初中英语词汇知识汇总.doc

（一）名词1.教案课题语法1课型新授具体内容名词第课时2课时教学目标1、掌握名词的分类、数、所有格、句法功能等相关知识2、能通过自己归纳总结与名词有关的法语规则3、能灵活按照语法规则使用名词教学重点掌握名词的分类、数、所有格、句法功能等相关知识，并能灵活使用教学难点名词变复数的不规则变化，名词所有格的变化形式教学方法引导探究法教具准备PPT教学过程教学过程教学过程一、复习旧知1复习十大词类：英语中有哪些此类呢？（名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、冠词、介词、连词、叹词）2.英语中使用最多的是什么词呢？（英语中使用最多的是名词和动词，其次是形容词、副词、代词、数词、冠词、介词、连词、叹词）那么今天我们一起学习名词。二、导入1、大家知道什么是名词吗？随便说几个名词。（pen, table, blackboard）三、名词的分类类别意义例词专有名词表示人、地方、事物、机构、组织等名称China, the Great Wall,普通名词可数名词个体名词表示个体的人或事物的词dictionary, pencil, table集体名词表示一群人或一些事物的词family, police, class, group不可数名词物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料的词rice, glass, water, paper抽象名词表示状态、品质、行为、感情等抽象概念的词Health, love, interest四、可数名词的复数形式（一）名词复数构成形式的部分规则变化：情况构成方式例词一般情况加-scake-cakes; bed-beds以-s,-x,-sh,-ch等结尾的词加-esbus-buses; box-boxes; watch-watches以辅音字母加-y结尾的词变y为i,加-esbaby-babies; city-cities以元音字母加-y结尾的词加-stoy-toys; monkey-monkeys以f(fe)结尾的词变f(fe)为vesleaf-leaves; life-lives不规则变化改变单数名词中的元音字母man-men; woman-women; foot-feet; tooth-teeth单复数形式相同fish; sheep; deer; Chinese; Japanese其他形式mouse-mice（二）某国人变复数1、中国人a Chinese- Chinese2、英国人an Englishman- Englishmen3、阿拉伯人an Arab- Arabs口诀：中日不变英法变，其余s加后面（三）以-o结尾的名词，有些在词尾加-es,它们是“黑人英雄爱吃土豆”。如：Negro- Negroes hero- heroes而一般在词尾加-s。如：zoo-zoos radio-radios（四）man teacher-men teachers boy student-boy students五、名词所有格（一）名词所有格表示名词之间的所有关系。两种表示形式：s所有格和of所有格。BeijingisChinas capital.Beijingis the capital ofChina.（二）用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系，这是只在最后一个名词后加s。This isMary and her sistersbedroom.这是玛丽和她姐姐的房间。用and连接两个并列名词，表示分别拥有各自的物品时，两个名词都在词尾加s。These areToms and Marysbags.这些是汤姆和玛丽的包。（三）以-s结尾的名词，在s后加“”；不以s结尾的词在词尾加s教师节Teachers Day儿童节 Childrens Day六、不可数名词的数表示方法：数词或冠词+计量名词+of+不可数名词apiece of news一则新闻apiece of advice一条建议apiece of bread一片面包apiece of work一份工作七、总结下课，课后练习今天复习了名词的相关知识，包括名词的分类，可数名词的复数变化，名词所有格以及不可数名词，课后完成名词的相关作业。板书设计名词2.讲解一、名词的分类名词可分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。1.普通名词又可分为：(1)个体名词。如：cup, desk, student等。一般可数，有单复数形式。(2)集体名词。如：class, team, family等。一般可数，有单复数形式(3)物质名词。如：rice, water, cotton等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。(4)抽象名词。如：love, work, life等。一般不可数，没有单复数之分。2.专有名词：如：China, Newton, London等。二、名词的数(一)可数名词的复数形式的构成规则1.一般情况下在名词的词尾加s，如：book books, pencil, pencils.2.以-s, -x, -ch, -sh结尾的名词加-es，其读音为iz。如：bus buses, box boxes, watch watches, dish dishes等。3.以-y结尾的名词：(1)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词，把y改为i再加es，读音为iz，如：factory factories, company companies等。2)以“元音字母+y”结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾，直接在词尾加-s，读音为z。如：key keys, Henry Henrys等。4.以-f和-fe结尾的名词：(1)变-f或-fe为v再加-es，读音为vz。如：thief thieves, wife wives, half halves等。(2)直接在词尾加-s，如：roof roofs，gulf gulfs，chief chiefs，proof proofs等。(3)两者均可。如：handkerchief handkerchiefs或handkerchieves.5.以-o结尾的名词：(1)以“辅音字母+o”结尾的名词后直接加-es，读音为z。如：hero heroes, potato potatoes, tomato tomatoes等。(二)不规则名词的复数形式1.改变单数名词中的元音字母或其他形式。如：man men, woman women, tooth teeth, foot feet, mouse mice, child children等。2.单复数形式相同。如：sheep, deer, fish等，以及由汉语音译表示度量、币制等单位的名词。如：yuan.另外以-ese或-ss结尾的表示民族的名词也一样同形。如：Chinese, Japanese, Swiss等。以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s.如：Americans, Asians, Russians, Australians, Italians, Germans等。注意：Englishman Englishmen, Frenchman Frenchmen.3.复合名词的复数形式：(1)在词末加-(e)s，如：afternoons, housewives等。(2)把主体名词变成复数形式。如：lookers-on (旁观者)，passers-by (过路人)等。(3)由man或woman作为第一部分的复数名词，两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如：man driver men drivers, woman doctor women doctors等。(三)几种特殊的复数形式的名词1.有些表示由两部分构成的东西和部分学科的名词总以复数的形式出现。如：glasses (眼镜)，shorts (短裤)，mathematics (数学)，physics (物理学)，politics (政治学)等。2.有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如：papers (文件)，manners (礼貌)，goods (货物)，times (时代)，conditions (环境；情况)等。3.有些名词在习惯用语中一定要用复数形式。如：make friends with (与交朋友)，shake hands with (与握手)等。四)不可数名词1.物质名词和抽象名词多为不可数名词。如：luggage, milk, rice, soup, water, money, meat等。注意：不可数名词在表示量的时候需要用上适当的量词，当数词大于1时，量词须变为复数。如：a piece of advice(一条建议) five pieces of advice (五条建议)，a bag of rice (一袋大米) three bags of rice (三袋大米)。可数名词的量也可以用适当的量词来表达。2.不可数名词的转化(1)物质名词表示种类或具体事物时则成为可数名词。如：glass (玻璃) a glass (一个玻璃杯)，tea (茶) two teas (两杯茶)，ice (冰) three ices (三个冰淇淋)。(2)抽象名词具体化时也可成为可数名词。如：beauty (美丽) a beauty (一个美人)，youth (青春) a youth (一个青年)。(3)表示具体事物的可数名词，用于表示抽象或物质意义是，便转化为不可数名词。如：a room (一个房间) room (空间)，a chicken (一只小鸡) chicken(鸡肉)。三、名词的所有格(一) s所有格的构成1.表示有生命的东西的名词，所有格一般在名词后加s，其构成形式如下：(1)一般单数名词后加s.如：my brothers book，Jacks cat，the girls pen等。(2)以-s或-es结尾的复数名词的所有格，只需在名词右上方加“”。如：girls，teachers等。注意：在不规则复数名词后，要加s.如：womens clothes.(3)以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，以读音z结尾的，一般在名词右上方加“”，也可加s，其读音分别为z和iz。如：Dickens / Dickenss book.注意：若不以读音z结尾则仍用s.如：Rosss book.(4)复合名词或词群的所有格的词尾s加在后面的名词之后。如：the President of the United Statess car美国总统的汽车。注意：当出现同位语时，s一般加在同位语后。如：This is my sister Marys bag.这是我妹妹玛丽的包。(5)如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只在后一个名词词尾加s，如果不是共有的，两个名词都要加s.如：Tom and Peters room汤姆和彼得的房间(共有)Toms and Peters rooms汤姆的房间和彼得的房间(不共有)(6)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时，常在名词后加上s代表全称。如：at the doctors = at the doctors office在诊所(7)在one及one / body和some，any，no，every结合起来的复合词后。如：someones book.这些代词和else连用，s应加在else后。如：somebody elses pencil.2.表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的名词，也可以在词尾后加s或“”以构成所有格。如：todays news，ten minutes drive，Chinas industry等。(二)“of +名词”所有格无生命的名词的所有格，通常用“of+名词”的结构来表示。如：the windows of the room（房间的窗户），the cover of the dictionary（词典的封面）。(三)双重所有格1.双重所有格的概念及用法(1)表示部分概念，of短语修饰的名词前通常有表示数量的限定词，如：a，an，one，two，some，several，a few，many，any，no等。This is a picture of mine.这是我的一张照片。(2)双重所有格与of所有格的不同。如：He is a friend of your fathers.他是你父亲的一个朋友。(强调你父亲的朋友不止一个)He is a friend of your father.他是你父亲的朋友。(强调他是你父亲的好友)3.练习1.( ) 1 She was very happy. She_in the maths test.A. makes a few mistake B. made a few mistakesC. made few mistakes D. makes few mistake( ) 2 We need some more_. Can you go and get some, please?A. potato B. potatos C. potatoes D. potatoe( ) 3 _are_for cutting things.A. Knife/used B. Knives/used C. Knife/using D. Knives/using( ) 4 What big_ the tiger has!A. tooth B. teeth C. tooths D. toothes( ) 5 Please remember to give the horse some tree_.A. leafs B. leaves C. leaf D. leave( ) 6 -Can we have some _?-Yes, please.A. banana B. oranges C.apple D. pear( ) 7 On the table there are five_.A. tomatos B. piece of tomatoes C. tomatoes D. tomato2.( ) 1 They got much _ from those new books.A. ideas B. photos C. information D. stories( ) 2 He gave us_ on how to keep fit.A. some advices B. some advice C. an advice D. a advice( ) 3 When we saw his face, we knew_ was bad.A. some news B. a news C. the news P. news( ) 4 What_ lovely weather it is!A. / B. the C. an D. a3.( ) 1 -Would you like_tea?-No, thanks. I have drunk two_.A. any, bottles of orange B. some, bottles of orangeC. many, bottles of oranges D. few, bottle of oranges( ) 2 He is hungry. Give him _ to eat.A. two breads B. two piece of breadC. two pieces of bread D. two pieces of breads( ) 3 It really took him:_ to draw the nice horse.A. sometimes B. hour C. long time D. some time( ) 4 I would like to have_A. two glasses of milk B. two glass of milk IC. two glasses of milks D. two glass of milks( ) 5 Can you give me _?A. a tea B. some cup of tea C. a cup tea D. a cup of tea( ) 6 Please give me _ paper. A. one B. a piece C. a D. a piece of( ) 7 John bought_for himself yesterday.A. two pairs of shoes B. two pair of shoe C. two pair of shoes D. two pairs shoes4.( ) 1 -How many _ have you got on your farm?-Ive got five.A. sheeps B. sheep C. pig D. chicken( ) 2 Some _ came to our school for a visit that day.A. Germans B. Germen C. Germany D. Germanies( )3 Inthe picture there are many_ and two.A. sheep; foxes C. sheeps; foxesB. sheeps; fox D. sheep;foxs( )4 Agroup of_ will visit the museum tomorrow.A. Hungarian B. Australian C. JapaneseD. American5.( ) 1 This table is made of_.A. many glass B. glasses C. some glasses D. glass( ) 2 -What would you like to have for lunch, sir?-Id like_. !A. chicken B. a chicken C. chickens D. the chicken( ) 3 Children should make_ for old people in a bus.A. room B. a room C. rooms D. the room6.( ) 1 Tables are made of_.A. wood B. some woods C. wooden D. woods( ) 2 I wonder why _ are so interested in action (武打片) films.A. people B. peoples C. the people D. the peoples( ) 3I have read_ of the young writer.A. works B. work C. this works D. the works7.( ) 1 Lets meet at 7: 30 outside the gate of_?A. the Peoples Park B. the Peoples ParkC. the People Park D. Peoples Park) 2 _ Chinese people are _ hard working people.A. /; a B. We; the C. The; the D. The; a( ) 3 How many were there in the street when the accident happened?A. policeman B. polices C. police D. peoples8.( ) 1 If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller_.A. set B. one C. piece D. pair( ) 2 Last week I bought a TV_.A. pair . B. set C. piece D. block( ) 3 There is a of wood left on the ground.A. cup B. piece , C. box D. pair9.( ) 1 There are sixty-seven_ in our school.A. womens teacher B. women teachers C. woman teachers D. women teacher( ) 2 There are five_in our factory.A. woman driver B, women driver C. woman drivers D. women drivers( ) 3 These _ were sent to the villages to help the farmers.A. women doctor B. women doctors C. woman doctors D. woman doctor10.( ) 1 They write most of their_ in English.A. business letter B. business letters C. businesses D. businesses letters( ) 2 We came to a _ at last .and went in.A. watch shop B. watches shop ,C. watching shop D. watchs shop( ) 3 This shop sells apples, bananas and things like these. Its a_.A. food shop B. book shop C. fruit shop D. vegetable shop( ) 4 She broke a_while she was washing up.A. glass of wine B. glass for wine C. glass wine D. wine glass( ) 5 Ive forgotten both of the_.A. room numbers . B. rooms number C. rooms numbers D. room number11.1. September 10th is_inChina.A. Teachers Day B. TeachersDay C. Teacher Day D. Teachers Day( ) 2 -Is the broom under _ desk? -No, its under_.A. the teachers; my B. teachers; mine C. teachers; me D. the teachers; mine( ) 3 Excuse me, where is the_?A. mens room B. mens room C. mens rooms D. men rooms12.( ) 1 The football under the bed is_.A. Lily and Lucy B. Lilys and Lucys C. Lilys and Lucy D. Lily and Lucys( ) 2 This is my_dictionary.A. sister Mary B. sisters C. sister, Marys D. sisters Marys( ) 3 He went to _ shop to buy a shirt.A. a tailor B. the tailor C. a tailors D. the tailors( ) 4 Joan is_.A. Marys and Jack sister B. Mary and Jacks sisterC. Mary and Jack sister D. Marys and Jacks sister13.( )1 Ina few_ time, those mountains will be covered with trees.A. year B. years C. years D. years( ) 2 Its about _ walk from my house.A. ten minute B. ten minutes C. ten minutes D. ten minutes( ) 3 The post office is a bit far from here. Its about_.A. thirty minutess walk B. thirty minutes walkC. thirty minutes walk D. thirty minutes walk( ) 4 Half_ telephone calls are made in English.A. the world B. world C. the worlds D. worlds14.( ) 1 _ face to the south.A. Windows of the room B. The windows of the roomC. The rooms windows D. The windows in room( ) 2 Please take two_.A. picture of the park B. pictures of the parkC. the pictures of a park D. picture of a park( ) 3 The workers are repairing_.A. the roof of the house B. a roof of the houseC. roof of the house D. this roof of house15.( ) 1 Miss Smith is a friend of_.A. Marys mothers B. Marys mother C. mothers of Mary D. Mary mothers( ) 2 This is a book of _.A. Tom B. Toms C. her D. him( ) 3 The post card is sent by _.A. a friend of my father B. a friend of my fathersC. my father friend D. my father friends16.( ) 1Sydneyis a city of_.A. America B.GermanyC. Australia D. Japan( ) 2 My father likes buying us _.A. cars B. flowers C. peasants D. presents( )3 InEngland, the last name is the _.A. full name B. family name C. middle name D. given name( ) 4 Mr Gao is a teacher. He works in a new_.A. shop B. school C. factory D. hospital17.( ) 1 My father is a_. He works in a hospital.A. teacher B. doctor C. farmer D. soldier( ) 2 -Which animal lives only inChina?-The_.A. tiger B. monkey C. panda D. elephant( ) 3 April come before_and after_.A. March; May B. May; MarchC. June; May D. March; February( ) 4 Which of the following is right?A. China has a large population. B. China has much population.C. China has many populations. D.Chinahas a great deal of population.( ) 5 Please do like this. Fold the paper_ and cut along the fold.A. into pieces B. in half C. on halves D. to half( ) 6 You played the violin wonderfully. Will you please play another_?CA.one B. game C. programme D. piece参考答案：1. 1-7 CC B B B B C 2. 1-4 CB C A3. 1-7 B C D A D D A 4. 1-4 B A A C5. 1-3 D A A 6. 1-3 AA D7. 1-3 AD C 8. 1-3 D B B9. 1-3 B D B 10. 1-5 B A C D A11. 1-3 B D A 12. 1-4 D C C B13. 1-4 B B C C 14. 1-3 B B A15. 1-3 AB B 16. 1-4 CD B B 17. 1-6 B C B A B D（二）动词1.教案【目标】掌握动词的种类情况。掌握动词不定式的用法。【课前准备】要求学生对所学动词进行归类记忆。【知识要点】（一）动词的种类动词是表示动作或状态的词，按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。1行为动词行为动词可分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)，及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，后跟宾语；不及物动词表示动作或状态，有完整的词义，能单独作谓语，但后面不能直接跟宾语，如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。如：More and more people study English.(vt)The students are listening to the teacher carefully.(vi)2连系动词连系动词本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell等。如：Our country is becoming stronger and stronger.It feels damp. 3助动词助动词本身无词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定，疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征，助动词有be,do,have,shall,will等。如：How do you usually come to school?The children are playing yo-yo now. 4情态动词情态动词本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare等。如：Can I help you?- Must we go now? No, you neednt .a. can与be able to的用法有所区别。can只用于一般现在时和过去时，指本身有能力的“能”；be able to用于各种时态均可，指须经过努力而“能”。b. must与have/has to的用法。must表示说话人主观认为“必须”，只用于一般现在时和一般将来时；have/has to表示客观需要，意为“不得不”，它可用于各种时态。cneed和dare既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。（二）动词不定式动词不定式to do没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能独立作谓语，但可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语，又可以在句子中作宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、主语、表语等。但它毕竟是动词，因此，具有动词的许多特点，如它可以有自己的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。1作主语。 如：To learn English is very important.但实际上不定式作主语常用it来作形式主语，而将不定式移至谓语动词后作真正的主语。如上句可表达为：Its very important to learn English. 2作表语。 如：My idea is to ring him up at once. 3作宾语。 如：I have decided to go toBinjiangPrimary School. 4作宾语补足语。a. ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：The policemen asked him to get off the bus.b. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to等动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。如：We often see Miss Li clean the classroom.c. let, make, have这些使役动词后接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带to的都须带上to。如：In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night.d.动词help接动词不定式作宾语补足语，可带to也可不带to。如：Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag? 5作定语。a.与被修饰词有动宾关系。如：I have something important to tell you.但如果不定式动词为不及物动词，后面的介词千万不要省略。如：Maybe they have three rooms to live in.b.与被修饰词有主谓关系。如：Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave.c.与被修饰之间只有修饰关系。如：I have no time to play cards. 6作状语，表示目的、原因、方法、方向、结果等。如：Ill go to meet my friend at the railway station. 7不定式复合结构“for sb. to do sth”作主语时，常用“It is +adj+ forof sb. to do sth”的句式。形容词good, bad, polite, unkind, kind, ice, clever,right, wrong, careful等用“It is +adj +of sb. to do sth.”其他形容词用for。如：Its dangerous for you to ride so fast.Its very kind of you to help me. 8动词不定式与疑问句who, what, which, when, how, where, whether等连用。如：I dont know when to start.He didnt tell me where to go.但上面结构相当于一个从句，故上述句子也可表达为：I dont know when well start.He didnt tell me where he would go. 注意：a.有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式，只能接动词的-ing形式。如：enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss(错过),be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, practise等。如：The peasants are busy picking apples.Would you mind my opening the door?b.有些动词后可接不定式，也可接动词的-ing形式，但意思不同。如：Lu Jian forgot to post the letter.(该寄但还没做)Lu Jian forgot posting the letter.(已经寄过信了)They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作)They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作)2.讲解知识点一、动词分类1、表动作状态的词叫做动词，根据其在句中的功能，动词可分为四类：实义动词(NotionalVerb)、系动词(LinkVerb)、助动词(AuxiliaryVerb)、情态动词(ModalVerb)，有些动词是兼类词1)Wearehavingameeting.2)HehasgonetoNewYork.2、根据是否带有宾语，可分为两类：及物动词(TransitiveVerb)、不及物动词(IntransitiveVerb)，同一动词有时可用作及物动词，有时可用作不及物动词1)Shecandanceandsing.2)ShecansingmanyEnglishsongs.3、根据是否受主语人称和数的限制，分两类：限定动词(FiniteVerb)、非限定动词(Non-finiteVerb)，英语中共有三种非限定动词：动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)1)Shesingsverywell.2)ShewantstolearnEnglishwell.4、根据动词的组成形式，可分为三类：单字词(One-WordVerb)、短语动词(PhrasalVerb)、动词短语(VerbalPhrase)1)TheEnglishlanguagecontainsmanyphrasalverbsandverbalphrases.2)Studentsshouldlearntolookupnewwordsindictionaries.5、动词有五种形态：原形(Ori