简单句和并列句(二).ppt

A New English Grammar,Vice Professor Gan Daixia 2010.3,简单句和并列句 一. 简单句 只有一个主谓结构的独立分句叫简单句。在简单句中，主语和谓语可以由一个词或短语充当，也可以由两个或两个以上的词或短语充当，组成并列的主语或并列的谓语。除了主语和谓语外，简单句中还可以有宾语、定语、状语和补语。,1 简单句基本句型： Bird fly. The early bird catches the worm. They are birds of a feather. I heard the birds singing merrily. She bought the bird a cage.,2 简单句的扩展 -（1）主语的扩展 不定式： His efforts to carry out the task is admirable. Her reluctance to do it troubles us. The items to be included in the plan will be discussed at the meeting. Decision has been made to build another temple in the hill. A lot of magazines for women to read have been published. Theres no reason for her to refuse it.,分词： The room facing the yard is her study. The book being studied is a classical novel. The student, scolded by the teacher, is her brother. The letter written in the eighteenth century is now very valuable.,with 结构： A woman with a baby in her arm entered the room. An old man with some teeth missing was sitting under the tree. Along the road she saw all kinds of flowers with their heads nodding in the wind.,并列主语： Fame, money and position are what he aspires. Playing football and dancing are his favorites. To die or not to die is the question.,同位语： Every one, me included, would rather have coffee. Animals, particularly pandas, hold much attention to children. The questions, chiefly questions about the adventure, were asked by the students. His aim, to realize his early dream, will be achieved. His only hobby, going fishing, has brought him a lot of benefits.,(2) 谓语的扩展： 不定式： She appeared to have suffered a lot. He will never get to understand it. He doesnt seem to be interested in it. You are supposed to return it in two days time. It is meant to give her a warning. He is said to have gone abroad. The old are to be respected.,并列成分: She neither hates nor loves him. He may and should do it for her. She waited and waited and waited. The girl smiled, or rather laughed.,空间状语: An old pine tree stood in front of his house. Mongolia lies on the north of China. The bus is running eastwards. The plane will fly the whole distance.,方式状语: He faces the accident calmly. She entered the room nervously. He did the work in a casual way. He cooked in the English style. He posted the letter air mail. They dressed the boy cowboy style.,分词: He was gazing into the distance, lost in thought. He sat on a huge rock, with his gun laid by. Considering his age, the work is well done. Meeting anywhere else, they wouldnt have recognized each other.,Given more time, we could do it well. Having been discouraged by the failure, he lost heart. Not having heard from him, she became worried.,独立主格: She held her daughter, tears streaming down her face. With only one hour to go, they quickened their steps. So many people being absent, they cancelled the meeting. With his heart beating fast, he slowed down. Her son having left, she lives alone in the house. No food left, he had to go begging.,介词短语: She did it for her own good. In case of fire, call the police. With your help, I am sure to succeed. But for the advice, he would have gone astray. In the event of snow, the match will be cancelled. He did all this with a view to making her happy.,程度状语: She obviously enjoys the music. I partially agree with him. He hates her a great deal. It doesnt matter in the least. She kind of likes him. He all but fell over the ship. She little cares about what happens to him. I fully agree with you. He wounded her deeply.,评述状语： To make a long story short, she lost the ring. Frankly, I dont like it. Quite honestly, he is not qualified for the jobs. Rightly, he helped her at that time. To my amazement, he won the gold medal.,(3) 表语的扩展 1）be + 形容词 + 不定式 eager, prepared, amazed, unable, contented, sorry, sure, liable, determined, keen, reluctant, lucky, ready, anxious, apt, hesitant, mad, friendly, pride, crazy, polite 如： She is willing to lend me the money. He is stupid to say that. She is pleased to see him back. He is grieved to hear the news.,2) be + 形容词 + 不定式 Nice, useful, ready, dangerous, fit, pleasant, convenient, sufficient, cheap, awkward, easy, expensive, horrible, simple, hard awful, amusing, impossible, strange, funny, interesting, extraordinary 如： The essay is difficult to read. Her words are hard to understand. The water is not fit to drink.,比较： The river is not safe to swim. The river is not safe to swim in. She is pleasant to talk. She is pleasant to talk with.,3) be + 形容词 + to（to 为介词） 如：similar, equal, dear, close, respectful, sensitive, true, superior, inferior, loyal, sincere, kind, due, accustomed, subject He is blind to his own mistake. She is indifferent to such trifles. He is opposed to the plan.,4) be + 形容词 + at clever, pleased, no good, good, surprised, brilliant, better, astonished, puzzled, angry, bad, delighted. He is not expert at English. I am disgusted at his words. She is alarmed at the sound.,5) be + 形容词 + with familiar, uneasy, sick, concerned, busy, content, furious, filled, satisfied, occupied, comfortable, disappointed He is bored with the man. She is seized with a bad cold. He is strict with children.,6) be + 形容词 +of full, fond, tired, sure, ashamed, aware, capable, guilty, proud, short I am convinced of his honesty. She is worthy of the praise. He is scared of the snake.,7) be + 形容词 + about happy, worried, reasonable, frightened, glad He is annoyed about the matter. He is mad about money. She is aggrieved about the case.,8) be + 形容词 + from different, absent, distant The village is remote from here. He is free from the duty. It is far from being true.,9) be + 形容词 + in He is confident in the work. She is absorbed in the book. The boy is weak in math.,10) be + 形容词 + on severe, keen, bent, based, dependent He is hard on the boy. She is intent on the job. He is reliant on his father.,4. 插入语 介词插入语，形容词插入语，副词插入语， 分词插入语，不定式插入语，短语插入语 The man, I think, does not deserve the prize. The drink is rather refreshing, I suppose. History, we know, is apt to repeat itself. These are the men who I feel confident will do great things.,The book I have read only a part of it is among the best sellers. Then I discovered, what was news to me, his wife was the kings sister. He went to the meeting and, what was worse, insisted on speaking.,there be 句型的用法 (1)there + 情态动词 + be（可以用一般时态或完成时态） There might be drinks if you wait a moment. There might have been an accident. There hasnt been any rain for some days.,(2) There + appear / seem to be There seems to be no reason for changing our plan. There appear to be several different ways to settle the problem. There doesnt seem to have been any difficulty over the matter.,(3) There + live / there +come live / exist / remain / lie / stand / appear / belong / seem / happen 表示状态 There come arise / appear / enter / follow / occur / rise / live / reach / arrive / run / fly /go / break / take place 表示动作,Do you think there remains nothing to be done? Suddenly there entered a woman asking for help. There arose the question of how to persuade him into adopting our proposal. There followed an uncomfortable silence.,There once occurred an earthquake in the area. There runs a river in the distance. There came to his mind a beautiful face. Suddenly there entered a tall man all in white. There took place a five-day strike.,(4) There is no + 动名词 表示“不可能， 无法”， 相当于it is impossible + 不定式结构。 动名词做主语。 There is no accounting for habits. There is no bearing with such a rude man. There is no saying when the war will end.,There is no knowing when he can finish writing the book. There is no predicting when there will be an earthquake. There is no arguing that what he said is true. He is rude and selfish, there is no denying it. There is no holding back the wheel of history. There is no hiding of evil but not to do it. There is no joking about it.,(5) There + is likely (certain / sure / going / bound / used) + to be There is going to be a heavy snow. Theres to be an investigation. Theres sure to be some rain tonight. There used to be a book stone on the corner.,6. There be + 过去分词 There are said to be troops on the road. There was expected to be some discussion. There was hold a splendid banquet last night. There was meant to be another conversation. There was thought to be no oil in this area.,7. there is on point in + 动名词 There is no point in making the same suggestions. There is no use in trying to dissuade him. 8. there has to be 表示“一定，必须”， There has to be some reasons. There has to be / has got to be some trouble. There has to be an investigation.,9. there is no question 是“无疑”还是“可能” 后跟that 从句或but that从句时，意义为“无疑， 毫无疑问” There is no question that they will win the match. There is no question but that it is true. There can be no question that he is right.,后跟of或about短语时，表示“毫无疑问”或“可能性” There is no question of her guilt. There is no question about his honesty. There is really no question about that. There is no question of escape. There is no question of success if you dont do your best.,There is no question of + 动名词 表示“可能” There will be no question of walking through the forest. There is no question of her marrying you. There is no question of their paying all the money.,二并列句 1 and表示平行、顺接、转折、让步、对照、因果、评注等 He closed the window, turned off the light and left the room. Her brother is an engineer and her sister is a painter. She did a good job, and so she deserved to be praised.,He tried hard, and he failed to get it done on time. Alice is clever and Jane is dull. He didnt come to the party, and thats a pity. One more word and Ill knock you flat. He cant keep the flowers alive and he has watered them well, too.,at onceand意义为“既又” He is at once a poet and a statesman. He was at once detested and despised. 比较： I dont know A and B. I dont know A or B. I know A, but not B.,2 but 和yet 表示转折或对照（但是，然而）都可以翻译成“但是”，有区别： But 是并列连词，而yet 可以做并列连词或副词， 不可以说and but, 但可以说and yet, but yet. But 不可以放在句尾，而yet 可以； But 表示对照或对立时，一般多比较轻松自然，而yet 表示对应或对照时，则往往比较强烈，时常出人意料。,But 在某些习语中不可以用yet替代。 She is American but she speaks Chinese very fluently. She is American, yet she knows little about American history. 比较：This is strange and yet true. This is strange and but true. A: Lets have another try. B: But how?,3. neverbut 意为:when always It never rains but it pours. I never see the picture but I think of my college years.,not such but, so but 或否定主语 + be + so + but 句型中but 相当于that not He is not such a fool but he knows it. No task is so hard but (/ but that) he can accomplish it.,I do not doubt but (/ but that) I do not deny but (/ but that) It is not impossible but (but that)句型 He didnt doubt but that snow would shortly fall. I do not deny but that it is a wise decision. There is no doubt but that he is guilty.,and yet和 but yet是 yet的变体：indeedbut, it is truebut，To be sure but, on the contrary, on the other hand. She is vain, and yet people like her. I have given him all he asked for, but yet he is still not satisfied. Its true she is beautiful, but she is rather selfish.,To be sure hes a nice person, but he is not very clever. Indeed she tried hard, but she did not succeed. He loves her indeed, but he dare not propose marriage to her.,while, whereas He likes sports, while Id rather collect stamps. Wise men seek after truth while / whereas fools despise knowledge. You can wear out iron shoes in fruitless search, whereas you may hit on what you need without even looking for it.,or Wear your coat or youll catch cold. Do it yourself or ask somebody else to do it. Shes a student or something. He left the key in the classroom or somewhere. It costs a hundred dollars or so. Money or no money, she has made up her mind to do the experiment.,as well as 做并列连词 = not onlybut also, no less than 比较: He is a statesman as well as a scholar. He is no less a statesman than a scholar. He is not only a scholar but also a statesman. He has experience as well as skill. He has no less experience than skill. He has not only skill but also experience. As well as = and as well (侧重后项),比较： He needs to develop his reading, and his writing as well. He needs to develop his writing as well as his reading. He needs to develop not only his reading but also his writing.,在否定句中，as well as 的位置不同，句子的意义往往有很大的差异。 He, as well as she, will not come. He will not come as well as she. Henry