SAT写作素材推荐-智课教育出国考试.pdf

智 课 网 S A T 备 考 资 料 SAT写作素材推荐 智课教育出国考试 1 袁隆平 袁隆平 1930 农学家 杂交水稻育种专家 1953年西南农学院 农学系毕业 历任研究员 湖南杂交水稻研究中心主任 湖南农科院名 誉院长 国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心主任 1995年当选为中国工程 院院士 袁隆平长期从事杂交水稻育种理论研究和制种技术实践 196 4年首先提出培育 不育系 保持系 恢复系 三系法利用水稻杂种优 势的设想并进行科学实验 1970年 与其助手李必湖和冯克珊在海南发 现一株花粉败育的雄性不育野生稻 成为突破 三系 配套的关键 1 972年育成中国第一个大面积应用的水稻雄性不育系 二九南一号A 和相应的保持系 二九南一号B 次年育成了第一个大面积推广的强 优组合 南优二号 并研究出整套制种技术 1986年提出杂交水稻育 种分为 三系法品种间杂种优势利用 两系法亚种间杂种优势利用到一 系法远缘杂种优势利用 的战略设想 被同行们誉为 杂交水稻之父 Yuan Longping 1930 I saw rice plants as tall as Chinese sorghum said Yuan Longping of a dream he once had each ear of rice as big as a broom and each grain of rice as huge as a peanut I could hide in the shadow of the rice crops with a friend Born into a poor farmer s family in 1931 and a graduate from the Southwest Agriculture Institute in 1953 Yuan began his teaching career at an agriculture school in Anjiang Hunan Province He came up with an idea for hybridizing rice in the 1960s when a series of natural disasters and inappropriate policies had plunged China into an unprecedented famine that caused many deaths Since then he has devoted himself to the research and development of a better rice breed In 1964 he happened to find a natural hybrid rice plant that had obvious advantages over others Greatly encouraged he began to study the elements of this particular type In 1973 in cooperation with others he was able to cultivate a type of hybrid rice species which had great advantages It yielded 20 percent more per unit than that of common ones The next year their research made a breakthrough in seeding They successfully developed a set of technologies for producing indica long grained non glutinous rice putting China in the lead worldwide in rice production For this achievement he was dubbed the Father of Hybrid Rice In 1979 their technique for hybrid rice was introduced into the United States the first case of intellectual property rights transfer in the history of new China Key words agriculturist father of hybrid rice 2 约翰那什 约翰 纳什生于1928年6月13日 父亲是电子工程师与教师 第一次 世界大战的老兵 纳什小时孤独内向 虽然父母对他照顾有加 但老师 认为他不合群不善社交 纳什的数学天分大约在14岁开始展现 他在 普林斯顿大学读博士时刚刚二十出头 但他的一篇关于非合作博弈的博 士论文和其他相关文章 确立了他博弈论大师的地位 在20世纪50年代 末 他已是闻名世界的科学家了 然而 正当他的事业如日中天的时候 30岁的纳什得了严重的精神 分裂症 他的妻子艾利西亚 麻省理工学院物理系毕业生 表现出 钢铁一般的意志 她挺过了丈夫被禁闭治疗 孤立无援的日子 走过了 惟一儿子同样罹患精神分裂症的震惊与哀伤 漫长的半个世纪之后 她的耐心和毅力终于创下了了不起的奇迹 和她的儿子一样 纳什教授 渐渐康复 并在1994年获得诺贝尔奖经济学奖 如今 纳什已经基本恢复正常 并重新开始科学研究 他现在是普 林斯顿大学数学教授 但已经不再任教 学校经济学系经常会举办有关 博弈论的论坛 纳什有时候会参加 但是他几乎从不发言 每次都是静 静地来 静静地走 John Nash 1928 When the young Nash had applied to graduate school at Princeton in 1948 his old Carnegie Tech professor R J Duffin wrote only one line on his letter of recommendation This man is a genius It was at Princeton that Nash encountered the theory of games then recently launched by John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern However they had only managed to solve non cooperative games in the case of pure rivalries i e zero sum The young Nash turned to rivalries with mutual gain His trick was the use of best response functions and a recent theorem that had just emerged Kakutani s fixed point theorem His main result the Nash Equilibrium was published in 1950 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences He followed this up with a paper which introduced yet another solution concept this time for two person cooperative games the Nash Bargaining Solution NBS in 1950 A 1951 paper attached his name to yet another side of economics this time the Nash Programme reflecting his methodological call for the reduction of all cooperative games into a non cooperative framework His contributions to mathematics were no less remarkable As an undergraduate he had inadvertently and independently proved Brouwer s fixed point theorem Later on he went on to break one of Riemann s most perplexing mathematical conundrums From then on Nash provided breakthrough after breakthrough in mathematics In 1958 on the threshold of his career Nash got struck by paranoid schizophrenia He lost his job at M I T in 1959 he had been tenured there in 1958 at the age of 29 and was virtually incapicated by the disease for the next two decades or so He roamed about Europe and America finally returning to Princeton where he became a sad ghostly character on the campus the Phantom of Fine Hall as Rebecca Goldstein described him in her novel Mind Body Problem The disease began to evaporate in the early 1970s and Nash began to gradually to return to his work in mathematics However Nash himself associated his madness with his living on an ultralogical plane breathing air too rare for most mortals and if being cured meant he could no longer do any original work at that level then Nash argued a remission might not be worthwhile in the end As John Dryden once put it Great wits are sure to madness near allied And thin partitions do their bounds divide Key words economist illness Nobel price winner 3 法拉第 迈克尔 法拉第 1791 1867 是英国物理学家 化学家 也是著名的自学 成才的科学家 1791年9月22日萨里郡纽因顿一个贫苦铁匠家庭 因家 庭贫困仅上过几年小学 13岁时便在一家书店里当学徒 书店的工作使 他有机会读到许多科学书籍 在送报 装订等工作之余 自学化学和电 学 并动手做简单的实验 验证书上的内容 利用业余时间参加市哲学 学会的学习活动 听自然哲学讲演 因而受到了自然科学的基础教育 由于他爱好科学研究 专心致志 受到英国化学家戴维的赏识 1813年 3月由戴维举荐到皇家研究所任实验室助手 这是法拉第一生的转折点 从此他踏上了献身科学研究的道路 同年10月戴维到欧洲大陆作科学 考察 讲学 法拉第作为他的秘书 助手随同前往 历时一年半 先后 经过法国 瑞士 意大利 德国 比利时 荷兰等国 结识了安培 盖 吕萨克等著名学者 沿途法拉第协助戴维做了许多化学实验 这大大丰 富了他的科学知识 增长了实验才干 为他后来开展独立的科学研究奠 定了基础 法拉第主要从事电学 磁学 磁光学 电化学方面的研究 他关于磁生电的跨时代的伟大发现 使人类掌握了电磁运动相互转变以 及机械能和电能相互转变的方法 成为现代发电机 电动机 变压器技 术的基础 法拉第能够这样坚持10年矢志不渝地探索电磁感应现象 重要原因 之一是同他关于各种自然力的统一和转化的思想密切相关的 他始终坚 信自然界各种不同现象之间有着无限多的联系 也是在这一思想的指导 下 他继续研究当时已知的伏打电池的电 摩擦电 温差电 伽伐尼电 电磁感应电等各种电的同一性 1832年他发表了 不同来源的电的同 一性 论文 用大量实验论证了 不管电的来源如何 它的本性都相同 的结论 从而扫除了人们在电的本性问题认识上的种种迷雾 Faraday Michael 1791 1867 Physicist and chemist Born September 22 1791 in Newington Surrey The family soon moved to London where young Michael one of 10 children picked up the rudiments of reading writing and arithmetic At the age of 14 he was apprenticed to a bookbinder and bookseller He read ravenously and attended public lectures including some by Sir Humphry Davy Faraday s career began when Davy temporarily blinded in a laboratory accident appointed Faraday as his assistant at the Royal Institution With Davy as a teacher in analytical chemistry Faraday advanced in his scientific apprenticeship and began independent chemical studies By 1825 he discovered benzene and had become the first to describe compounds of chlorine and carbon He adopted the atomic theory to explain that chemical qualities were the result of attraction and repulsion between united atoms This proved to be the theoretical foundation for much of his future work Faraday had already done some work in magnetism and electricity and it was in this field that he made his most outstanding contributions His first triumph came when he found a solution to the problem of producing continuous rotation by use of electric current thus making electric motors possible Hans Oersted had discovered the magnetic effect of a current but Faraday grasped the fact that a conductor at rest and a steady magnetic field do not interact and that to get an induced current either the conductor or the field has to move On August 29 1831 Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction During the next 10 years Faraday explored and expanded the field of electricity In 1834 he announced his famous two laws of electrolysis Briefly they state that for any given amount of electrical force in an electrochemical cell chemical substances are released at the electrodes in the ratio of their chemical equivalents He also invented the voltammeter a device for measuring electrical charges which was the first step toward the later standardization of electrical quantities Faraday continued to work in his laboratory but his health began to deteriorate and he had to stop work entirely in 1841 Almost miraculously however his health later improved and he resumed work in 1844 He began a search for an interaction between magnetism and light and in 1845 turned his attention from electrostatics to electromagnetism He discovered that an intense magnetic field could rotate the plane of polarized light a phenomenon known today as the Faraday effect In conjunction with these experiments he showed that all matter conducts the magnetic line of force Objects that were good conductors he called paramagnetics while those that conducted the force poorly he named diamagnetics Thus the energy of a magnet is in the space around it not