新《语音》小教培训讲义.doc

英语语音及自然发音法讲义知识点1：英语语音美式音标Basic information about phonetics发音部位侧面图美式音标表单元音 双元音辅音 知识点2：自然发音法及发音组合要领No.1：a e i o u a_e e_e i_e o_e u_eAa : mat map bag cat hat fan bat appleEe:egg well red pen net hen bed bellIi: lick six bib pig pin kiss ink hillOo:ox on octopus box sock operate ostrichUu:sun umbrella cup bus nut gun uncle undercape name tape lake game make take hatethese Japanese Chinese bite five nine kite mine nice ride side rose nose rope note pose home rode those tube cube June cute huge 要领No.2：ai ay ee ea ey ie igh oa ow ui ueai: tail rain paint pain jail rail nail maid ay:bay ray way say hay pay May lay ee:reeds eel bee peel jeep feet see teethea:sea meat peanut eagle peach tea leaf peaey:donkey monkey jockey turkey monkey hockey key trolley ie:tie pie lie dieigh:right sight night tight hight fight high sighoa:road toast toad coal goat boat coat soapow:rainbow pillow yellow window bowl row hollow lowui:suit juice fruit ue:Sue blue glue true 要领No.3：ar er ir ur or ar: arm car armchair card cart farm park gardener:sister brother under rooster winter mermaid marker motherir:birthday circus dirty bird circle dirt girlur:turtle surfing turkey fur hurt purse nurseor:porch pork horse horn fort morning corn fork 要领No.4：ou ow oi oy au aw oo oo eaou:house out mouth count fountain mountain shout mouse ow:cow towel clown owl crown brown flower toweroi:coin oil point noise boil soil poison coiloy:oyster boy cowboy soy toyau:august sause sausage naughty autumn applauseaw:paw draw saw straw strawberry lawnoo:moon zoo roof rooster boots food spoon room cool fool boom foolishoo:book cook good foot look hook ea:head sweater sweat pear lead bear leather feather 要领No.5：ch sh wh ph th th kn wr mbch:beach lunch cheese bench church chicken chair cherrysh:sheep shirt ship fish dish push shoes shovelwh:whale white wheel wheat whip whistle wheelchair whisperph:photo elephant telephone trophy pharmacy alphabetth:brother feather leather father motherth:thumb three bathmat thirsty thief bath mouth teeth kn:knob knee knife knock knitwr:wrist wrinkle wrap wreath writemb:thumb lamb bomb comb crumb numb要领No.6：bl fl pl cl gl br cr gr pr fr tr drbl:blue black blouse bloom bleach blanket blonde hairfl: flat flu fly flame flute floor flag flowerpl:plane play plus planet platform plum plate plantcl:clock cloud clean clay climb close clap clowngl:glove globe glass glue glasses gliderbr:bright brook brim bride brown bread brick brothercr:crown crab cream crow crayon crocodile cry croissantgr:gray green grass grapes ground grow grandmapr:prixe price prawn press prince princess prayfr:frog frost Friday French fries fruit front friend frametr:tractor truck train tray tree triangle trunk trolleydr:dream drum dry drop draw drive dress drink要领No.7：sm sn sl sw sp st sc sk all ew ysm:smile small smell smoke smoothsn:snowman snow snore snake snail sneakers sneakers snacksl:slow slap sleep slide slope sledsw:switch swallow swan swim sweet swing sweater sweatsp:spider spaceship spinach spoon spellst:stockings store star stamp storm stick student stand sc:scarf scooter scanner scarecrow scale scorpion scoopsk:skunk skis skirt skatesall:call tall fall ball wall ew:dew few view hew new nephew newspapery: sky fly dry spy type shy cry my y :Miny sunny puppy dizzy dirty pony happy baby扩充知识点自然发音法口诀歌a a apple, b b ball, c c cat, d d dog, e e elephant, f f fishThis is phonics song, because I like that.The names of letters are A B C, the sounds of letters are a b c.g g gorilla, h h hat, i i igloo, j j jacket, k k kagroo, l l lionLets do the phonics song one more time.The names of letters are E F G, the sounds of letters are e f g.m m monkey, n n nose, o o octopus,p p pain, q q question, r r rainThis is phonics song, are you ready to say?The names of letters are N O P, the sounds of letters are n o ps s sun, t t tiger, u u umbrella,v v violin, w w watch, x x foxThis is phonics song, are you ready to write?The names of letters are R S T, the sounds of letters are r s tThe names of letters are X Y Z, the sounds of letters are x y z.y y yellow, z z zebra ,Thats the end of the phonics song.知识点3：英语语调语调（intonation），即说话的腔调，就是一句话里声调高低抑扬轻重的配制和变化。英语的基本语调包括升调（）和降调（），它们还可以组合成降升调、升降调和升降升调。用不同的语调读句子就会有不同的意思。一、 升调和降调降调：降调的基本含义是“结束”“肯定”。常见的一般陈述句、命令祈使句和特殊问句都用降调。使用降调的句子有这样的特点：1、整个句子的音调从第一个重读音节开始，从高到低，依次递降，在最后一个重读音节上语调滑落下降。2. 若最后一个重读音节后有非重读音节，则它们的语调地平。3. 若句子以非重读音节开始，则它们语调低平。4. 句子中的非重读音与它前面的重读音基本在同一音高，或略为下降。快速记忆：重读音节依次递降，句末重读降落下滑。升调：升调的基本含义是：“没有结束” ，“不肯定”。常见的一般疑问句用降调。它的特点是：1.整个句子的音调从第一个重读音节开始，从高到低，依次递降，在最后一个重读音节上语调上升。2. 若最后一个重读音节后有非重读音节，则它们依次递升。3. 若句子以非重读音节开始，则它们语调低平。4. 句中的非重读音与它前面的重读音基本在同一音高，或依次降调。快速记忆：重读音节依次递降，句末重读回升上滑。英语的语调还有降升调、升降调和升降升调。降升调在英语中也比较常用。它常表示“对比” “态度保留” “有言外之意”。升降调常表示语气强烈、惊奇、自满得意等感情。升降升调常表示自信、欢快、洋洋得意等感情。二、 常见句式的语调（一）陈述句的语调。陈述句表示陈述一件事时用降调。例：1. I understand. 2. Its difficult.3. Beijing is the capital of China. 4. There is a book on the desk.5.They are going to have a picnic. 6. The balloons are flying away.7.The birds are singing in the trees.8.Daming is having a birthday party.（二）特殊疑问句的语调。特殊疑问句一般用降调，句首的疑问词一般重读。例：1.Whats this? 2. What are you doing? 3.Who is your mother? 4. Who are they?5.Where are you going? 6. Where do you live? 练习：1.What do you want to eat? 2.How much is a hamburger?3.When are we going to eat? 4. Who can help me?5.Where is Simons mum? 6. How does Amy go to school?7.When and where was Helen Keller born?（三）感叹句的语调1.感叹句表示强烈感叹时用降调。例：What a beautiful car! What a nice day! Oh,dear! How nice is it? 2.感叹句表示惊奇时用升降调。例： A: I bought this dress for 500 dollars. B: 500 dollars!练习：1. What a big house! 2. How cool!3. How heavy the box is ! 4. How tall the man is !5. What a beautiful day today!（四）一般疑问句和答语的语调一般疑问句用升调，它的简略回答用降调。例：1. Is this your book? 2.Are you from America? Yes, it is. Yes, I am. No, it isnt. No, I am not.练习：1.Has he got a toy plane? 2. Am I going to have a birthday party? Yes, he has. Yes, you are. No, he hasnt . No, you arent.3. Is it really a dog? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. （五）选择疑问句的语调。选择疑问句的语调主要有两种：1. 在说话人所说的几项中选择时，前面的选择事项用升调，最后的一项用降调，中间的连接词如or用平调。例：Shall we walk or go by bike? 我们是走着去还是骑自行车去？Is your car blue, green, or red? 你的车是蓝色的，绿色的，还是红色的？Do you go there by bus or by taxi? 你坐公共汽车去还是坐出租车去？2.如果还有其他选择说话人没有说出来，说话人说的几项都用升调。例：Shall we walk or go by bike? 我们是走着去还是骑自行车去？Is your car blue, green, or red? 你的车是蓝色的，绿色的，还是红色的？Do you go there by bus or by taxi? 你坐公共汽车去还是坐出租车去？练习：Could you come Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday? 你周一来，还是周二、周三来？Which country would you like to go to, England, Canada, or America? 你想去哪个国家，英国、加拿大还是美国？Could you come Monday, Tuesday, or Wednesday?你周一来，还是周二、周三或是来？Which country would you like to go to, England, Canada, or America?你想去哪个国家，英国、加拿大、美国还是？（六）反意疑问句的语调反意疑问句前一部分用降调，后一部分有两种情况：1. 提问者对所提问问题没有把握，希望对方回答时用升调。例：You will go to see films, wont you ? 你是去看电影吗？They went to the library, didnt they? 他们是去图书馆吗？2. 提问者对所提的问题有很大把握，让对方证实时用降调。例： He is from China, isnt he? 他是从中国来吧？ There are over one thousand people in the hall, arent there? 大厅里有1000多人吧？练习：Daming will have a birthday party, wonthe? 大明是下个月举行生日聚会吗？He is from Canada, isnt he? 他是从加拿大来吗？Lily will study abroad , wont she? 莉莉要出国留学吧？She is from England, isnt she? 她是从英国来吧？（七）祈使句的语调1.表示命令，语气强硬的祈使句，句末用降调。 Dont open the door! 不许开门！ Dont make any mistakes! 别出差错！练习： Dont take any chances! 不要心存侥幸！ Stand up! 站起来！ Take off your coat! 脱下衣服！ Close the window! 关上窗户！2. 表示鼓励、态度亲切或客气的请求的祈使句，句末用升调： Dont worry about that. 不要担心。Help yourself, please. 请自便。Stand up, please. 请起立。练习：Come with us. 跟我来吧。Now listen to me carefully. 现在认真听我说。Give me a call. 给我打电话。Give my best to your family. 待我向你们全家问好。3. 表示恳切的请求，或责备或表示关心的急切警告时用降升调，第一个重读音节用降调，句末用升调。 Dont open the door. 不要开门。（会冷的） Dont eat so much sugar. 不要吃那么多糖。（糖对身体不好） Put your coat on. 把衣服穿上。（外面冷） （八）问候、告别、道谢与道歉时的语调问候1. 正常、客气的问候用降调。Good morning. 早上好。How are you? 你好吗？How do you do? 你好！2. 熟人、朋友互相问候时，或表示活泼、热情时用升调。Good morning. 早上好。How are you? 你好吗？告别大部分的告别都用升调。Goodbye.See you later.Good night.道谢1. 正常的感谢用降调。Thank you .Thanks a lot.Thank you very much.2. 比较随和的感谢用升调。Thanks.Thanks a lot.Thank you very much道歉道歉一般用升调或先降后升。Sorry.Im sorry.I do feel sorry for you.I am sorry Im late.三、语调进阶语调与说话人所表达的意思，态度、感情密切相关。一个句子用不同的语调来读，就表达不同的意思。如汉语说“他开会去了。”就可以有多种语调。用降调表示陈述一件事，用升调表示疑问。英语也是如此。我们前面主要讲了常见句式的基本语调。下面我们主要介绍语调变化所表达的不同意思。（一） 陈述句1. 陈述句表示疑问用升调。比较：You know. 你知道。 You know? 你知道吗？ He is a doctor. 他是医生。 He is a doctor? 他是医生吗？ He has gone to London. 他去伦敦了。 He has gone to London? 他去伦敦了吗？2.陈述句表示安慰、鼓励和友好时用升调。 A: This is the picture of my wife. B: Oh, she is pretty. A: My English is so poor. B: Dont worry. Ill help you with your English. 3. 表示观点有所保留，态度有所怀疑或犹豫，或有言外之意，下文有转折（如but）时用降升调。A: Do you like the house? 你喜欢这个房子吗？B: Its new . ( But its small) 挺新的。（但是小）A: Lets go the theatre tomorrow. 咱们明天去看电影吧。B: I cant go tomorrow . ( But another day will do ) 明天不行。（换一天可以）4. 用于纠正某人的话或表示相反意见时用降升调。A: She is a nurse. 她是护士。B: A doctor . 是医生。A: I cant finish the task. 我完不成这个任务。B: You can . 你能。（二） 特殊疑问句 1. 当提问过一次问题后，因没听清或没听懂对方的回答而又提问了一次问题时，用升调：A: When will you come back? 你什么时候回来？B: In January. 一月A: When will you come back? 你什么时候回来？A: Whats your name? 你叫什么名字？B: My name is Amy. 我叫埃米。A: Did you say your name was Amy? 你是说你叫埃米吗？2. 重复对方的问话以得到证实得疑问句用升调：A: When will the meeting begin? 会议什么时候开？B: When will the meeting begin? 会议什么时候开？ （表示你是不是问会议什么时候开始。） 3. 表示对所提问题很感兴趣的特殊疑问句常用升调。 A: I had a trip on the weekend. 我周末旅行了。 B: Where did you go ? 你去哪里了？ A: I bought a car. 我买了一辆车。 B: Whats your car like? 你的车什么样？ 4. 如果提问时表示温和的态度用升调。 How is your mother?（三） 长句的语调1. 列举并列的几项事物时，前面的事物用升调，后面的事物用降调。I like to go swimming during weekends or holidays.我喜欢周末或假期游泳。There is a book , two notebooks and a pen on the desk.桌子上有一本书，两个笔记本和一支钢笔。2. 句首状语一般为升调。After dinner Ill visit my uncle.晚饭后我要看我叔叔。Arriving at the station, we found the train gone.到了车站我们发现火车走了。When I walked into the room,the telephone rang.我走进屋子时，电话响了。3. 主语比较长或为主语从句时，用升调。What we want is plenty of time.我们需要的是充足的时间。The man carrying a box is Jacks brother.那个拿着盒子的人是杰克的哥哥。4. 并列句的两个部分意思联系紧密，前一个分句用升调，后一个分句用降调。 He opened the door and Mary walked in. 他打开门，玛丽走了进来。 The left cup is yours and the right one is mine. 左边的杯子是你的，右边的是我的。5. 并列句的两个部分联系不紧密，或具有同等重要性时，两个分句都用降调。We must start now or well be late.我们必须现在出发，不然就晚了。Ill go to America and Mary will go to Britain.我要去美国，玛丽要去英国。扩充练习小学英语主要句型分类复习指导（3-6 年级） I 询问姓名、年龄。 （复习代词） 1, -Whats your name? -你叫什么名字？ -My name is _. -我叫。 2, -How old are you? -你几岁了？ =Whats your age? -Im 12. -我十二岁。 II 询问颜色。 （复习颜色类词，颜色与心情的关系等） 1, -What colour is it? -它是什么颜色的？ -Its yellow and white. -黄白相间。 2, -What colour are they? -它们是什么颜色的？ -Theyre green. -绿色的。 III 询问数量或价钱。 （复习数词） 1, -How many kites can you see? -你可以看见几只风筝？ -I can see 12. -我可以看见十二只风筝。 2, -How many crayons do you have? -你有多少支彩笔？ -I have 16. -我有十六支。 3, -How many people are there in your family? -你家有几口人？ -Three. -三口人。 How much + 不可数名词+.？ 4, -How much is this dress? (expensive,dear/cheap ) 这件连衣裙多少钱？ = Whats the price of this dress?(high/low) -Its ninety-nine yuan. -九十九元。 5, -How much are these apples? -这些苹果多少钱？ -Theyre thirty-five yuan. -三十五元。 IV 询问时间或日期。 （分类复习时间表达，星期，月份，序数词，节日） 1, -What time is it now? -现在几点钟？ -Its nine oclock. Its time for / to have English class. -九点。该上英语课了。 Its eight oclock. Its time to go to bed. -八点。该上床睡觉了。 2, -What day is it today? -今天星期几？ -Its Monday. -星期一。 (-What do we have on Mondays? （-我们星期一上哪些课？ -We have Chinese, English, math ) -语文、英语、数学） 3, -When is your birthday? -你的生日是什么时候？ -Its October 1st, our National Day. -十月一日，国庆节。 4, -When do you do morning exercises? -你们什么时候做早锻炼？ -I usually do morning exercises at 8:30. -我们通常 8：30 做早锻炼。 V 询问方位或地方。(结合介词专项练习题) 1, -Where is my toy car? -我的玩具汽车在哪儿？ -Its here, under the chair. -在这儿，在椅子下面。 2, -Where is the canteen? -餐厅在哪儿？ -Its on the first floor. -在一楼。 3, -Where are the keys? -钥匙在哪儿？-Theyre in the door. -在门上。 4, -Excuse me. Where is the library, please? -对不起，请问图书馆在哪儿？ -Its near the post office. -在邮局附近。 5, -Where are you from? -你从哪儿来？ -Im from China. -我从中国来。 6, -Where does the rain come from? -雨是从哪儿来的？ -It comes from the clouds. -它是从云层里来的。 VI 询问想吃的东西。 （分类复习食品，饮料，水果，蔬菜，肉类词汇） 1, -What would you like for breakfast / lunch / dinner ? -你早餐/中餐/晚餐想吃点什么？ -Id like some bread and milk / rice and soup. -我想吃面包和牛奶/米饭和汤。 2, -Whats for breakfast / lunch / dinner? -早餐/中餐/晚餐吃什么？ -Hamburgers and orange juice. -汉堡包和橙汁。 3，What do you have for for breakfast / lunch / dinner ? I have. 你吃什么？ 4, What do you like for for breakfast / lunch / dinner ? I like. 你喜欢吃什么？ VII 询问天气状况。 1, -Whats the weather like in Beijing? -北京的天气如何？ =Hows the weather / in Beijing? -Its rainy today. How about New York? -今天是雨天。纽约呢？ -Its sunny and hot. -今天是晴天，天气很热。 VIII 询问身体状况或情绪。(复习患病看病，人体感觉的词汇) 1, -How do you feel? -你感觉如何？ -I feel sick. -我觉得不舒服。 2, -Whats the matter with.? -怎么了？ -My throat is sore. / I have a sore throat. -我的喉咙疼。 3, -How are you, Sarah? You look so happy. -你好吗，莎拉？你看起来这么伤心。 -I failed the math test. -我的数学考试没有通过。 IX 询问职业、身份或人物。(分类复习外貌 ，职业，性格类词汇) 1, -Whats your father / mother? -你的父亲 / 母亲是做什么的？ =What does your father/mother do？ = Whats your fathers/ mothers job? -Hes a doctor. / Shes a teacher. -他是一名医生。/ 她是一名教师。 2, -What does your mother / father do? -你的母亲 / 父亲是做什么的？ -Shes a TV reporter. / Hes a teacher. He teaches English. -她是一名电视台记者。/他是一名教师。他教英语。 3, -Whos that man / woman? -那位男士 / 女士是谁？ -Hes my father. / Shes my mother. -他是我父亲。 / 她是我母亲。 4, -Whos this boy / girl? -那个男孩儿 / 女孩儿是谁？ -Hes my brother. / Shes my sister. -他是我兄弟。 / 她是我姐妹。 5, -Whos your art teacher? -你们的美术老师是谁？ -Miss Wang. -王老师。 6,-Whats she like? -她长什么样儿？ -Shes young and thin. -她很年轻、苗条。 X 询问兴趣、喜好。 （复习季节及其特点，like doing sth） 1, -Whats your favourite food / drink? -你最喜欢的食物 / 饮料是什么？-Fish / orange juice. -鱼。 / 橙汁。 2, -Whats your favourite season? -你最喜欢的季节是什么？ -Winter. -冬天。 -Which season do you like best? -你最喜欢哪个季节？ -Winter.) -冬天。 -Why do you like winter? -你为什么喜欢冬天？ -Because I can make a snowman. -因为可以堆雪人。 3, -Whats your hobby? -你的爱好是什么？ -I like collecting stamps. -我喜欢集邮。 -Whats his hobby? -他的爱好是什么？ -He likes riding a bike. -他喜欢骑自行车。 4, -Do you like peaches? -你喜欢吃桃子吗？ -Yes, I do. / No, I dont. -喜欢。/ 不喜欢。 XI 询问平时一般或通常做的事情。 （动词单三形式的变化及时间标志词，3-6 年级的动词 词组复习汇总） 1, -What do you do on Saturdays / on the weekends? -你星期六 / 周末一般做什么？ -I usually do my homework. Sometimes I play football. -我通常做作业，有时候踢足球。 XII 询问正在做的事情。 （现在分词的变化构成及时间标志词） 1, -What are you doing? -你在做什么？ -Im doing the dishes. -我在洗盘子。 2, -Whats your father doing? -你父亲正在做什么？ -Hes writing an e-mail. -他正在写电子邮件。 3, -Whats Mike doing? -迈克正在干什么？ -Hes watching insects. -他正在观察昆虫。 4, -Whats the tiger doing? -那只老虎在干什么？ -Its running. -它在奔跑。 5, -What are the elephants doing? -那些大象在干什么？ -Theyre drinking. -它们正在喝水。 XIII 询问将要做的事情。 （将来时间标志词） 1, -What are you going to do? -你准备做什么？ -Im going to the cinema. -我准备去看电影。 -When are you going to do? -你准备什么时候去？ -This afternoon. -今天下午。 2, -Where are you going this afternoon? -今天下午你准备到哪儿去？ -Im going to the bookstore. -我准备到书店去。 -What are you going to buy? -你打算买点儿什么？ -Im going to buy a comic book. -我准备买本漫画书。 询问曾经做过或发生过的事情（复习动词过去式及时间标志词） 1、 Where did you last weekend ? 你上周末到哪儿去了？ I went to Beijing. 我去北京了。 2、How did you go there? 你怎么去的？ I went by train. 我乘火车去的。 3、 What did you do there? 你在那儿做了些什么？ I went shopping. 我去购物了。知识点4：小学英语单词教学及单词记忆小学英语单词分类表一、 学习用品（school things）pen /pen/ 钢笔 pencil /pensl/ 铅笔 pencil-case /penslkeis / 铅笔盒ruler /ru:l/ 尺子 book /buk/ 书bag /bg/ 包 post card /pust k:d/ 明信片newspaper /nju:z,peip/ 报纸schoolbag /sku:lbg/ 书包eraser / ireis / 橡皮crayon / kr