2008年博士生入学考试英语试卷(非英语专业类).doc

English Test for Doctoral Candidates （A卷）Dec. 28, 2008Part IListening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.A.Touch all his friends.B.Write a lot.C.Have a lot of time.D.Have a lot of friends.2.A.To work for a small company.B.To start a large company.C.To be independent.D.To graduate.3.A.Buy a new car.B.Go to a new store.C.Find a new repair shop.D.Take a different bus.4.A.36 dollars.B.15 dollars.C.12 dollars.D.4 dollars.5.A.One hour.B.Two hours.C.Three hours.D.Four hours.6.A.Perstons sister is going abroad.B.The man is probably reading a newspaper.C.The news today is very unusual.D.The Prime Minister is warmly welcomed.7.A.She likes Mexican food.B.She expected a better dinner.C.The dinner was expensive.D.She enjoyed the food more than the man did.8.A.6 hours.B.1 hour.C.10 hours.D.4 hours.9.A.In order to obtain a visa.B.To prove she is a foreign visitor.C.As identification to cash a check.D.The man is an immigration official.10.A.Bus-conductor and passenger.B.Lawyer and client.C.Doctor and patient.D.Teacher and student.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage 111.A.In 1954.B.In 1953.C.In 1955.D.In 1960.12.A.Adventureland.B.Tomorrowland.C.Fantasyland.D.Mianstreet, U.S.A.13.A.It would take you several days at Disneyland to see everything.B.Adventureland shows the jungles of Asia and Africa.C.Walt Disney World was built in Florida.D.Disneyland is deeply loved by children as well as adults.Passage 214.A.At college level.B.In primary school.C.In high school.D.After they graduate.15.A.The Use of Computers in Education.B.How Computers Are Used in Teaching.C.On Computers.D.Computers and Management.Section CDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a short passage. It will be spoken three times. After you hear the passage, please write a summary of it in about 60 words on your Answer Sheet II.Part IICloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.There are many definitions of social movements and revolutions, but they all have some common points. Social movements are organized, 16 attempts by individuals to produce social change. These attempts are usually resisted by powerful people who 17 from the status quo, 18 it is often difficult for social movement participants to use the accepted and 19 means of producing social change (such as the courts and political institutions). 20 , social movement participants often 21 disruptive street their only means of action. The antiwar movement in the 1960s, the 22 Rights Movement that emerged strongly in the 1950s, and the antiabortion movement of the 1980s are all examples of social movement in America that have 23 both legal and illegal activities to 24 their goals. In fairness to social movement participants, 25 , their powerful opponents are just as likely to use illegal activities and violence to 26 the social movement.Although there are 27 over the definition of revolution, there is a 28 view that revolutions are successful social movements on a much grander 29 , that is, involving more people and much more social change. Although social movements like the U.S. Civil Rights Movement may be working to 30 some law or produce some reform in the society, revolutions like the Chinese Revolution are aimed at 31 social change. The goals of revolutions are commonly the overthrow of a government, basic change in the political and economic system, 32 more generally a basic change in the stratification system in the country. Because of the extent of change 33 , revolutions are always accompanied by extensive violence. The 34 are so high that opponents will kill to prevent the revolution, and revolutionaries must be 35 to kill to achieve their goals.16.A.purposefulB.idealizedC.empiricalD.reciprocal17.A.acquireB.profitC.prohibitD.succeed18.A.andB.butC.becauseD.though19.A.culturalB.legalC.educationalD.industrial20.A.HoweverB.StillC.ThusD.Nevertheless21.A.regardB.findC.treatD.use22.A.CivilB.LibertyC.HumanityD.Privacy23.A.engagedB.involvedC.employedD.initiated24.A.achieveB.accelerateC.completeD.strive25.A.moreoverB.howeverC.furthermoreD.therefore26.A.stopB.promoteC.advocateD.avoid27.A.diversitiesB.discrepanciesC.inconsistenciesD.disagreements28.A.conformB.regularC.specifiedD.standard29.A.levelB.scaleC.degreeD.range30.A.enableB.enactC.enlargeD.envelop31.A.mainB.principalC.majorD.primary32.A.andB.norC.alsoD.or33.A.soughtB.aimedC.stroveD.endeavored34.A.stakesB.dangersC.oddsD.risks35.A.resentfulB.readyC.reluctantD.relievedPart IIIReading Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections:There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.Passage OneWater shortage on Earth? It seems impossible. Images of our planet from outer space show vast oceans, lakes as big as small countries, and wide rivers flowing with incredible volumes. How can there not be enough water? But the fact is that the world is facing the prospect of water shortages caused by population growth, uneven supplies of water, pollution, and other factors. The United Nations (UN) predicts that water shortages could retard the economic growth of some countries and lead to food shortages and, even possibly, to international conflicts.Humans use water for three basic purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic and municipal use (water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and so forth). And the amount of water available to each person decreases as the population grows, raising the possibility of water shortages. Water shortages will not come all at once in every part of the world, just as the worlds population is unevenly distributed by region, so is the annual supply of renewable water. Rainfall and snowfall are determined by uneven weather patterns and landscape, and as a result, some areas of the world get more precipitation than others. This leads the uneven distribution of water all over the world.Natural water scarcity has prompted many nations to try to increase their water supplies by building dams to catch water that otherwise would escape to the sea, or by sinking more and deeper wells. But these efforts can have negative side effects that can contribute to water scarcity. Instead of building dams, some countries choose to increase their access to groundwater. But this practice increases the risk of overpumping aquifers.Pollution also affects the water supply, reducing the available water by making it toxic or otherwise unfit for human use.Water shortage could also lead to international conflicts as countries compete for limited water resources. Political tensions over water often appear when different nations lay claim to the same river, lake, or aquifer. According to the UN, more than 300 river basins and aquifers worldwide cross national boundaries, creating the potential for conflicts.36.Which of the following is NOT a factor that would cause water shortage?A.Population growth.B.Uneven supplies of water.C.Industrial pollution.D.Global warming.37.Water shortages could lead to all the following EXCEPT _.A.economic growthB.food shortageC.over-pumping of the underground waterD.international conflicts38.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?A.Humans use water for crop growing, industrial production and domesticconsuming.B.The annual supply of renewable water is unevenly distributed over the world.C.Pollution can reduce the available water by making it toxic.D.Building dams to catch river water could best solve the problem of watershortages.39.How can water shortages lead to international conflicts?A.Countries cannot agree with each other on water price.B.Countries compete for limited water resources.C.Countries pollute each others water.D.Countries steal each others water.40.Which of the following best describe the authors tone in this passage?A.Optimistic.B.Ironic.C.Objective.D.Arbitrary.Passage TwoWhy is stage fright so universal when it does not pose a physical threat?Our ego and self-esteem are threatened, evidently to a significant degree. No normal person wants to look like a fool. Consequently, a speaking situation does involve peril, not physical but psychological. The brain instructs the body to react exactly the way it would at times of physical danger. In essence, the brain tells the body, get ready to fight off the danger or to run away from it.When the danger signals reach the brain, the brain instructs the adrenal gland (肾上腺) to start secreting (分泌) adrenal fluid into the bloodstream. The adrenal fluid brings about specific bodily reactions.First, our senses become more keen because we will have to rely on them to help us fight or run. Blood goes away from the muscles of the stomach and intestines. The sudden rush of blood from the digestive system causes the sensation known as butterflies in the stomach. The large muscles of the arms and legs become most important in the fight or flight reaction, as they must do the punching and kicking.The extra blood and the oxygen it contains get the muscles so tense that they must function strongly. Our hands shake, our knees knock, and we feel tension in the larger muscles of the body. We experience a dry, cottony mouth, sometimes to the point where good articulation becomes impossible.41.The authors purpose in writing this passage is to describe _.A.types of physical and psychological dangerB.cures for stage frightC.the biochemistry of the brainD.the physical reaction that might result from state fright42.It can be inferred from the passage that psychological reactions _.A.are more serious than stage frightB.diminish our ability to speakC.diminish our ability to fightD.cause anxiety43.According to the passage, butterflies in the stomach are produced by _.A.hunger painsB.the egoC.blood leaving the digestive systemD.poor articulation44.The passage mentions all of the following reactions EXCEPT _.A.tremblingB.tensionC.dryness in the mouthD.blushing45.According to the passage, a speaking situation may result in _.A.physical perilB.brain damageC.forgetfulnessD.psychological perilPassage ThreeA satellite is usually launched by a rocket. Once the satellite is in orbit, the plane of the orbit is relatively fixed in space. However, as the satellite goes around the earth, the earth spins on its axis beneath it. Thus on each circuit the satellite passes over a different part of the earths surface.The orbit of a satellite is usually not a circle. During launching, variations from the calculations of elevation, altitude, and speed are impossible to eliminate. The orbit is then elliptical. Scientists deliberately plan for a satellite to enter an elliptical orbit so that it will probe a range of altitudes. An elliptical path can bring a satellite into the upper atmosphere. The friction of the atmosphere on the satellite causes its speed to decrease. It is then drawn closer to the earth, and may be heated ultimately to incandescence (白热，白炽) and be vaporized as it enters the lower portion of the eqarths atmosphere.A satellite which has been given an initial horizontal speed of 30,000 km/hr orbits about the earth in a circular path at an altitude of about 500 km. If this horizontal speed is raised to 40,000 km/hr, the space vehicle leaves the earths orbit and goes into orbit around the sun. The velocity at which this happens is called escape velocity.46.According to the passage, an elliptical orbit may cause the satellite to vaporize dueto _.A.the vibration of the enginesB.friction with the atmosphereC.the heat of the sunD.the earth spinning on its axis47.According to the passage, which speed will produce an elliptical orbit of a satellitearound the earth?A.5,000 km/hr.B.15,000 km/hr.C.30,000 km/hr.D.35,000 km/hr.48.The passage states that an elliptical orbit is beneficial because it allows thesatellite to _.A.probe a range of altitudesB.orbit the sunC.vaporizeD.stay above the same point on earth49.The authors style can best be described as _.A.argumentativeB.explanatoryC.humorousD.rhetorical50.According to the passage, satellite orbits are usually not circular because _.A.there is friction in the atmosphereB.the earth spins on its axisC.variations from precise calculations are difficult to eliminateD.too great a speed is needed for circular orbitsPassage FourFor most of us, the work is the central, dominating fact of life. We spend more than half our conscious hours at work, preparing for work, traveling to and from work. What we do there largely determines our standard of living and to a considerable extent the status we are accorded by our fellow citizens as well. It is sometimes said that because leisure has become more important the indignities and injustices of work can be pushed into a corner, that because most work is pretty intolerable, the people who do it should compensate for its boredom, frustrations and humiliations by concentrating their hopes on the other parts of their lives. I reject that as a counsel of despair. For the foreseeable future the material and psychological rewards which work can provide, and the conditions in which work is done, will continue to play a vital part in determining the satisfaction that life can offer. Yet only a small minority can control the pace at which they work or the conditions in which their work is done; only for a small minority does work offer scope for creativity, imagination, or initiative.Inequality at work and in work is still one of the cruelest and most glaring forms of inequality in our society. We cannot hope to solve the more obvious problems of industrial life, many of which arise directly or indirectly from the frustrations created by inequality at work, unless we tackle it head-on; still less can we hope to create a decent and humane society.The most glaring inequality is that between managers and the rest. For most managers, work is an opportunity and a challenge. Their jobs engage their interest and allow them to develop their abilities. They are constantly learning; they are able to exercise responsibility; they have a considerable degree of control over their own and others working lives. Most important of all, they have opportunity to initiate. By contrast, for most manual workers, and for a growing number of white-collar workers, work is a boring, dull, even painful experience. They spend all their working lives in conditions which would be regarded as intolerablefor themselvesby those who take the decisions which let such conditions continue. The majority have little control over their work; it provides them with no opportunity for personal development. Often production is so designed that workers are simply part of the technology. In offices, many jobs are so routine that workers justifiably feel themselves to be mere cogs in the bureaucratic machine; as a direct consequence of their work experience, many workers feel alienated from their work and their firm, whether it is in public or in private ownership.51.In the authors opinion, people tend to judge others _.A.completely by where they workB.absolutely by their amount of moneyC.to a great extent by the type of work they doD.slightly by their amount of money52.Why does the author take for a counsel of despair the opinion that workers shouldturn their attention from intolerable work to other parts of life?A.Because work is the sole focus of peoples life.B.Because work has always been important in deciding the satisfaction in life.C.Because people are not interested in other parts of life.D.Because other parts of life are similarly intolerable.53.What may be the cause of the more obvious problems of industrial life?A.The frustrations in other parts of life.B.The frustrations resulting from inequality at work.C.The indecency and inhumanity of society.D.The cruelty of most managers.54.What does work mean to most managers and workers respectively?A.Work means opportunity and challenge to both managers and workers.B.Work means responsibility to workers