!2011年综合类职称英语教材新增文章篇目、答案及译文.doc

二0一一年职称英语综合类新增文章篇目阅读理解新增文章篇目C级 (2011新增) 第八篇 The State of Marriage Today C级*第三十一篇 Pool Watch*第三十二篇 The Cherokee Nation*第三十三篇 A Ride in a Cable-car*第三十四篇 （10新增） Career With a Uniform*第三十五篇 （10新增） Dorm Food More Comfy*第三十六篇 A Tale of Scottish Rural Life*第三十七篇 Who Wants to Live Forever?*第三十八篇 Immigration and Problems (2011新增) Excessive Demands on Young People*第三十九篇 Eat to Live*第四十篇 New US Plan for Disease Prevention+第四十一篇 The Operation of International Airlines+第四十二篇 Sauna+第四十三篇 Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist Terrorist Attack?+第四十四篇 （10新增）Americans Get Touchy+第四十五篇 （10新增）Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for Longer+第四十六篇 Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed+第四十七篇 The Best Way to Reduce Your Weight (2011新增) Spoilt for Choice 多不胜选+第四十八篇 Finding Enlightenment in Scotland+第四十九篇 The Beginning of American Literature+第五十篇 Older Volcanic Eruptions第八篇The State of Marriage Today C级 Is there something seriously wrong with marriage today? During the past 50 years，the rate of divorce in the United States has exploded：almost 50of marriages end in divorce now, and the evidence suggests it is going to get worseIf this trend continuesit will lead to the breakup of the family，according to a spokesperson for the National Family AssociationSome futurists predict that in l 00 yearsthe average American will marry at least four timesand extramarital affairs will be even more common than they are now But what are the reasons for this，and is the picture really so gloomy? The answer to the first question is really quite simple：marriage is no longer the necessity it once wasThe institution of marriage has been based for years partly on economic needWomen used to be economically dependent on their husbands as they usually didnt have jobs outside the homeBut with the rising number of women in wellpaying jobs，this is no longer the case，so they dont feel that they need to stay in a failing marriage In answer to the second question，the outlook may not be as pessimistic as it seemsWhile the rate of divorce has risen，the rate of couples marrying has never actually fallen very much，so marriage is still quite popularIn addition to thismany couples now cohabit and dont bother to marryThese couples are effectively married，but they do not appear in either the marriage or divorce statisticsIn factmore than 50Of first marriages surviveThe statistics are deceptive because there is a higher number of divorces in second and third marriages than in first marriagesSo is marriage really an outdated institution? The fact that most people still get married indicates that it isntAnd it is also true that married couples have a healthier life than single people：they suffer less from stress and its consequences，such as heart problems，and married men generally consider themselves more contented than their single counterpartsPerhaps the key is to find out what makes a successful marriage and apply it to all of our relationships!练习： 1Which is true about the problem of marriage in the United States today? A) Divorce leads to the breakup of the family B) Half of the married couples get divorced： C) American people marry more than four times D) More and more people are getting divorced2What does “this is no longer the case” in paragraph two mean? A) It is not necessary to get married any more B) Women do not need a husband any longer C) Women are not economically dependant any more D) Many wives do well-paying jobs outside home now3Why may the outlook of marriage not be as gloomy as it appears? A) Many people still like to get married B) The rate of divorce has actually decreased C) Over 50of the marriages continue to exist D) The statistics of divorce is not quite true。4How do people usually feel in their marriage life? A) They are much healthier B) They feel no longer single C) They are more satisfied D）They suffer a lot less5Which of the following about marriage is NOT mentioned in the passage? A) There will be more relationships outside marriage B) Many people try to get married again after divorce C) Marriage has long been partly an economical need D) It is a fact that most people choose to get married词汇：Divorce n离婚Evidence n证据，迹象Futurist n未来主义者Explode v激增，迅速扩大Predict v预言，预料，预报Extramarital adj婚外的Gloomy adj阴暗的；令人沮丧的Institution n制度，习俗Outlook n展望，前景Pessimistic adj悲观的Cohabit v同居Effectively ad实际上Statistics n统计，统计资料Deceptive adj迷惑的，骗人的Outdated adj旧式的，过时的Indicate v表明，暗示Consequence n结果，后果Contented adj满足的，满意的Counterpart n对应的人(或物)注释：National Family Association：美国国家家庭联合会*第三十八篇Excessive Demands on Young People B级Being able to multitask is hailed by most people as a welcome skill，but not according to a recent study which claims that young people between the ages of eight and eighteen of the so-called Generation M1 are spending a considerable amount of their time in fruitless efforts as they multitask. It argues that, in fact, these young people are frittering away as much as half of their time again as they would if they performed the very same tasks one after the other. Some young people are juggling an ever larger number of electronic devices as they study. At the same time that they are working, young adults are also surfing on the Internet, or sending out emails to their friends, andor answering the telephone and listening to music on their iPods2or On another computer. As some new device comes along it too is added to the list rather than replacing one of the existing devices.Other research has indicated that this multitasking is even affecting the way families themselves function as young people are too wrapped up3 in their own isolated worlds to interact with the other people around them. They can no longer greet family members when they enter the house nor can they eat at the family table. All this electronic wizardry is supposedly also seriously affecting young peoples performance at university and in the workplace. When asked about their perception of the impact of modern gadgets on their performance of tasks, the overwhelming majority of young people gave a favourable response. The response from the academic and business worlds was not quite as positive. The former feel that multitasking with electronic gadgets by children affects later development of study skills, resulting in a decline in the quality of writing, for example, because of the lack of concentration on task completion. They feel that many undergraduates now urgently need remedial help with study skills. Similarly, employers feel that young people entering the workforce need to be taught all over again, as they have become deskilled. While all this may be true, it must be borne in mind4 that more and more is expected of young people nowadays; in fact, too much. Praise rather than criticism is due in respect of5 the way todays youth are able to cope despite what the older generation throw at them练习：1 According to a recent study, what is probably true about the multitasking Generation M? A)They are highly commended for being so effective and efficient B)They waste more time than they should save, contrary to common assumptions C)They should prioritize and focus on the most important tasks on hand D)They need to improve their organizational skills SO as to complete all their tasks2With the advent of new gadgets, what will happen to Generation Ms present e-devices? A)They make way for the latest and greatest and are retired by the young people B)They are put away temporarily but stay in rotation for their owners to choose from C)They become part of the ever increasing collection of novelties D)They are either sold or traded so that their owners can update their toys and hobbies3How will multitasking affect Generation M adversely? A) It makes them feel lonely and pitiful. B) It makes them aloof and elusive to family and friends. C) It makes them selfish and possessive D) It makes them impolite and ungrateful4What is the biggest problem for multitasking undergraduates in universities?A) They should adjust their academic attitudes seriously.B) They should seek psychological professionals for assistance.C) They should take some crash courses to catch up with their classmates.D) They should try harder to focus on one task before moving on to the next.5In dealing with todays youth, what approach should parents take? A) Be supportive and understanding. B) Be realistic and lower their expectations. C) Be encouraging and let their children stick to their old habits. D) Be patient and hope everything will work out just fine eventually.词汇： excessive adj过多的，额外interact vi交流，沟通，互动multitask vi同时进行多个任务wizardry n魔力，法术supposedly adv据认为，据推测hail vt赞扬performance n表现，行为claim vt声称，主张perception n认识，看法，见解considerable adj. 相当大的，相当多的impact n. 影响，作用gadget n. 小巧的机械装置fritter vt. 消费，浪费overwhelming adj. 压倒性的juggle vt. 耍弄，玩耍majority n. 大多数electronic device n. 电子装置，电子仪器academic adj. 学术的，学校的decline n. 下降，衰退surf vi. （网上）冲浪，漫游，浏览concentration n. 专心，专注indicate vt. 表明，指出remedial adj. 补习的，补救的affect vt. 影响deskilled adj. 逐渐失去技能的isolated adj. 鼓励的，与世隔绝的due adj. 应有的，适当的注释：1. Generation M： M代表 multimedia。Generation M 即“多媒体时代”，是指伴随着计算机和因特网的普及而成长起来的一代年轻人。他们多出生于1980年之后，热衷于计算机、因特网、视频游戏、智能手机。这些新媒体和传统媒体如电视、印刷品、音响制品结合起来，使得他们的世界异常丰富多彩。“多媒体时代”的另一特征就是可以 multitask，即多项任务同时进行，如他们可以_边上网冲浪、一边听着音乐、一边看着电视里的MTV、一边和朋友短信聊天、同时还做着自己的家庭作业。2iPod：美国苹果公司的一款音乐播放器，除了可以播放MP3音乐外，iPod还可以作为高速移动硬盘使用，可以显示联系人、日历和任务，以及阅读电子书和聆听有声电子书以及播客(Podcasts)。3be wrapped up in注意力完全集中于4bear in mind记住5in respect of关于，就而言+第四十七篇 Spoilt for Choice A级Choice, we are given to1 believe, is a right. In daily life, people have come to expect endless situations about which they are required to make decisions one way or another. In the main2, these are just irksome moments at work which demand some extra energy or brainpower, or during lunch breaks like choosing which type of coffee to order or indeed which coffee shop to go to.But sometimes selecting one option as opposed to another can have serious or lifelong repercussions. More complex decision-making is then either avoided, postponed, or put into the hands of the army of professionals, lifestyle coaches, lawyers, advisors, and the like, waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee2 But for a good many4 people in the world, in rich and poor countries，choice is a luxury, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares5 The main impact of endless choice in peoples lives is anxiety. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away6 or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted in order to solve the problem and reduce the uneaseRecent surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that a sizeable proportion of electrical goods bought per household are not really neededThe advertisers and the shareholders of the manufacturers are, nonetheless, satisfied. It is not just their availability that is the problem, but the speed with which new versions of products come on the market. Advances in design and production mean that new items are almost ready by the time that goods hit the shelves7Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The classic example is computers, which are almost obsolete once they are bought. At first, there were only one or two available from a limited number of manufacturers, but now there are many companies all with not only their own products but different versions of the same machineThis makes selection a problemGone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing8: no choice, no anxiety. The plethora of choice is. not limited to consumer items. With the greater mobilitv of people around the world, people have more choice about where they want to live and work-a fairly recent phenomenon. In the past, nations migrated across huge swathes of the earth in search of food, adventure, and more hospitable environments. Whole nations crossed continents and changed the face of history. So the mobility of people is nothing new. The creation of nation states and borders9 effectively slowed this process down. but what is different now is the speed at which migration is happening.练习：1What is the difference between the decision to shop in a certain supermarket and the decision to drop out of college according to the first paragraph? A)The former is a right while the latter is notB)The latter has more impact on lifeC)The former may happen for many times in lifeD)The latter requires a fee.2When people can not easily decide what to buy，what is the least possible choice? A)Give up B)Walk awayC)Buy an unsuitable item D)Seek advice3Why do products have short lifespan nowadays? A)They are more often replaced with better ones B)They have Worse quality C)They have too many versions D)Computer technology advances too fast4How does migration differ from the past? A)People now migrate across the whole earth B)People now migrate for better life C)People now have more choice about where to migrate D)People now migrate for better environment5Which is the best summary of the writers attitude towards choice in a commercial society? A) More choice，more anxietyB) Better more choice than no choice C) Better no choice than more choiceD) All choice is not easy词汇：spoil vt使某人扫兴irksome aaj令人心烦的 brainpower n智能option n选择repercussions n(常指意料之外的)影响，后果complex adj复杂的postpone vt&vi延迟，延缓professional n专业人士adj内行的coach n教练员，指导luxury n难得的享受illusion n幻觉，想象ware n商品，货物impact n影响anxiety n焦虑，不安consumer n消费者induce vt引起，导致paralysis n麻痹unsuitable adj不恰当的，不适宜的unease n焦虑，不安sizeable adj相当大的，颇大的proportion n部分，比例shareholder n股东manufacturer n制造商，厂家nonetheless adv然而，不过availability n可获得性，可使用性version n版本obsolete adj过时的，被淘汰的plethora n过多，过剩phenomenon n现象migrate vi迁徙swathe n大片土地 hospitable 有利的，适宜的skip v跳过obese adj肥胖的metabolic adj新陈代谢的psychiatric adj精神病的abnormal adj异常的 注释：1be given t0：倾向于2in the main-大体上，基本上3More complex decision-making is then either avoided，postponed，or put into the hands of the army of professionals，lifestyle coaches，lawyers，advisors，and the like，waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee对于情况更复杂的决策，人们或者回避、拖延，或者求助于各式各样的专业人士-生活方式指导人员、律师、咨询师等等，而他们也正等着你付费来缓解心理重负呢。put A in the hands of B由B为A做决策。the like等等，诸如此类的(人或物)。4a good many：也可说a great many， (用来强调所指数量)非常多的。5And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices，the whole system is merely an illusion，created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares对那些自认为行使选择权的人来说，这整个体制不过是销售商和广告商为了卖货而制造出的人来说，这整个体制不过是销售商和广告商为了卖货而造出的一种幻觉而已。exercise ones right 行使权力。6. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away.购物更便捷，商品更丰富，但这却让很多人感到不知所措，甚至麻痹，最后只好放弃挑选，一走了之。access to获得的渠道。7. hit the shelves：上架，上市8. Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing那种无它可选，轻松购物的日子一去不复返了。此句为倒装句。9. nation states and borders：国家和疆域。完形填空新增文章篇目第五篇 Why People Use Pseudonyms*第十二篇 Sport or Spectacle?+第十五篇 Life Expectancy in the Last Hundred Years第五篇Why People Use Pseudonyms C级 You cant choose the name you are given at birth，but in many countries you can change it legally when you reach adulthood. Of course, most people never change their names -1- they feel unhappy about them. However, some people do -2- this course of actionparticularly artists! What makes an artist want to change their name? Sometimes its for purely -3-reasons, such as the Nobel Prize winning poet from Chile, Neflali Reyes. He didnt want his father to -4- he was writing poetry, so he changed his name to Pablo Neruda when he was a young man-5- other times the reason may appear eccentric; take the case of the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa, -6- wrote under 75 different names. The reason ?” When I use a different name, I always write in a different way, he explained. In most cases，-7- ,the reason is for social, historical, political, or cultural reasons. Here are some of most -8-:The persons real name is jus -9- long and difficult to remember. Lets be honest, Madonna Louise Ciccone is not as 10- to remember as just plain Madonna. And short names are much easier to remember：William Bradley became Brad Pitt and Edson Arantes do Nascimento became PeleSometimes names are changed for marketing 11-For example，if a name sounds too foreign, it may be changed to something that is more recognizable in a 12-. So in the film world, Ramon Estsvez adop