英语宝典试用版.doc

前言(Foreword)-之高中提高版有田不耕仓廪虚，有书不读子孙愚。梅花香自苦寒来，宝剑锋从磨砺出。带着耕耘的甘苦，怀着收获的喜悦，这本英语宝典（之高中提高版）终于问世了。如果说，面对无数的英语学习参考资料，你还在犹豫徘徊，那么，英语宝典（之高中提高版），定会让你眼睛为之一亮。如果说英语宝典（之初高中衔接版）为你高中的英语学习夯实了基础，那么这本“提高版”无疑会让你使用英语语法的能力产生一个质的飞跃，从而让你在通往理想的道路上步步为“赢”，无往不胜。看着你们日夜劳碌的背影，我们不曾也不敢有过丝毫的懈怠，而是以更加审慎的态度为广大英语学习者继续打造了这本英语宝典。它是对初高中衔接版知识的拓展和延伸。该书旨在提高英语学习者对考点的把握和运用的能力，用高考真题导入，考点清晰、全面，每一章都有知识讲解、例句、历年真题及详解，让英语学习者有效突破该部分的重难点。它最大的亮点在于：一是所有的例题都可作练习或自测用；二是章法这一块很有特色，教你如何开头和结尾，如何选择最佳的表达，怎样谋篇布局，还有各种文体的写作模式，都一应俱全。在这里，我们可以这样说：英语宝典（之高中提高版）凝结了一线教师的全部智慧和无数心血。梅花的香郁，宝剑的锋利是我们几十年的修炼和积累。对于你学习英语的学生，请一定记住“Practice makes perfect.”。 任何一本语法书都有它的独到之处。只要系统研读定会有所收获。而我们的宝典系列，由浅至深的编排体系更适合你对英语语法的吸收和运用。从词法到句法，再到章法，无不彰显出本宝典的匠心独运。我们有理由相信：宝典二本在手，学习英语不愁！让我们一起走进本宝典，了解它为我们展示的别样风采：1编排科学，符合认知规律 我们知道，任何一种教辅书都是学习者案头的工具书，是课堂之内的一种补充，课堂之外的一种营养添加剂，所以我们充分考虑学习者的认知规律，对章节板块内容进行科学的设计。如学海导航以历年真题的形式科学地为读者引出了本板块的考点，让你对本板块的学习有更强的目标性；定义和分类让你对本板块所讲语法有一个较为基本的清晰认识；用法和难点突破是本书的重头戏，难点突破是学习者们对本板块知识常感头疼的地方，我们以更为科学的形式为你拨开云雾，让你有一种得之是渔而不是鱼的享受；真题再现和练习部分更是我们为各类学习者量身定做的一道美味佳肴，试题均是分级编排，这样就能满足不同层次学习者的学习需求。2紧扣考点，抓牢难点 全书内容涵盖了英语基础知识和高考考点的所有内容。从词法到句法，再到章法一应俱全。每部分均分五大板块：学海导航、定义和分类、用法、难点突破、分级训练。其中，难点突破是每一板块知识常被考查的地方，同时又是学习过程中“屡教不改”的顽症。我们采用对知识的纵向比较，进行全方位的会诊，让你学后有一种如释重负的感觉，清新而爽朗。3定位恰当，有的放矢 编者深入研究了教育部考试中心历年所作的高考英语试题分析，并结合多年的一线教学实践经验，以“重基础考查，突能力提升”为理念组织编写本宝典。4讲解详细，易学易记 该宝典讲解详细，以考点为依据，以难点突破为重点，以训练为主线，以能力培养为目标，讲中有练，练中有讲，从而使学习者对知识由知到记，由记到用，由用到能而最终达到一个螺旋式上升的目的。5优选语言材料，例句紧贴时代 该宝典在例句和语言材料的使用上，力求贴紧时代，如汶川地震、玉树地震、日本海啸、核泄露、最新高考试题等均被编入本宝典，让你在学习的同时有与时代同步的感觉。最后，Everyone has his fault (金无赤足，人无完人) ！由于编者时间和精力有限，书中疏漏之处在所难免，还望广大读者朋友不吝赐教！我们一行在此真诚地向您道一声“谢谢”了！We made it! And you will make it! 目录(Contents)第六章 非谓语动词一学海导航二定义三分类四用法不定式一概述二不定式的时态现在时完成时进行时完成进行时三不定式的语态四不定式的句法功能作主语作宾语作表语作宾语补足语1).带to的不定式作宾补2).省to不定式作宾补3). to be +形容词 作定语作状语 五难点突破六练习提高练习高考真题分词一概述二现在分词的时态和语态三分词的句法功能四难点突破With的复合结构分词的独立主格结构 有些分词被当着连词使用，如 provided, supposing等“while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)分词”结构感官、使役动词的主动结构后接非谓语动词作宾补的区别五练习提高练习高考真题 动名词一概述二动名词的时态和语态三动名词的句法功能四难点突破动名词的复合结构现在分词和动名词作定语的区别五练习提高练习高考真题非谓语动词综合练习题第六章 非谓语动词一学海导航1(2007北京卷)He is a student at Oxford University,_ for a degree in computer science. A. studied B. studying C. to have studied D. to be studying2(2008四川卷)We had an anxious couple of weeks _ for the results of the experiment. A. wait B. to be waiting C. waited D. waiting3(2009湖南卷)Nowadays people sometimes separate their waste to make it easier for it _.A. reusingB. reusedC. reusesD. to be reused4(2009江西卷)_ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grow into the international stars. A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given5(2010全国卷I 27)Mrs. White showed her student some old maps _ from the library. A. to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing6(2011重庆卷)Michael put up a picture of Yao Ming beside the bed to keep himself _ of his own dreams.A. reminding B. to remind C. reminded D. remind7(2011新课标)The next thing we saw was smoke _ from behind the house。A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen8(2011四川卷) Lydia doesnt feel like _ abroad. His parents are old. A. study B. studying C. studied D. to study 9(2011天津卷)Passengers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.A.to carry B. carrying C. to be carried D. being carried 答案解析1B 此处为现在分词作状语。2D 此处为现在分词作状语。3D 此处为不定式作真正宾语，it是形式宾语。for it to be reused为不定式的复合结构作真正的宾语。“重新再利用”是指将来发生的动作，而且是被动的。故选D4D 此处为过去分词作状语。5C 此处为过去分词作定语。6C “keep +宾+宾补”himself与remind为动宾关系。7B 此题考查非谓语动词的用法。分析句子成分可知此题现在分词短语作smoke的后置定语。rise和smoke是主动关系，所以用现在分词，故答案为B。8B feel like后跟动名词作宾语。9A此题考查不定式作补足语。permit sb. to do sth.在主动结构中不定式是作宾补，但此题是被动结构，所以作的主语补足语。句意：只允许乘客提一件手提行李上飞机。 以上九道题均是考查-Ving, -Ved, to+V. 这三种动词形式既是高中英语学习的重点，也是难点，同时也是高考命题的热点。我们把这三种动词形式称为非谓语动词。二定义非谓语动词顾名思义，就是不能作谓语的动词，它没有人称和数的变化，但它仍然具有动词的特征，有时态和语态的变化；它与谓语的根本区别在于：谓语动词只能作谓语，且有人称和数的变化，也有时态和语态的变化。三分类 非谓语动词有四种形式，即不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。四用法非谓语动词用法比较详析见下表：（以make为例）非谓语动词主动语态被动语态句法功能一般式进行式完成式一般式完成式主宾表定状补to+Vto makeTo be makingto have madeto be madeto have been made-VingmakingHaving madeBeing madeHaving been made-Vedmade不定式一概述从上表可以看出：动词不定式有各种形式，即一般式、完成式、不定式的进行式、不定式的完成进行式；不定式一般式和完成式的被动语态。它没有人称和数的变化，其否定形式是“not to do”，它可以有自己的宾语或状语并一起构成不定式短语。二不定式的时态现在时：一般现在时表示的动作，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 例如：He seems to know this. 他好像知道这事。（同时发生）I hope to see her again. = I hope that Ill see her again. 我希望再见到她。 （在谓语动词之后发生）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 例如：He pretended to have seen the film.他假装好像看过这部电影。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 我很报歉给你添了这么多麻烦。进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 例如：He seems to be eating something. 他好像正在吃什么东西。完成进行时：表示动作从过去某时开始延续至今，而且还可能继续。例如：She is known to have been working on the book for three years.人们知道她写这本书已经三年了。三不定式的语态如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。例如：Its a great honor to be invited to the Palace Ball. 被邀请参加宫廷舞会是一种巨大的荣誉。He seemed to have been invited for the dinner. 他好像已经被邀请来吃晚饭了。When I got there, the work seemed to have been done.当我到达那儿，那项工作似乎已经完成了。It was impossible for lost time to be made up. 要弥补已丢失的时光是不可能的事。I wish to be sent to teach in the mountainous areas.我但愿被派往山区去教书。Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired? 你能告诉我要被修理的是哪辆车吗？He went to the hospital to be examined. 他去医院体检。特别提醒在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.(We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.) 不定式短语：疑问词不定式疑问词who, what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等（当作主语时，谓语动词用单数），并均可转换成相应的从句形式。例如： When to leave for London has not been decided yet.（作主语） =When we shall leave for London has not been decided yet. Mr. Smith didnt know whether to leave or stay there. （作宾语）=Mr. Smith didnt know whether he would leave or stay there. I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. （作直接宾语）=I asked Professor Xu how I could learn English well. The question was where to get the medicine needed. （作表语） =The question was where we could get the medicine needed.四不定式的句法功能作主语动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。例如：To get there by bike will take us half an hour. 骑自行车去那儿要花我们半小时时间。To be here is a great pleasure.呆在这儿是一件愉快的事。(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语（不定式）置于最后，常用于下列句式中。（下列句式需牢记）。 Itbe名词to do sth.例如：Its our duty to take good care of the old. 照顾老人是我们的职责。Its a pity to miss this chance. 错过这次机会是一件遗憾的事。It takes sb + some time + to do sth.例如：How long did it take you to finish the work? 完成这项工作要花你多长时间？It took us 30 minutes to clean the classroom. 打扫教室花了我们半个小时的时间。Itbe形容词for sbto do 例如：It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. 对我们来说，在半小时内完成这篇作文是困难的。It is necessary for us to learn English well.对我们来说，学好英语是必要的。Itbe形容词of sbto do 例如：It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. 记下老师所说的一切，你是愚蠢的。It is kind of you to help me.你帮助我们，你太好了。It seems(appears)形容词to do It seemed impossible to save money. 特别提醒1).在句型中，形容词常常是描述动作本身的表示客观情况的形容词，常见的有：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等。在句型中，形容词常常是描述人的品质的表示赞扬或批评的词。常见的有：careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, stupid, wise等。这一句式也可理解成：Sb is + 形容词 + to do句式。例如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.=You are kind to help me with my English.It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。=We were silly to believe him. It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. =He seemed selfish not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。注意：其他系动词如，look，appear等也可用于此句型； 2).当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型 正确：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 错误：It is to believe to see. 作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式 能跟不定式作宾语常见的动词有：afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, decide, bother, care, choose, come, dare, demand, desire, determine, expect, elect, endeavor, hope, fail, happen, help, hesitate, learn, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, tend, wait, wish, undertake. 例如：The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 I managed to finish my work in time.我设法及时完成了工作。2）动词+疑问词+ to do能跟带疑问词的不定式作宾语的动词有：decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell 等。例如：Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy. 有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意：带疑问词的不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 例如：The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。特别提醒英语中只接不定式作宾语的主要动词巧记口诀（25个主要动词）三个希望两答应， hope, wish, expect, agree, promise两个要求莫拒绝。 demand, ask, refuse设法学会做决定， manage, learn, decide/determine不要假装在选择。 pretend, choose/select打算提出俩计划， intend, offer, plan, mean申请失败负担起， apply, fail, afford准备愿望又碰巧。 prepare, desire, happen部分词例句如下：I hoped to have seen you in Paris last week.我原指望上星期能在巴黎见到你。I expect to see you soon.我期盼着能马上见到你。She promised to meet me here.她答应在这儿见我。Never offer to teach fish to swim.不要教鱼游泳(不要班门弄斧)。I did not mean to hurt your feelings.我没有想要伤害你的感情。He failed to seize the opportunity .他没有把握住那个机会。How can he afford to go abroad every year?他怎么能支付得起每年出国的费用？Do you prepare to accept the challenge?你做好准备接受挑战了吗？I happen to have an honest partner.我碰巧有一个忠实的好搭档。当不定式短语作宾语时，如果后面还带有宾语补足语，则常常采用形式it作宾语，而把不定式短语放在补足语之后。即：主语+谓语+it+宾语补足语+to do sth. 例如：We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我们认为对我们来说学好一门外语是很重要的。He feels it his duty to help the poor. 他感觉帮助穷人是他的职责。作表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。 例如：To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. 对敌人友好也就是对人民残忍。My job is to teach English.我的工作是教英语。 What I want to say is to put off the meeting. 我想说的是会议延期。当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例）。当主语是job, aim, duty, hope, idea, mistake, plan, purpose, suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例）时，或以what引导的名词性从句（例）时，不定式说明主语的内容。 Our work is serving the people. What he likes is taking a walk after supper. The story told by Mr.Wang is interesting. 说明：句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如：Serving the people is our work,而句中是现在分词作表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开来。 作宾语补足语1).带to的不定式作宾补 能跟带to的不定式作宾补的动词有：advise, allow, appoint, believe, cause, challenge, command, consider, declare, drive, enable, encourage, find, forbid, force, guess, hire, imagine, inform, instruct, invite, judge, know, like, order, permit, persuade, remind, report, request, require, select, send, state, suppose, tell, think, train, trust, understand, urge, warn. 例句：Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 2). 省to不定式作宾补中学阶段所学的能跟省to不定式作宾补的动词有：“一感，二听，三让，五看，半帮助”，即：feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, look at, see, notice, observe, watch, help.(半帮助：help后的不定式作宾补可带to,也可不带to).特别注意 当省to不定式作宾补的句子变成被动句时又要加上to. 例如：I likes watching others play chess.(Others are watched to play chess.)我喜欢看别人下棋。We often listen to the girl sing this song. (The girl is often listened to to sing this song.)我们常常听这个女孩儿唱这支歌。I felt someone pat me on the shoulder.我感觉有人拍我的肩膀。3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean 例如：The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 He seemed to be mad.他好像疯了。作定语不定式作定语 不定式在句中作定语，它与所修饰的词在逻辑上存在主谓关系、动宾关系和同位关系，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：The next train to arrive is from Washington. （主谓关系）下一趟到达的火车是来自华盛顿的。Have you anything to be taken to your sister? （动宾关系）你有什么东西要带给你的妹妹吗？Do you have anything to say on the question? （动宾关系）关于这个问题，你有什么要说的吗？Would you please give me some paper to write on? （动宾关系）请给我一些纸来写字好吗？My wish to visit France has come true at last. （同位关系）我访问法国的愿望终于成真了。特别说明不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作、主谓关系（例）。 (2) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍用主动语态（例，此句中的say是主句中的you发出的）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例，此句中take 不是句子主语you发出的）。(3) 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加相应的介词（例）。(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例to arrive=that will arrive。特别提醒当不定式作定语时，如果不定式是不及物动词或不定式所修饰的名词是表示时间、地点、方式等概念时，不定式后要加适当的介词，且用主动表被动。例如：He is looking for a room to live in.他正在找一个住的房间。 He is a nice person to work with.他是一个很好合作的人。 I want a big box to put all my books in.我需要一个可以放我所有书的大箱子。.不定式后用介词的情况也适用于下列句型： 主语+be+形容词+不定式（如不定式为不及物则需加介词）例如：The house is comfortable to live in.(相当于：To live in the house is comfortable.) 这个房子住起来舒服。 The bed is too hard to sleep on.这个床太硬了不能在上面睡觉。作状语 不定式作状语主要表目的、结果、原因等。1）目的状语 to, only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such) as to (如此以便) 例如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 例如：What have I said to make you so angry? 我说了什么使你这样生气呢？3) 表原因，常用于心理活动的词之后。例如：Im glad to see you. 我很高兴见到你。We are surprised to hear the news.听到这个消息我们感到很惊奇。五难点突破以下几种情况用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义： 1） 在某些静态形容词后作状语的不定式：如 easy, hard, difficult, tiresome, good, heavy, interesting 等，如不定式是不及物动词时，还需加上相应的介词。例如：The problem is very difficult to work out. 这个问题很难算出。 He is easy to work with. 他很容易合作。 The book is interesting to read. 这本书读起来有趣。 The chair is comfortable to sit in/on. 这把椅子坐上去舒服。2） 当不定式的动作与所修饰的名词是逻辑上的动宾关系且该不定式有逻辑主语时，用主动表示被动，如果该不定式为不及物动词，则需加上相应的介词。例如：I have a lot of homework to do.我有许多家庭作业要做。 He is a nice person to communicate with. 他是一个很好沟通的人。3）在 too to 或 enough to 结构中，不定式主动表被动。例如：The house is too cold to live in. The hall is big enough to hold 1000 persons.这个大厅足以容纳一千人。only+不定式，表未曾预料到的结果 例如：He searched the room only to find nothing. 他搜查了房间，结果什么也没找到。在It be + adj. +of/ for sb to do sth.结构中。在此结构中，it是形式主语，不定式是真正的主语。不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，指明动作的执行者。这时常用 for 来引出不定式的逻辑主语，但当和不定式搭配的形容词是表示其逻辑主语的品行、性格特征和行为表现时，需要用 of 来代替 for。 使用 of 的此类形容词有： kind, foolish, stupid, wise, nice, clever, silly, rude, careless, thoughtful 等。 例如：Its important for us to learn English well. 对我们来说，学好英语是重要的。 Its impossible for him to follow his dream. 对他来说，要实现他的梦想是不可能的。 Its foolish of you to rely on a cheat. 你相信一个骗子是愚蠢的。 Its wise of you to choose to stay here. 你选择留下来是明智的。省to 的动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除ought /used外，ought to/used to)跟省to不定式。 例如：I can speak English.2） 使役动词 let, have, make和感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后的不定式作宾补，省略to。注意：在被动语态中则应加上to。 例如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. They were made to work the whole night. We often listen to the girl sing this song.The girl is often listened to to sing this song.3） 在would rather，had better, would sooner, cant but, cant help but, Why / why not后要跟省to不定式。例如：would rather(not).宁可(不)；宁愿(不)=would sooner(not ).I would rather not tell you.我宁可不告诉你。此句型也可以扩展成：would rather.than.=would.rather than.或would sooner.than宁可.也不.。He would rather die than give in to the enemy.他宁死也不向敌人屈服He couldnt but weep at the bad news.他听到这个坏消息禁不住哭了起来。When she saw his funny look, she couldnt help but laugh.当她看见他滑稽的表情，禁不住笑了出来。I can not but admire his courage。我不得不佩服他的勇气。4） help 后可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth/help (to) do sth. 例如：A Lei Feng is helping her (to) carry the big box.一个雷锋式的人正在帮她扛那个大箱子。Can you help (to) carry the big box upstairs?你能帮忙把这个大箱子扛到楼上去吗？5） 有关but, except, besides和such as：其前有动词do的任何形式时，后面出现的动词不定式要省to，反之要加上to. 即“前有do，后省to”。 例如：I can do nothing but sleep.I have no choice but to sleep.我无事可干只好睡觉。 He did nothing at the meeting but smoke.他在会上什么也没干只是吸烟。 I have nothing to do except copy the article for him.我只好给他抄写这篇文章。6） 由and, or和than连接的两个或多个不定式，第二个及其以后的to 可以省略。 例如：I want to go and see her. 我真想去看看她。 She told her child to stay there and wait till she came back.她告诉好的孩子呆在那儿一直等到她回来。 Im really puzzled what to think or say. 该想什么或说什么，我真纳闷。7） 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be。 例如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 We later discovered him (to be) a spy.我们后来发现他是一个间谍。8） 句中前面含有不定式，后面rather than后的不定式省to.例如：Jiangjie preferred to die rather than say a word about her friends.江姐宁死也不愿说出关于她朋友的一个字。What we need is to have a real rest, rather than have a big dinner.我们需要的是真正的休息，而不是吃一顿大餐。不定式符号to的保留1) 动词不定式在 care, want, hope, wish , expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try , promise, like , love（尤其在 would like, would love, want等之后）等动词后作宾语时， 常常可以省略动词原形。例如：-Are you interested in going to university? -Yes, I would like to (go to university ). 2）前面出现过的动词在下文再次出现时，可以单纯使用不定式符号to即：只省去动词， 而保留符号“to ”。例如：Dont stop unless you have to (stop ). You may bring the dictionary with you if you want to (bring it). -Will you go with me? -Well, Id like to (go with you). -Have you ever been to the seaside? -No, we cant afford to (go to the seaside).3）动词不定式在ask, warn, tell , advise, force, wish, expect, allow, permit 等动词后作宾语补足语或主语补足语时，常常可以省略动词原形。例如：Dont touch anything unless your teacher tells you to ( touch them ). 子As it is very hot, she wants to go swimming in the lake, b