay surface at the foundation laying sand cushion and covered with soil around the film seal Vacuum pump used for pumping sand cushion so that the foundations of a film under negative pressure With the foundation out of gas and water soil by consolidation To speed up the consolidation may also have a well or sand into plastic drain the way that is in the laying of soil and sand cushion before the film into a sand drain or drainage board to shorten the distance between the purpose of drainage 2 真空预压法 在软粘土地基表面铺设砂垫层 用土工薄膜覆盖且周围密封 用真空泵对 砂垫层抽气 使薄膜下的地基形成负压 随着地基中气和水的抽出 地基土得 到固结 为了加速固结 也可采用打砂井或插塑料排水板的方法 即在铺设砂 垫层和土工薄膜之前打砂井或插排水板 达到缩短排水距离的目的 3 Precipitation law Lowering the water table can reduce the foundation of the pore water pressure to increase the stress on soil themselves so that effective stress increased so that the foundation be preloading Actually this is by lowering the water table soil themselves by pre pressure to achieve purpose 3 降水法 降低地下水位可减少地基的孔隙水压力增加上覆土自重应力 使有效应力增加 从而使地基得到预压 这实际上是通过降低地下水位 靠地基土自重来实现预 压目的 4 Electroosmosis law In the foundation and insert a metal electrode to DC DC in the field the soil in the flow of water from the anode cathode formation permeability Not to add water in the anode and cathode from the point with a vacuum pumping wells thus lowering the water table soil moisture reduction To be the foundation of consolidation pressure the intensity increased Electroosmosis law could also tie in with load saturated clay pressure to accelerate the consolidation of the foundation 4 电渗法 在地基中插入金属电极并通以直流电 在直流电场作用下 土中水将从阳 极流向阴极形成电渗 不让水在阳极补充而从阴极的井点用真空抽水 这样就 使地下水位降低 土中含水量减少 从而地基得到固结压密 强度提高 电渗 法还可以配合堆载预压用于加速饱和粘性土地基的固结 2 3 strengthening law and compaction 1 the surface of compacted Artificial ram low energy reinforce the machinery or RCC RCC mechanical vibration of the relatively loose surface soil compaction Can also be layered on reclaimed soil compaction When the surface soil moisture is high or higher reclaimed soil moisture can be layered foreshadowing of lime cement for compaction soil to be reinforced 2 3 压实与夯实法 1 表层压实法 采用人工夯 低能夯实机械 碾压或振动碾压机械对比较疏松的表层土进 行压实 也可对分层填筑土进行压实 当表层土含水量较高时或填筑土层含水 量较高时可分层铺垫石灰 水泥进行压实 使土体得到加固 2 strengthened by a heavy hammer Reinforce the use of weights is the fate of free weights generated by the larger compacting able to reinforce the shallow foundations to create a more uniform surface of the crust layer access to holders of a certain thickness of the layer 2 重锤夯实法 重锤夯实就是利用重锤自由下落所产生的较大夯击能来夯实浅层地基 使 其表面形成一层较为均匀的硬壳层 获得一定厚度的持力层 3 dynamic Reinforce the power dynamic is the short form Will be very heavy hammer from a height of the whereabouts of freedom the foundation on the impact of high energy repeated compacting the ground soil particles in the structure adjustment of soil into a dense so that they could at least improve the greater strength and foundation Reduce compression 3 强夯 强夯是强力夯实的简称 将很重的锤从高处自由下落 对地基施加很高的 冲击能 反复多次夯击地面 地基土中的颗粒结构发生调整 土体变为密实 从而能较大限度提高地基强度和降低压缩性 2 4 compaction law 1 vibro compaction method The use of specialized equipment the level of vibration and lateral repeated compression so that the soil gradually destroy the structure the pore water pressure increases rapidly Because of damage Tuli may transfer to the low potential location such soil by the change of pine 2 4 挤密法 1 振冲密实法 利用专门的振冲器械产生的重复水平振动和侧向挤压作用 使土体的结构 逐步破坏 孔隙水压力迅速增大 由于结构破坏 土粒有可能向低势能位置转 移 这样土体由松变密 2 settling tube granulated substance stone marker garrulous stone marker dust pile OG pile light grade pile and so on Using sinks the control pile machinery to hammer vibration settling tube Cheng Konghuo static pressure settling tube Cheng Konghou in the ground readies the materials in the tube on the one hand readies the materials in the other hand raises vibration the settling tube to form the dense pile body with original ground composition compound ground 2 沉管砂石桩 碎石桩 灰土桩 OG 桩 低标号桩等 利用沉管制桩机械在地基中锤击 振动沉管成孔或静压沉管成孔后 在管 内投料 边投料边上提 振动 沉管形成密实桩体 与原地基组成复合地基 3 hang crushing stone marker rubble stone pillar Using a heavy hammer compacting or dynamic approach to gravel stone blocks who rammed the foundation gradually filling in the pit who rammed gravel stone block repeatedly compacting to a gravel pile or block Shidun 3 夯击碎石桩 块石墩 利用重锤夯击或者强夯方法将碎石 块石 夯人地基 在夯坑里逐步填人碎 石 块石 反复夯击以形成碎石桩或块石墩 2 5 mixing law 1 high pressure jet grouting High Pressure Jet High pressure to make cement slurry through pipes from the jet out cutting directly damage the soil at the same time mixing with the soil and replacement parts from the role After the coagulation becomes mixes up the pile column the body this kind of pile column the body and the ground form the compound ground together Also may use this method to form keeps off the texture of soil or guards against infiltrates the structure 2 deep mixing law 2 5 拌和法 1 高压喷射注浆法 高压旋喷法 以高压力使水泥浆液通过管路从喷射孔喷出 直接切割破坏土体的同时与土拌 和并起部分置换作用 凝固后成为拌和桩 柱 体 这种桩 柱 体与地基一起形 成复合地基 也可以用这种方法形成挡土结构或防渗结构 2 in depth puddle process It uses cement paste cement or lime powder as the main curing agent the application of a special deep mixing machinery will give curing agent in the soil and soil mandatory mixing to form cement lime soil pile column in And formed the foundation of the original foundation Soil cement pile column depends on the physical and mechanical properties of soil between the curing agent and produced by a series of physical chemical reactions The curing agents were doped and mixing of soil and the uniformity of the nature of the impact of soil cement pile column and the complex nature of the foundation and strength of the main factors compression 2 深层搅拌法 深层搅拌法主要用于加固饱和软粘土 它利用水泥浆体 水泥 或石灰粉体 作 为主固化剂 应用特制的深层搅拌机械将固化剂送人地基土中与土强制搅拌 形成水泥 石灰 土的桩 柱 体 与原地基组成复合地基 水泥土桩 柱 的物理 力学性质取决于固 化剂与土之间所产生的一系列物理 化学反应 固化剂的掺 人量及搅拌均匀性和土的性质是影响水泥土桩 柱 性质以至复合地基强度和压 缩性的主要因素 2 6 reinforcement law 1 Geosynthetics Geosynthetics is a new type of geotechnical engineering materials It synthetic polymers such as plastics chemical fibers synthetic rubber as raw materials to produce various types of products placed within the soil surface or between layers of soil or play to strengthen the role of soil protection Geosynthetics can be divided into geotextile geomembrane special geosynthetics and composite geosynthetics and other types 2 6 加筋法 1 土工合成材料 土工合成材料是一种新型的岩土工程材料 它以人工合成的聚合物 如塑 料 化纤 合成橡胶等为原料 制成各种类型的产品 置于土体内部 表面或 各层土体之间 发挥加强或保护土体的作用 土工合成材料可分为土工织物 土工膜 特种土工合成材料和复合型土工合成材料等类型 2 soil nailing walls General soil nails through drilling inserted tendons grouting to set up but also through direct beatings coarse steel and steel steel pipes forming soil nails Long soil nails along with the surrounding soil contact rely on the interface on the bond friction with the surrounding soil to form a composite of soil soil nails in a deformation of the soil under the conditions of passive force And by cutting through its main work of the reinforcement of soil soil nailing general and the plane a certain point of view it referred to as oblique and solid Soil nails applied to or above the water table after the artificial rainfall filling clay sand weak cement the foundation pit support and slope reinforcement 2 土钉墙技术 土钉一般是通过钻孔 插筋 注浆来设置 但也有通过直