无线遥控器的发展文献翻译.doc

黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译） 第 2 页单位代码 01 学号_分 类 号 _ _ 密 级_ _ 文献翻译无线遥控器的发展 院（系）名称 专业名称 学生姓名 指导教师20年月日黄河科技学院毕业设计（文献翻译） 第 11 页中文翻译无线遥控器的发展 “无线遥控器”顾名思义，就是一种用来远程控制机器的装置。现代的遥控器，主要是由集成电路电板和用来产生不同讯息的按钮所组成。时至今日，无线遥控器已经在生活中得到了越来越多的应用，给人们带来了极大的便利。随着科技的进步无线遥控器也扩展到了许多种类，简单来说常见的有2种，一种是家电常用的红外遥控模式（IR Remote Control），另一种是防盗报警设备、门窗遥控、汽车遥控等等常用的无线电遥控模式（RF Remote Control）。 到底是谁发明出第一个遥控器已不可考。但最早的遥控器之一，是一个叫尼古拉特斯拉（Nikola Tesla）（1856-1943）的发明家在1898年时开发出来的（美国专利613809号），叫做“Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles。”1 无线遥控器的类型1.1 红外遥控器 家用红外遥控器红外遥控器（IR Remote Control）是利用波长为0.761.5m之间的近红外线来传送控制信号的遥控设备。 常用的红外遥控系统一般分发射和接收两个部分。发射部分的主要元件为红外发光二极管。它实际上是一只特殊的发光二极管，由于其内部材料不同于普通发光二极管，因而在其两端施加一定电压时，它便发出的是红外线而不是可见光。目前大量使用的红外发光二极管发出的红外线波长为940nm左右，外形与普通发光二极管相同，只是颜色不同。接收部分的主要元件为红外接收二极管，一般有圆形和方形两种。在实际应用中要给红外接收二极管加反向偏压，它才能正常工作，亦即红外接收二极管在电路中应用时是反向运用，这样才能获得较高的灵敏度。 由于红外发光二极管的发射功率一般都较小（100mW左右），所以红外接收二极管接收到的信号比较微弱，因此就要增加高增益放大电路，最近几年大多都采用成品红外接收头。 成品红外接收头的封装大致有两种：一种采用铁皮屏蔽；一种是塑料封装。均有三只引脚，即电源正（VDD）、电源负（GND）和数据输出（VOUT）。红外接收头的引脚排列因型号不同而不尽相同，可参考厂家的使用说明。成品红外接收头的优点是不需要复杂的调试和外壳屏蔽，使用起来如同一只三极管，非常方便。但在使用时注意成品红外接收头的载波频率。 红外遥控常用的载波频率为38kHz，这是由发射端所使用的455kHz晶振来决定的。在发射端要对晶振进行整数分频，分频系数一般取12，所以455kHz1237.9 kHz38kHz。也有一些遥控系统采用36kHz、40kHz、56kHz等，一般由发射端晶振的振荡频率来决定。 红外遥控的特点是不影响周边环境、不干扰其它电器设备。由于其无法穿透墙壁，故不同房间的家用电器可使用通用的遥控器而不会产生相互干扰；电路调试简单，只要按给定电路连接无误，一般不需任何调试即可投入工作；编解码容易，可进行多路遥控。因此，现在红外遥控在家用电器、室内近距离（小于10米）遥控中得到了广泛的应用。1.2 无线电遥控器 发射与接收控制器模块无线电遥控器（RF Remote Control）是利用无线电信号对远方的各种机构进行控制的遥控设备。这些信号被远方的接收设备接收后，可以指令或驱动其它各种相应的机械或者电子设备，去完成各种操作，如闭合电路、移动手柄、开动电机，之后再由这些机械进行需要的操作。作为一种与红外遥控器相补充的遥控器种类，在车库门、电动门、道闸遥控控制，防盗报警器，工业控制以及无线智能家居领域得到了广泛的应用。 常用的无线电遥控系统一般分发射和接收两个部分。发射部分一般分为两种类型，即遥控器与发射模块，遥控器和遥控模块是对于使用方式来说的，遥控器可以当一个整机来独立使用，对外引出线有接线桩头；而遥控模块在电路中当一个元件来使用，根据其引脚定义进行应用，使用遥控模块的优势在于可以和应用电路天衣无缝的连接、体积小、价格低、物尽其用，但使用者必须真正懂得电路原理，否则还是用遥控器来的方便。接收部分一般来说也分为两种类型，即超外差与超再生接收方式，超再生解调电路也称超再生检波电路，它实际上是工作在间歇振荡状态下的再生检波电路。超外差式解调电路与超外差收音机相同，它是设置一本机振荡电路产生振荡信号，与接收到的载频信号混频后，得到中频（一般为465kHz）信号，经中频放大和检波，解调出数据信号。由于载频频率是固定的，所以其电路要比收音机简单一些。超外差式的接收器稳定、灵敏度高、抗干扰能力也相对较好；超再生式的接收器体积小、价格便宜。 无线电遥控常用的载波频率为315mHz或者433mHz，遥控器使用的是国家规定的开放频段，在这一频段内，发射功率小于10mW、覆盖范围小于100m或不超过本单位范围的，可以不必经过“无线电管理委员会”审批而自由使用。我国的开放频段规定为315mHz，而欧美等国家规定为433mHz，所以出口到上述国家的产品应使用433mHz的遥控器。 无线电遥控常用的编码方式有两种类型，即固定码与滚动码两种，滚动码是固定码的升级换代产品，目前凡有保密性要求的场合，都使用滚动编码方式。滚动码编码方式有如下优点： 1、保密型强，每次发射后自动更换编码，别人不能用“侦码器”获得地址码； 2、编码容量大，地址码数量大于10万组，使用中“重码”的概率极小； 3、对码容易，滚动码具有学习存储功能，不需动用烙铁，可以在用户现场对码，而且一个接收器可以学入多达14个不同的发射器，在使用上具有高度的灵活性； 4、误码小，由于编码上的优势，使得接收器在没有收到本机码时的误动作几乎为0。 固定码的编码容量仅为6561个，重码概率极大，其编码值可以通过焊点连接方式被看出，或是在使用现场用“侦码器”来获取，所以不具有保密性，主要应用于保密性要求较低的场合，因为其价格较低所以也得到了大量的应用。 无线电遥控器与红外遥控器的区别（The difference between IR and RF Remote Control），红外遥控和无线遥控是对不同的载波来说的，红外遥控器是用红外线来传送控制信号的，它的特点是有方向性、不能有阻挡、距离一般不超过7米、不受电磁干扰，电视机遥控器就是红外遥控器；无线电遥控器是用无线电波来传送控制信号的，它的特点是无方向性、可以不“面对面”控制、距离远（可达数十米，甚至数公里）、容易受电磁干扰。在需要远距离穿透或者无方向性控制领域，比如工业控制等等，使用无线电遥控器较易解决。 2 无线遥控距离的影响因素 影响无线电遥控距离（Remote distance of RF Remote Control）的因素主要有如下几点： 1、发射功率：发射功率大则距离远，但耗电大，容易产生干扰； 2、接收灵敏度：接收器的接收灵敏度提高，遥控距离增大，但容易受干扰造成误动或失控； 3、天线：采用直线型天线，并且相互平行，遥控距离远，但占据空间大，在使用中把天线拉长、拉直可增加遥控距离； 4、高度：天线越高，遥控距离越远，但受客观条件限制； 5、阻挡：目前使用的无线遥控器使用国家规定的UHF频段，其传播特性和光近似，直线传播，绕射较小，发射器和接收器之间如有墙壁阻挡将大大打折遥控距离，如果是钢筋混泥土的墙壁，由于导体对电波的吸收作用，影响更甚。 3 工业无线遥控器的应用领域 3.1、工业行车：工业用行车是遥控系统应用最广泛的领域之一，以德国为例，占遥控系统每年产量的40%左右；特别是冶金、汽车制造、造纸厂、物料仓库等新增行车几乎全部配备工业无线遥控器3； 3.2、汽车吊、随车吊：通常，大型汽车吊遥控系统还配置了数据反馈装置，反馈装置可将运行参数（如负荷、起重臂长、负荷力矩、油温，压力，角度等）显示在发射系统显示屏上，操作人员可根据显示数据来监控吊车； 3.3、混凝土泵车：混凝土泵车操作时因控制台距浇注作业面有几十米（甚至上百米），传统的操作方式需数人配合才能完成，由于效率低，限制了混凝土泵车的性能发挥；对于长距离、大排量的大型泵车，矛盾更为突出；采用工业无线遥控器可以最大地发挥整机的性能，泵车司机在工作地点驾车定位后，即可用携带遥控系统依次操作泵车的各个动作，如布料杆的左右回转，多级杆的变幅升降等。操作人员可携带发射系统，远离泵车控制台，直接站在软管喷口附近，控制布料杆的动作和混凝土泵的运作； 3.4、矿山机械：对于矿井里能见度较低的场合下，可选用配有反馈装置的工业无线遥控器控制液压机械。即使在能见度较低、环境恶劣的地方，也可以方便控制重型凿岩机架钻孔作业。操作员可以选择最近的地点对位钻孔，而不必呆在距钻孔作业点十米以外的钻孔机的操作台上。无线电控制装置采用IP65保护标准完全适应在潮湿和含盐的环境中使用。大大增加了操作的安全性、舒适性和准确性，节约投资，提高了效率； 3.5、专用机械如：炼钢厂清渣装载机，采用工业无线遥控器对装载机进行遥控改造，在不改变现有手动操作方式的前提下，百分之百模拟原履带装载机的机械动力性能和作业功能，达到无人驾驶完成清渣作业的目的。操作员带着轻巧的发射机，自由选择最佳的视觉位置，遥控的装载机在清渣作业中运行自如。遥控装载机的成功运用消除了以往环境恶劣，视线不清，高温落渣带来的事故隐患，使操作人员从恶劣的环境中解脱出来，提高了清渣作业效率、改善冶金工人的工作环境，降低工人的劳动强度； 3.6、建筑塔吊：在欧洲、北美超过60%的建筑回转式塔吊采用无线遥控方式控制，不仅在设备制造时节省成本（无空中操作台），安全性和可靠性也得到充分保障，提高了施工效率； 3.7、其它方面：随着工业无线遥控器技术的发展，在装载机、调车机车、液压机械和移动车辆港口装卸船机等设备中，工业无线遥控器都得到了广泛应用，市场前景极为广阔 来源于通信世界2003年第19期附：英文原文The History Of Wireless Remote ControlWireless remote control, the name suggests, is a device used to remotely control the machine. Modern remote control, mainly by the electric circuit board and used to generate different messages composed of a button.Today, wireless remote control has been in the life of a growing number of applications, giving people a great convenience. With advances in technology wireless remote control is also extended to many species, simply have two kinds of common one is the infrared remote control model used home appliances (IR Remote Control), the other is anti-theft alarm devices, doors, windows remote control, car so commonly used radio-controlled remote control mode (RF Remote Control). ?In the end who invented the first remote control has been untraceable. But one of the first remote control is called Nikola Tesla (Nikola Tesla) (1856-1943) the inventor developed in 1898 when the (U.S. Patent No. 613,809), called Method of and Apparatus for Controlling Mechanism of Moving Vehicle or Vehicles. 1.The type of wireless remote control 1.1 Infrared remote controlHome Infrared remote control Infrared remote control (IR Remote Control) is to use a wavelength of 0.76 1.5m near-infrared to transfer between the remote control device control signal.?Infrared remote control system commonly used it normally transmit and receive two parts.?The main components for the transmitter IR LED. It is actually a special light-emitting diodes, due to its internal material different from the ordinary light emitting diodes, and thus a certain voltage applied at its ends, it will send the infrared rather than visible light.?Current heavy use of infrared light-emitting diode infrared wavelength of 940nm issued about the same shape and general light-emitting diode, just different color.?Receiving part of the main components of the infrared receiver diodes generally have round and square. In practice, to give additional infrared receiver diode reverse bias, it can work, that is, infrared receiver diode in reverse application of the circuit is used, so as to obtain high sensitivity.As the infrared light-emitting diodes transmit power is generally small (100mW or so), so infrared receiver diode received signal is weak, it is necessary to increase the high-gain amplifier, most have adopted in recent years, finished the first infrared receiver.Finished infrared receiving roughly two packages: one with metal shielding; a plastic package. Have three pins, which power is (VDD), power supply negative (GND) and data output (VOUT). Infrared receiving the pin arrangement different for different models, refer to manufacturers instructions. Finished the first has the advantage of infrared receiver does not require complex debugging and shell shield, to use as a transistor, very convenient. However, when attention to the use of infrared receiver finished the first carrier frequency.Infrared remote control common carrier frequency 38kHz, which is used by the 455kHz transmitter crystal to decide. Crystal in the transmitter should be an integer frequency, frequency coefficients generally take 12, so 455kHz 12 37.9 kHz 38kHz. There are also remote control system uses 36kHz, 40kHz, 56kHz, etc., usually by the transmitter to determine the crystals oscillation frequency.Characterized by infrared remote control does not affect the surrounding environment, without interfering with other electrical equipment. Since it can not penetrate walls, so different rooms of household appliances can use a universal remote control device which will not produce interference; circuit debugging easy, as long as the connection is correct according to the given circuit, generally without any debugging can be put into work; code decoding easy remote control can be multiple. Therefore, it is infrared remote control in home appliances, indoor short distance (less than 10 meters) remote control has been widely used in. 1.2 Radio remote controlTransmit and receive radio remote controller module (RF Remote Control) is to use distant radio signal on the various institutions of the remote control device to control. These signals are distant receiving equipment to receive, you can order or drive a variety of other mechanical or electronic device corresponding to the completion of various operations, such as closed circuit, move the handle, start motor, then from the operation of these machines were needed. As a remote control with infrared remote control with additional types of garage doors, electric gate, automatic barrier remote control, burglar alarm, industrial control and wireless intelligent home field has been widely used.Radio remote control system commonly used it normally transmit and receive two parts.Transmitter is generally divided into two types, namely, remote control and the transmitter module, remote control and remote control module is for the use of means, the remote control device can be used as a machine to separate the external wiring trailer coupling with Lead; and remote control module in the circuit when a component to use, in accordance with its pin definitions applied, using the advantages of remote control module and the application circuit can be a seamless connection, small size, low price, best use, but users must truly understand the circuit principle, or still use the remote control to convenience.Received some general also divided into two types, namely, with the super-regenerative receiver superheterodyne method, super-regenerative demodulator circuits, also known as super-regenerative detector circuit, it is actually working in the regeneration of under intermittent oscillation detection circuit. Superheterodyne superheterodyne radio demodulation circuit and the same, it is set to a machine oscillation circuit oscillation signal, and the received carrier frequency signal, after mixing, are intermediate frequency (typically 465kHz) signal by IF amplification and detection, demodulation a data signal. As the carrier frequency rate is fixed, so the circuit simpler than the radio. Superheterodyne receiver stability, high sensitivity, anti-interference ability is relatively good; super-regenerative receiver-type small and cheap.Common carrier radio frequency remote control for the 315mHz or 433mHz, using a remote control set by the state opening band, in this frequency band, transmission power less than 10mW, the coverage is less than 100m, or less than the scope of this unit, you can not read Radio Management Committee for approval and free to use. Provisions of Chinas opening band 315mHz, while Europe and the United States and other countries provides for the 433mHz, so the products exported to these countries should use the 433mHz remote control.Radio remote control, there are two common types of coding, that is the fixed code and rolling code two, rolling code is a fixed code upgrade products, now where confidentiality is a requirement, use the scroll encoding.Rolling code encoding has the following advantages:1. Ssecurity-type strong launch automatically after each change coding, others can not use detection code of access to address code;2. Ccoding capacity, address code group number more than 100,000, the use of re-code are rare;3. Tthe code is easy, rolling code with learning memory function, without using soldering iron, you can live on in the user code, and into a receiver can learn up to 14 different transmitters, the use of a high degree of flexibility; 4. Tthe error is small, because the advantages of coding, so the receiver does not receive the key at the time of malfunction almost to 0.Fixed, the coding capacity of only 6,561, the probability of significant weight code, the code value can be seen through the solder connection, or use the site as device detection code to get, so I do not have the confidentiality, the main application confidentiality requirements in the lower places, because of its lower price it has also been a large number of applications.Radio remote control and infrared remote control difference (The difference between IR and RF Remote Control), infrared remote control and wireless remote control is a different carrier for the infrared remote control is used to send infrared control signals, it is characterized by directional, not a block, generally not more than seven meters away, free from electromagnetic interference, TV remote control is infrared remote control; radio remote control is to use radio waves to transmit control signals, it is characterized by non-directional, can not face to face control, distance (up to tens, even hundreds of kilometers), susceptible to electromagnetic interference. Or in need through no directional control remote areas, such as industrial control, etc., the use of radio remote control easier to solve. 2. Wireless remote control distance factorsRange of Radio Remote Control (Remote distance of RF Remote Control) main factors are the following:?（1）Transmit Power: Transmit Power for big distance, but the big power, prone to interference;（2）Receiver sensitivity: receiver sensitivity of the receiver, remote control distance increases, but susceptible to malfunction due to interference or loss of control;（3）The antenna: use of linear antenna and parallel to each other, remote control range, but occupy a large space, in use the antenna stretched, straightened increase the remote control distance;（4）Height: the higher the antenna, remote control farther away, but subject to objective conditions;（5）Stop: the current use of wireless remote control uses UHF frequency band set by the state, its transmission characteristics and optical approximation, straight lines, diffraction small transmitter and receiver block wall between the subject will be greatly discounted remote distance and, if steel for mixed wall, as conductor of the radio wave absorption, far worse. 3. The industrial wireless remote control applications3.1 Industrial traffic: industrial traffic is the most widely used remote control system for one of the areas to Germany, for example, remote control system of the annual production accounting for about 40%; in particular, metallurgy, automobile manufacturing, paper mills, warehouses and other new materials Almost all traffic with industrial wireless remote control.3.2 Mobile crane, lorry crane: Typically, large-scale remote control car suspension system is also equipped with data feedback system, feedback device can be run parameters (such as load, boom length, load torque, oil temperature, pressure, angle, etc.) show display in the launch system, the operator can display the data to monitor the crane;3.3 Concrete Pump: Concrete pump operation due to the console there are tens of meters away from the casting operation surface (or even 100 meters), the traditional mode of operation can be completed with a few people, due to low efficiency and limits the concrete pump truck Performance of play; for long-distance, large displacement of large pump more prominent contradictions; using industrial wireless remote control can play a maximum overall performance, truck drivers driving orientation in the workplace, you can use the portable remote control systems truck operation in turn the various actions, such as cloth around bar turning, multi-level bar amplitude flights. Launch system operator can carry away from the pump console, direct standing near the hose nozzle to control the action and the concrete placing boom operation of the pump;3.4 Mining Machinery: For mine in low visibility situations, it can be used with a feedback device for industrial wireless remote control of hydraulic machinery. Even in low visibility, poor environment, you can easily control the operation of heavy drill rack drill. Operator can choose the location of recent drilling on the position, witho