初中英语总复习词法介词.doc

初中英语总复习词法 介词初中英语总复习词法：介词(1)(一)介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。介词表示时间表示地点方位表示原因方式其他about大约about 5oclock在周围；大约about 5kilometres；throw about关于、涉及talk about you above在、之上above zero；above us(不垂直)across穿过(表面)walk across the street after在、之后after supper跟着、后面one after another追赶run after against靠；逆风against the wall；against the wind反对be against对抗play against among三者以上的中间among the trees at在某时刻at ten在小地方at the school gate表速度at high speed向着，对着shout at before在、之前before ten位于、之前sit before me behind位于、之后behind the door below在、之下(不垂直)；低于below zero by到、时刻；在、之前by 5oclock紧挨着side by side；by the window乘坐交通工具by bus由；被；以、方式be made by us；by speaking English during在、期during the holidays for延续多长时间for 5years向着、去leave for Shanghai对于；为了be good for；from从、from morning to night来自、from New York由、制成be made from(看不到原材料)in在年、月、季周长时间in aweek在、里面in the room用某种语言in English穿着in red into进入、里面walk into除；分divide into near接近某时near 5years在、附近near the park of用、制成(看见原材料)be made of属于、性质a map of China on某日、某日的上下午、晚上on Sunday afternoon在、上面on the desk靠吃、为生live on rice关于a book on maths over在、上方(垂直)over the river超过，高于over ten past超过ten past five经过、walk past me since自从since 1998既然since you are ill through经过through his life穿过(内部)through the window till到、为止till 5oclock to差多少时间ten to ten到；去；往to Beijing面对面face to face给予give abook to me under在、下面(垂直)under the desk少于under ten在、管制下under the rule with用、工具with apen带有，具有with me without没有without air；without having supper(二)正误辨析1、误We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak.正We got to the top of the mountain at day break.析at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise,midday,noon,sunset,midnight,night。2、误Dont sleep at daytime豹正Dont sleep in daytime.析in要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning/afternoon,或in the week/month/year.或in spring/supper/autumn/winter等等。3、误We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon.正We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon.析in the morning,in the afternoon如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on,如：on acold morning,on the morning of July 14th 4、误He became awriter at his twenties豹正He became awriter in his twenties豹析这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。5、误He went to New York to find ajob in sixteen years old.正He went to New York to find ajob at sixteen.析在具体年岁前用at,如：at the age of 12，at your age，等等。6、误We went to swim in the river in avery hot day.正We went to swim in the river on avery hot day.析具体某一天要用介词on,又如：on New Years Day 7、误Im looking forward to seeing you on Christmas.正Im looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas.析在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。8、误I havent see you during the summer holidays.正I havent seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays.析during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited alot of museums during the holiday.而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I havent seen you for along time.而through用来表示时间时则为整整，全部的时间。如：It rained through the night.鴖 ince则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。9、误In the beginning of the book,there are some interesting stories.正At the beginning of the book,there are some interesting stories.析at the beginning与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning则是指开始一段时间。in the end=at last是指最终，终于之意。10、误Till the end of next week.I will have finished this work.正By the end of next week.I will have finished this work.析by引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为不迟于某一时刻将工作做完，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：Ill be there by five oclock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词。11、误He came to London before last weekend.正He had come to London before last weekend.正He came to London two weeks ago.析before一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。12、误I have studied English for three years since Ihad come here.正I have studied English for three years since Icame here.析since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态13、误I can help you repair this bike.You will get it after two hours.正I can help you repair this bike.You will get it in two hours.析中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，after多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York.After three days,I found ajob in the bank.after加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days,即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。14、误She hid herself after the tree.正She hid herself behind the tree.析after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him.After finishing my homework,I went to see afilm.而behind则多用于静态事物之后。15、误There is abeautiful bird on the tree.正There is abeautiful bird in the tree.析树上长出的果实，树叶要用on,而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree.16、误Shanghai is on the east of China.正Shanghai is in the east of China.析在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in,on,to。in表示在某范围之内；on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China.17、误I arrived at New York on July 2nd.正I arrived in New York on July 2nd.析at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate,at home,at abus stop,at the station,at the cinema,at asmall village。18、误He lived in No.3 Beijing Road.正He lived at No.3 Beijing Road.析在门牌号码前要用at,并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street,at the foot of the mountain,at the top of the page。19、误There is acolour TV set at the corner of the hall.正There is acolour TV set in the corner of the hall.析在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is atree at the corner of the street20、误This weekend Ill stay in Uncle Wangs.正This weekend Ill stay at Uncle Wangs.析要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at atailors shop(裁缝店)=at atailors,at the doctors(去看病)at the booksellers(在书店)at uncle Wangs(在王叔叔家)21、误Do you know there is some good news on todays newspaper?正Do you know there is some good news in todays newspaper?析在报纸上的新闻要用in,而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。22、误The school will begin on September 1st.正School will begin on September 1st.析这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table(吃饭)，When Icame to Toms home,they were at table.还有：at desk(学习)，at work(工作)at school(上学)，in hospital(住医院)at church作礼拜缂由隙诖试蛄碛兴意，如：at the school即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital即在医院工作或去看望病人。23、误In my way to the station,I bought anewspaper to kill time.正On my way to the station,I bought anewspaper to kill time.析译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光在的路上应用on ones way。而in the way有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。初中英语总复习词法：介词(2)24、误Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke into.正Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke in.正Look,the door is open,Maybe someone broke into the office.析in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。25、误Ill leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow.正Ill leave Beijing for Shanghai.正Ill leave for Shanghai.析leave for是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for动身前往某处，set out for，sail for。26、误Be careful！The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero.正Be careful.The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero.析over与above在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用over而泛指上方时用above 27、误There is an old stone bridge above the river.正There is an old stone bridge over the river.析over还有一意为跨越，横跨。28、误There is abig tree in the front of the house.正There is abig tree in front of the house.析in front of是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus.29、误It took them two days to walk across the forest.正It took them two days to walk through the forest.析across作为介词有两个主要意思：横过(表面)，如：I want to walk across the street.对面，如：There is apost office across the street,而through多用于三维空间中的穿越(内部)。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother.30、误The sun sets toward the west.正The sun sets in the west.析towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s)the mountain.而在表示方位east,west,north,south时，其前面要用in。31、误Do you have no other clothes except those?正Do you have no other clothes besides those?析beside是在旁边，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是除之外，不仅而且，除了以外还有，如：I studied English besides French,when Iwas in college.而except则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday.而except for是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs.32、误Can Iwrite the exam paper with ink?正Can Iwrite the exam paper with apen?正Can Iwrite the exam paper in ink?析with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。33、误Im earlier today.I came here by his car.正Im earlier today.I came here in his car.析在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in ataxi；by train=in atrain；by bicycle=on abicycle；by ship=on aship；by boat=in aboat；by bus=on abus籦 yplane=on aplane by air空运；by land陆运；by sea海运；on foot；on horseback；by phone；by letter；by radio；by air mail；by hand 34、误A lot of French wines are made of grape.正A lot of French wines are made from grape.析made of是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood.35、误This is agood dictionary in English grammar.正This is agood dictionary on English grammar.析关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is abook about physics.即物理科普知识36、误Do you have the key of the door.?正Do you have the key to the door.?析key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question,entrance to the highway,danger to health.千万不要用of。37、误Today alot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps.正Today alot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps.析have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。38、误I didnt do my homework,so the teacher was angry to me.正I didnt do my homework,so the teacher was angry with me.析be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said.39、误He was good for skating.正He was good at skating.析be good at为擅长某事，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。40、误It was good to you to help my little boy.正It was good of you to help my little boy.析这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone.41、误My parents were very pleased at me.正My parents were very pleased with me.正My parents were very pleased at my studying.析be pleased with后加somebody,而be pleased at后加something。42、误He is agree with me.正He agrees with me.误He againsts me.正He is against me.析同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。43、误I havent heard letters from him.正I havent heard from him.析hear from即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。44、误Do you know the girl on white?正Do you know the girl in white?析in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in ahurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy(高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of,如：out of trouble(摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)，out of order(出故障)45、误He looked at me at surprise.正He looked at me in surprise.析surprise的用法一般有三种。用于句首，To ones surprise,如：To my surprise he succeeded.be surprised at sth./to do sth.如：I was surprised at the news.用于句尾in surprise.46、误She didnt come to school because of she was ill.正She didnt come to school because she was ill.析because of后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain.(三)巩固练习：()1、-Thank you _ the beautiful flowers！-Not at all.A in Bon Cat Dfor()2、Can you answer this question _ English?A by Bin Cwith Dfrom()3、Look _ the map _ China _ the wall,please.A after,of,in Bat,of,in Cafter,in,on Dat,of,on()4、-When did Mr.Green arrive in London?-He arrived there _ the evening of December 6th.A at Bin Con Dto()5、We won the relay race.And there was abig smile _ our teachers face.A off Bnear Con Dbetween()6、The twins got on well _ their classmates.A to Bin Cwith Dabout()7、-Please remember to come to my birthday party.-I see.Ill come _ Saturday evening.A in Bat Con Dfor()8、Lets hurry，or well be late _ school豹A薄to B薄at C薄with D薄for()9、They will have amaths test _ two days豹A薄for B薄at C薄in D薄after()10、My brother joined the army _豹A1989，March B视n March，1989 CMarch，1989 D1989，in March)11、He couldnt work out the maths problem _ your help.豹A without Bunder C薄for D薄with()12、Granny took one look at us _ her glasses豹A薄by B薄through C薄on D薄in()13、We had our breakfast _ aquarter _ seven豹A薄/，to B薄in，to C薄at，to D薄on，to()14、I learn French _ the radio every day豹A薄on B薄in C薄from D薄at()15、Its good manners to wait _ line豹A薄in B薄on C薄at D薄with()16、How many English words had you learnt _ last term?A眀 ythe end of B、at the end of C薄to the end of D薄till the end of)17、The manager was very satisfied/pleased _ his work豹A薄in B薄on C薄about D薄with()18、John hit Jack _ face豹A薄on the B薄in the C薄on his D薄in his析英文中的某些动词其后要接人，然后加介词+the+身体部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。()19、I was born _ the night _ September 15，1978 A薄in，on B薄at，on C薄at，in D薄on，of()20、Its abad manner to laugh _ people when they are _ trouble豹A薄over，in B薄at，in C薄in，at D薄at，for()21、I cant do this work well _ Toms help豹A薄under B薄for C薄without D薄from()22、Dont shout _ the old woman。You should be more polite _ her A薄to，at B薄at，to C薄in，for D薄from，for()23、We must be strict _ ourselves _ everything A薄with，in B薄in，with C薄with，to D薄to，of()24、He went to the foot