高中英语语法名词行从句.doc

高中英语语法：名词性从句讲义1 一四类名词从句在英文中，名词或名词短语主要充当四种成分：主语、宾语、表语和同位语。如果把句子当做名词来用，分别在另一个句子当中做主语、表语、宾语（动词宾语和介词宾语）和同位语，于是构成四种从句。因此我们说名词性从句包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句必须用陈述句语序,也就是说, (疑问词)+ 主语 + 谓语 + 其它.简单句主从复合句解释The book is interestingWhat I am reading is interesting主语从句I believe his words.I believe what he said宾语从句English is a useful tool.The book is what I want.表语从句I like the book Gone with the WindThe mother must accept the fact that her baby is deaf.同位语从句陈述句、一般疑问句或特殊疑问句可以充当名词性从句陈述句The Earth is round.That the earth is round is a fact.一般疑问句Does he need my help ?I dont know whether he needs my help.特殊疑问句Where did he go?I dont know where he went.引导名词性从句的常用连词连词that对应于陈述句在句子中不作为成分连词whether , if对应于一般疑问句在句子中不作为成分副词when, where, why, how代词 who, whom, what, which, whose对应于特殊疑问句状语：when, where, why, how主语、宾语、表语：what whom, what定语：which, whose，后面接名词陈述句可以分别充当四种句子的成分对于陈述句我们需要在句首加上that，然后把that+陈述句这个结构分别放在另一个句子的四种位置构成四种名词从句一主语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在主语位置That English is difficultis not my idea.有人认为英语很难，我可不这么认为That the world is round is a fact.That the moon itself does not give off light is common knowledge.更常见的是用it作为形式主语放在句首，将主语从句放在句末It is obvious that he doesnt understand English.It is a fact that the world is roundIt is common knowledge that the moon itself does not give off light.It is common knowledge that the whale is not a fish.It is common knowledge that a flash of lightning is seen before a clap of thunder is heard.我们先看见闪电后听到雷声这是基本常识。It is shame that you did not pass the test.主语从句的重点句型归纳1 It +be +过去分词+that从句It is reported thatIt is believed that It is generally thought that 人们普遍认为It should be noted thatIt has been found that It must be pointed out that 必须指出同样可以这样用的动词有：say, expect, know, estimate, forecast等2 It + be + 形容词+ that-clauseIt is clear thatIt is possible thatIt is likely thatIt is natural thatIt is certain thatIt is strange thatIt is fortunate thatIt is necessary that3 It + be + 名词短语 + that-clause 例如 a pity /a fact/ a shame/ an honor, a good idea, no wonder .common knowledgeIt is a pity thatIt is a fact thatIt is good news that It is a good thing thatIt is no wonder thatIt is a shame thatIt is an honor thatIt is my belief that It is a miracle that二宾语从句1 把that+陈述句这个结构放在宾语位置I think (that) you are right.We know that the world is round.I think that a sound knowledge of grammar is indispensable to good writing.我认为扎实的语法功底对英文写作是极为重要的。2 只有宾语从句中that才可以省略，主语、表语、同位语从句中一般都不省略that。3 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：She told me that she would accept my invitation.4 allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等及物动词后可以接不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以接that引导的宾语从句。I admire their winning the match. (对)I admire that they won the match. (错)5 作介词的宾语Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.It depends on whether we will go.介词宾语中如果关系词whether, 不可以换成if;I am not interested in what he is doing. He will write a book on how Chinese people learn English.6 that 从句作介词宾语只用于except that和in that结构。例如：His report is correct except that some details are omitted. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes.7 作形容词的宾语例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake.that 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。8. It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如： We think it possible that the price will rise. find / make / see / hear / feel / think + it + adj. / n. + that 句型中, it 作形式宾语, that引导真正的宾语从句, 不能省;9 be sure / certain / glad / afraid / sorry / pleased + that 句型中, that 可以省;Are you certain that youll get there in time? He was disappointed that he failed to get the master degree.10. what is / was the matter /wrong with sb作宾语从句, 不改变语序;Who knows what is the matter / wrong with him?11. 有两个或两个以上宾语从句时, 第二个和第二个以后的从句必须用that引导.She said she was pleased at her victory and that she would work harder.12. 否定转移若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think (that) the film is interesting.I dont think this dress fits you well. 我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。三表语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在表语位置My idea is that the child should be sent to school.四同位语从句把that+陈述句这个结构放在同位语位置He was prepared to prove his theory that two different weights should fall to the ground at the same time.他想证明他的理论两个不同种类的物体将同时落地。The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.The rumor that Tom was a thief turned out to be untrue.注意同位语从句可能与所修饰的名词被其他成分分开以使得整个句子的结构显得平衡。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. Word came that Hussein had been captured. They spread the lie everywhere that tom was guilty of theft.A saying goes that practice makes perfect.这种结构在阅读文章当中常见，遇到时要认真分析句子才能理解。Dreary months dragged by before the tragic news reached her that her beloved brother had been killed for anti-Nazi activities. 在狱中挨过数月苦闷的日子后，突然一天噩耗传来：她敬爱的哥哥在反法西斯运动中被杀害。That 的重要性That English is difficult is not my idea.English is difficult is not my idea如果不加that，就有两个谓语，意思就混淆不清，二英文中句子的核心意思主要靠谓语表达，一个句子只能表达一个核心只能有一个谓语。He said no word at the meeting was strange.He said that no word at the meeting was strange. 他说会上人们的发言都很正常没有什么奇怪的。That he said no word at the meeting was strange.他在会上一言不发，很奇怪一般疑问句可以分别充当四种句子的成分一般疑问句要变为陈述句并且用whether/ if来引导一主语从句Whether he comes or not makes no difference to me.二宾语从句I dont know if/ whether he needs my help.三表语从句My concern is whether he comes or not.四同位语从句They are faced with the problem whether they should continue to work.注意： if只用于引导宾语从句，而whether可以引导四种名词性从句。If 不和or not连用，whether可以。特殊疑问句可以分别充当四种句子的成分特殊疑问句变陈述句语序There arouse the question where we could get the loan.I have no idea when he will return.Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.一主语从句September 11,2001 started out as an ordinary day, but what happened that morning will be forever etched in our memories. 911时间将会永远铭刻在人们记忆中What we need is wholly new kind of police force.我们需要全新的警察机关What he told you is true.Who will chair the meeting has not yet been decided.Why he refused to cooperate with us is still a mystery.How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.注意 Whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句的区分。whatever 相当于 anything that, 是 what 的强调形式，表示“无论什么”。例如： Whatever she does is ridiculouswhoever 相当于anyone who, 是who 的强调形式，表示“无论谁；任何的人”。例如： Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a coldwhichever“无论哪个; 无论哪些”, 既指人, 也指物; 可以单独使用, 可以修饰名词, 也可以后跟of 短语。例如： Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a hand to others Whichever book you borrow doesnt matter to us二宾语从句The mother will buy whichever books her son wants.You should vote for which candidate you assume best.I have not decided whom I should vote for.They gave who came to the meeting a pamphlet.Could you tell me where the post office is?We dont know why he did not come yesterday.三表语从句Change is what keeps us fresh and innovative. Change is what keeps us from getting stale. 唯有变化才能使我们思维敏锐，富有创意，唯有变革才能使我们永葆青春。The point is whose book is the most interesting.Money is what we are badly in need of.Yesterday is history. Tomorrow is mystery. Today is a gift. Thats why it is called the present!The point is when you will become rich.This is where our basic interest lies.My question is where we are going to have our holiday.The problem is how we can get the things we need. (how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)The scissors are not what I need. (what 在表语从句中充当宾语)That is what I want to tell you. (what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)That is why she failed to pass the exam. (why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)注意可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等,“That is why.”是常用句型，意为“这就是的原因/因此”，其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语，该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结，That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne. 珍妮，这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异，说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后，用这一句来进行概括)。下面是两个与“That is why.”形式相似的结构，它们与“That is why.”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚：(1)“That is why.”与“That is the reason why.”同义，只不过从语法结构上讲， “That is the reason why.”中why引导的是个定语从句，将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why.”结构一样，例如：That is (the reason) why I cannot agree. (2)“That is because.”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语，这也是个常用句型，意为“这就是为什么/因为”。“That is because.”与“That is why.”之间的不同在于“That is because.”指原因或理由， “That is why.”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果，例如：He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework. (第一句话说明结果，第二句话说明原因)He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night. (第一句话说明原因，第二句话说明结果)四同位语从句I have no idea who he is.The question who should go abroad on this business tour requires consideration.I have no idea when he will return.There arouse the question where we could get the loan.同位语从句常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, discovery, information, word, message, thought, suggestion, answer, belief, promise, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, report, belief, decision, doubt, opinion, theory等抽象名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。We are surprised at the fact that the children did it on their ownThey expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany againThe news that his heath is failing made us sad. I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. The question who should do the work requires consideration.There is no doubt that he will come here again.He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.同位语从句和定语从句结构相似，通常位于某一名词或代词后面，两者存在的区别：同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明，是该名词性成分具体内容的体现(相当于名词的作用)。 that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分，但不能被省略，同位语从句还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。1) The news that they had won the battle soon spread over the whole country. ( 同位语从句)2) The news you told me yesterday was really disappointing. (定语从句)定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)，定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语，充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。 We cant solve the problem how we can travel faster than light.(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容，属于同位语从句) I cant remember the problem that they have. (引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语， the problem的具体内容也没有得到说明，故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句) I wont believe the fact that he lied to his mother. (that引导同位语从句对fact的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分) I wont believe the fact (that) he told me. (that引导定语从句对fact进行限定， that在该从句中充当宾语) The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(that引导同位语从句对news的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news，第二个that引导表语从句) We have no idea at all where he has gone.(where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容) Thats the place where he was born.(where引导定语从句限定先行词place)同位语从句The suggestion (that) he raised at the meeting is very good.（that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略）The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.（that引导同位语从句）I had no idea that you were here.（that引导同位语从句, 不能省略）Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?（that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略）名词性从句考点透视名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。其用法复杂,考查面广、量大,是同学们颇感棘手的语法项目,也是历年来高考的重点之一。现在让我们走近名词性从句,剖析其考查热点,探索其命题规律。一、考查名词性从句的语序不管主句的语气如何,名词性从句总是使用陈述语序。No one can be sure _ in a million years.A. what man will look likeB. what will man look likeC. man will look like whatD. what look will man like二、考查it作形式主语的用法英语中为了使句子保持平衡,常用先行词it代替主语从句,而把主语从句放到句子的后面。_ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.A. There B. ThisC. That D. It三、考查关联词的正确选用这是近几年高考的重中之重。解决这一问题可以从以下几点入手:1.依据缺什么补什么的原则确定正确的连词认真分析句子成分,看从句中缺什么成分,再根据语境和语义,选用恰当的连词。如果从句中缺少主语,指人用who,指物则用what或which;如缺宾语,指人用whom,指物用what;如缺时间状语用when;地点状语用where;原因状语用why;方式状语用how;定语用what或which;如果从句中什么成分都不缺,用that。例如:I dont know who will be our English teacher next term.(缺主语,指人用who)I know what should be done and what shouldnt be done.(缺主语,指物用what)Im sure that he will come tomorrow.(什么成分都不缺,用that)Where he will go is still unknown.(缺地点状语,用where)I dont know which / what topic I should choose.(缺定语,用what或which)-I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.-Is that _ you had a few days off? A. why B. whenC. what D. where2.注意几组易混连词的使用1) what与that这是高考测试的一对热点连词,同学们一定要将其掌握。that引导名词性从句时仅起连接作用,不作句子任何成分,除在宾语从句中外一般不可省略;what引导名词性从句时,除起连接作用外,还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语和定语等句子成分。_ he said is true.A. What B. ThatC. Which D. Whether2) whether与ifwhether与if在引导动词的宾语从句时,两者一般可以互换,但在引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句以及作介词宾语的宾语从句或后面直接跟or not时,只能用whether。_ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where3) wh-+ever与wh-wh-+ever引起的名词性从句不含疑问意义,相当于名词/代词后加一个定语从句;而wh-如what, which, who, whom, when, where等除与前一种从句有相同的含义之外,还都有疑问意义。 Eat _ cake you like and leave the others for _ comes in late.A. any; who B. every; whoeverC. whichever; whoever D. either; whoever _ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.A. Who B. The one C. Anyone D. Whoever Its a matter of _ would take the position.A. who B. whoever C. whom D. whomever3.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句和定语从句都跟在名词后,极易为某些同学混淆。同位语从句是用来对前面的名词解释说明的,而定语从句是用来对先行词加以限制的;引导同位语从句的that在从句中不作任何成分,而引导定语从句的关系代词that则在定语从句中担任主语或宾语。 Finally, the thief handed everything _ he had stolen to the police.A. which B. what C. whatever D. that Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A. while B. that C. when D. as【Exercises】：1. These photographs will show you _. A. what does our village look like B.what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like (89) 2.Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice had put B.where did Alice put C. where Alice has put D.where has Alice put (90) 3. No one can be sure _ in a million years. A. what man will look like B.what will man look like C. man will look like what D.what look will man like (91) 4.-We havent heard from Jane a long time. -What do you suppose _ to her? A. was happening B. has happened C. to happen D. having happened (91) 5.Go and get your coat. Its _you left it. A. there B. where C. there where D. where there (92) 6._ the 2000 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing is not known yet. A.Whenever B.If C.Whether D.That (92) 7._ he said at the meeting astonished everyone present. A.What B.That C.That fact D.The matter (93) 8.-Do you remember _ he came? -Yes, I do . He came by car. A.how B.when C.that D.it (94) 9._ we cant get seems better than _ we have. A.What , what B.What , that C.That , that D.That , what (95) 10. After the war, a new school building was put up _there had once been a theatre. A. that B. where C. which D. when (97) 11.Mother will wait for him to have dinner together. A. However late is he B. However he is late C. However is he late D. However late he is (97) 12. Dr,Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge, I cant remember _. A.where B.there C.which D.that (98) 13.Why do you want a new job_youve got such a good one already? A.that B.where C.which D.when (98) 14. I,m going to the post office. youre there. can you get me some stamps? A. As B. While C. Because D. If (99) 15. youve got a chance. you might as well make full use of it. A. Now that B. After C. Although D. AS soon as (99) 16I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. Is that you had a few days off? A. why B. when C. what D. where (99) 17. You should make it a rule to leave thingsyou can find them again A. when B.where C.then D.there (99) 18. Well have to finish the job. A. long it takes however B. it takes howewer long C. long however it takes D. however long it takes (99) 19. _she couldnt understand was _ fewer and fewer studnets showed interest in her lesson. A.What , why B.That , what C.What , because D.Why , that (2000) 20. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _. A.who is he B.who he is C.who is it D.who it is (2000) KEYS: 1-5 BCABB 6-10CAAAB 11-15 DCDBA 16-20 ABDAD 【Exercises Two】：1. Do you see _I mean?A. that B./ C. how D. what2. Tell me_ is on your mind.A. that B. what C. which D. why3. We must stick to _ we have agreed on.A. what B. that C. / D. how4. Let me see _.A. that can I repair the radio B. whether -I can repair the r