基础英语写作_陈法春_Unit6 Process Analysis.doc

Lesson one l ObjectivesTo get students accustomed to collaborative writing in groupsTo teach students how to explain a processl Important PointsProcess writing skillsl Time Allocation Model reading 10minsGroup work 20minsComments 40minsGroup-revising 20minsl ResourcesCardsOHP Sample CompositionsComputer l Procedures:1. The teacher explains and shows how to make a PowerPoint presentation.2. The teacher gives each group of 4-5students one of the following cards and ask them to discuss how to explain/carry out the steps in the process of the activity and then develop it into an essay.Card 1.The following diagram shows how drinking water is processed before it is sent to users. Read the diagram and discuss the production of city drinking water. Finally write an essay about the process of drinking water.( see appendix 1 cd1) Word list Ground water PurifyWater qualityDistributeAbstraction,Transfer,Treatment, Storage, DistributionSampling of drinking water.Water pipesMeets the requirements ofSupplyWater supply networkCard 2. How to use the phone card to make a call word list which would be useful in your description of the process answerphoneappointmentbeep; tonecall- emergency call- local call- long-distance call- telephone callcar-phoneconnectiondial (of phone)dialling codedialling tonedirectory enquiriesengaged toneextension 2689fax machinelinemessagemobile phonenumber- fax number- mobile phone number- telephone numberphonecardreceiverringing tonespeaking clockswitchboardtelephonetelephone directoryYellow PagesCard 3.How to make Corn MuffinsA. (Make corn muffin from the scratch.)3/4 Cup Flour1 teaspoon baking powder1/4 teaspoon salt1 Tablespoon sugar1/2 Cup cornmeal1 Egg1/2 Cup milk1/4 Cup melted butterMeasure flour, add baking powder, salt, sugar, cornmeal and mix well.Combine egg, milk, and melted butter; add to the flour mixture, blending just until ingredients are moist. Bake in oiled cups at 218 degrees Centigrade for about 25 minutes. Makes about 6 corn muffins.B. (Make corn muffin from the muffin mix which is available in the many supermarkets in the United States)Word list (students may use all / some of them in writing up the process) Measuring cups BatterLumpyReheat (oven to )Muffin cups GreaseToothpickPaper linersSpray bottleLesson Two l ObjectivesTo learn process writing skills To promote collaborative writing/revising skills in groupsl Important PointsProcess writing skillsTransition l Time Allocation Teacher explaining 30minsReading and exercises 40minsGroup revising 30minsl ResourcesComplementary reading materials (Model essays and exercises) l Procedures1. The teacher continues to illustrate writing process skills.a. Chronological Order The main divisions of the process should be named in chronological order so far as possible, They should be expressed in parallel form and may be numbered if numbering seems likely to be helpful, as it is almost sure to be if the number exceeds three. Each main division should be based on the completion of a stage of the work rather than on some arbitrary consideration such as place or time. It would be undesirable , for example, to divide a process into work done in the field and work done in the laboratory . Even if the work done in the fired comprised one specific task and the work done in the laboratory comprised another, you would give your reader a better picture of the process by identifying that task rather that merrily identifying the place where it was done. b. Sequence MarkerAs your explanation progresses form step to step, you should keep the reader aware of his progress. When you take up a new step you should point out that you are doing so, using the sequence marker -the phraseology and the numbers. These are words such as first, then, after that etc. A sequence marker is usually placed at, or near the beginning of a sentence to make them work as signposts for the reader to recognize relationships.c. Details In the explanation of a process, as in any other writing, you will have to decide how much detail is necessary. There is no reason that all parts of a process must be covered in equal detail. Suppose that one step of a process consists of some test which the reader already understands or which is a recognized, standard procedure. It would probable be sufficient merely to say that this test is performed.2. Finding the order of the development and underline the sequence markers in the samples and discuss with your peers how details are presented. (on the handouts) Message:You have a lot of pieces to the puzzle of cloud and precipitation formation already.with a little more information you should be able to put them all together. Clouds are formed when molecules of water vapor condense into water droplets. Condensation occurs when the atmosphere becomes saturated, that is, when the relative humidity reaches 100 percent. Saturation occurs when airs is moistened and/or lifted and cooled to its dewpoint temperature. In other words.moisture can be transported to a region, say from the ocean to inland areas, raising the dewpoint of the airmass. Or the air itself can be lifted by some mechanism, say heating of the underlying surface or pushed up by an invading cold front. As the air rises, its temperature cools. Lifted high enough, the air will cool to its dewpoint temperature. What kinds of clouds form depends on where the condensation occurs (the ground, 30,000 feet), how it was made to occur (lifting, heating), and what the environment (winds, temperature, humidity, stability) is like in the areas immediately outside the cloud. Finally, the existence of clouds alone doesnt always mean it will rain. The humidity must be high enough below the cloud to keep the raindrops from evaporating before they reach the ground. It is not unusual for clouds to begin raining while the surface remains dry, then slowly moisten the air below until finally the humidity rises enough that raindrops reach the ground. Theres a lot to digest in all these links. After youve done some more reading and research, feel free to ask more questions about humidity, clouds, and rain. Using Deconstruction to Astonish Friends & Confound Enemies (in 2 easy steps)Warren Hedges, Southern Oregon University 1Identify a Binary Opposition1.A Notice what a particular text or school of thought takes to be natural, normal, self-evident, originary, immediately apparent, or worthy of pursuit or emulation: Group x (whites, middle class, Americans, etc.) is inherently virtuous Group x (darker skinned people, youths, etc.) is natural and spontaneous Men are naturally x (rational, aggressive, desirous of women, etc.) Women are naturally x (nurturing, connected to the earth, etc.) Everybody knows that x is true Everybody wants x, it is natural to want x, x is an inherent trait of human nature 1.B Notice those places where a text is most insistent that there is a firm and fast distinction between two things: Men and women, black and white, straight and gay, subject and object x precedes y (text: interpretation, Adam: Eve, heterosexuality: homosexuality) x is more natural than y (female: male, heterosexuality: homosexuality) y is derivative of x or a perversion of x (Miltons Satan: Christ, normal sex: fetishes, criticism: fiction) y has a parasitic relation to x (fiction: truth, criticism: fiction, interpretation: text) x is original and y is imitative (the book: the movie, life: heaven) y is a manifestation or effect of x (culture: economics, surface: deep structure, gender: anatomy, practice: theory). y is an exception or special case and x is the rule 2Deconstruct the Opposition2.A Show how something represented as primary, complete & originary is derived, composite, and/or an effect of something else. Because writers always write in relation to prior writers they learn about in school, fiction is a result of criticism. It depends on criticism, and is derived from criticism. Our sense of Winnie the Pooh when we read books about him is shaped by our memories of the movies. The voices we hear when we read are the movie voices, and the original text is partially an effect of the movie. Because consciousness is actually self-consciousness, (i.e. a self and a consciousness) consciousness is always already divided, never simply present to itself. and/or 2.B Show how something represented as completely different from something else only exists by virtue of defining itself against that something else. In other words, show how it depends on that thing. For example: Mulder and Scully do not so much pursue the Truth as uncover errors. If they ever find the whole truth, the show will end. Heterosexual only makes sense when opposed to homosexual. Without homosexuals, there would be no heterosexuals. . Truth depends on error. Without the concept of error, truth does not exist. and/or 2.C Show how something represented as normal is a special case. Truth is a story that people find especially convincing. Normal sexual reproduction is the result of several components that, taken alone, would be called perversions. Thus normal sex is in fact a specialized perversion. Whiteness is an ethnicity that disguises the fact its an ethnicity. The General Way It WorksIn general, as Jonathan Culler puts it, deconstruction works within an opposition, but upsets its hierarchy by producing an exchange of properties. This disrupts not only the hierarchy, but the opposition itself.Note how this is different than simply reversing an opposition. For example consider these reversals of a culturally prevalent opposition: The Pooh movies are better than the books (reverses the usual assumption that the book is better & more original than the movie). The Joker is cooler than Batman (reverses notion of the hero). Women are smarter than men (reverses chauvinistic common knowledge). Native Americans are more heroic than cowboys (reverses the Western). Reversal is a valuable move, but deconstruction is after bigger game, because it deconstructs the underlying hierarchy. For example: Our sense of Pooh books is derived from the movies, Batman is a special kind of villain called a vigilante Mens sense of their intelligence is dependent on a belief that women are bimbos Cowboy heroism cannot exist without bad Indians. Notice how these statements cripple the underlying hierarchy by deconstructing the opposition that it depends on. Deconstruction doesnt simply reverse the opposition, nor does it destroy it. Instead it demonstrates its inherent instability. It takes it apart from within, and without putting some new, more stable opposition in its place. If you want to really mess with something, deconstruct it. A Note On PracticalitiesIn Stanleys Fishs words, we can deconstruct anything in theory, but not in everyday practice. The fact that in principle we can deconstruct anything doesnt mean that we can deconstruct everything, all the time, and still communicate. We can, however, deconstruct things that annoy us, point out where a text already deconstructs an opposition, focus on oppositions authors and poets try (often with difficulty) to keep intact, and gain insight into how our own sense of ourselves (as well as the way the culture tries to interpret us) depends on oppositions that can be deconstructed. Introduction to the Atmosphere (z). El NinoEl Nino is the name given to the occasional development of warm ocean surface waters along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. When this warming occurs the usual upwelling of cold, nutrient rich deep ocean water is significantly reduced. El Nino normally occurs around Christmas and lasts usually for a few weeks to a few months. Sometimes an extremely warm event can develop that lasts for much longer time periods. In the 1990s, strong El Ninos developed in 1991 and lasted until 1995, and from fall 1997 to spring 1998.The formation of an El Nino is linked with the cycling of a Pacific Ocean circulation pattern known as the southern oscillation. In a normal year, a surface low pressure develops in the region of northern Australia and Indonesia and a high pressure system over the coast of Peru (see Figure -1 below). As a result, the trade winds over the Pacific Ocean move strongly from east to west. The easterly flow of the trade winds carries warm surface waters westward, bringing convective storms to Indonesia and coastal Australia. Along the coast of Peru, cold bottom water wells up to the surface to replace the warm water that is pulled to the west.Figure -1: This cross-section of the Pacific ocean, along the equator, illustrates the pattern of atmospheric circulation typically found at the equatorial Pacific. Note the position of the thermocline.In an El Nino year, air pressure drops over large areas of the central Pacific and along the coast of South America (see Figure -2 below). The normal low pressure system is replaced by a weak high in the western Pacific (the southern oscillation). This change in pressure pattern causes the trade winds to be reduced. This reduction allows the equatorial counter current (which flows west to east - see ocean currents map in topic 8q) to accumulate warm ocean water along the coastlines of Peru and Ecuador (Figure-3). This accumulation of warm water causes the thermocline to drop in the eastern part of Pacific Ocean which cuts off the upwelling of cold deep ocean water along the coast of Peru. Climatically, the development of an El Nino brings drought to the western Pacific, rains to the equatorial coast of South America, and convective storms and hurricanes to the central Pacific.Figure -2: This cross-section of the Pacific ocean, along the equator, illustrates the pattern of atmospheric circulation that causes the formation of the El Nino. Note how position of the thermocline has changed from Figure-1.Building a Sustainable DietBuilding a sustainable diet and exercise plan is the key to maintaining a consistent weight. This is not easy for many people. As described in the previous sections, the landscape is literally covered with calories, and exercise takes time and energy. Calorie CounterThe first step to building a sustainable diet is to start counting the calories that you consume in a day so that you become conscious of two things: You need to understand exactly how many calories you are eating on a normal day. You need to realize where each calorie comes from - you need to build a calorie database in your brain so that you know, whenever you eat something, just how many calories it is supplying. In the United States, any food that you buy in the grocery store