学术英语—医学unit 4整理

学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for Medicine Unit 4 Alternative medicine Text A Topics for presentation 1. Give a brief explanation of the two concepts: complementary medicine and alternative medicine. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) CAM: a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine Complementary medicine : use of CAM together with conventional medicine Alternative medicine: use of CAM in place of conventional medicine 2. To what extent do you agree with the authors opinion on traditional Chinese medicine being “affordable, low tech, safe and effective”? Facilities: simple, inexpensive Technology: needles, cups, coins Most procedures and operations: noninvasive The substances used as medicine: indeed all natural, from nature, raw herbs or abstracts from them Effectiveness: proven and ensured with a long history The theories and practices: new light shed with ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi 3. Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture. An adjunct treatment, an alternative, or part of a comprehensive management program for post- operative and chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting post-operative dental pain Addiction stroke rehabilitation headache menstrual cramps tennis elbow fibromyalgia myofascial pain osteoarthritis low back pain carpal tunnel syndrome and asthma 4 Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? Research: TCM framework VS Biomedical Modality Future clinical trials that test acupuncture within the framework of traditional Chinese medicine are likely to provide a more appropriate and clinically meaningful assessment of acupuncture efficacy than the current generation of clinical trials which use a diagnosis framed primarily in biomedical terms 4. Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? Research: The right track to follow Unlike drugs, acupuncture is more akin to surgery and physical therapy in terms of therapeutic modalities. For the time being, evidence based on large case series should be considered in determining recommendations for clinical practice. Adoption / Use -Proven useful in additional areas -Used not only for treatment but also for prevention and promotion of wellness -Exploration and perfection to be continued 5. Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. Appropriate uses of herbs depend on proper guidance -Proper TCM diagnosis of the zheng of the patient -Correct selection of the corresponding therapeutic strategies and principles that guide the choice of herbs and herbal formulas Digression from either of the above conditions, misuses of herbs, will result in complications in patient 6 Various approaches to herbal study are mentioned in the text. Pick one to discuss the advantages and limitations. randomized controlled trials quasi-experiments cohort studies case-control studies “N=1” trials 7. What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies? Dependence of synthesis of evidence on -The completeness of the literature search (Unavailable for foreign studies) -The accuracy of evaluation No answers to be found for the questions of interest Requirement of using less stringent information rather than “hard data” 8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine? Assessment of the intrinsic value of traditional medicine in society Research and education Political, economic and social factors Useful expressions Panel conservatively recommended that acupuncture may be used as an adjunct treatment (Para.3) The panel ascertained that acupuncture can be used to treat (Para.3) It is also recommended as an adjunct treatment or(Para.3) When appropriately prepared and used, herbs can be safe and effective. (Para.8) Clinical research methodologists should take the theoretical construct and clinical approach of TCM into consideration when designing trials. (Para.9) Research designs such as randomized controlled trials26 have advantages and disadvantages in determining the efficacy of any therapeutic intervention, and can be carried out for botanicals, as seen by a study on herbal formulas for irritable bowel syndrome. (Para.9) It is essential that researchers and practitioners be educated in both traditional and western medicines in order to perform research appropriately and treat patients effectively. (Para.10) Difficult Sentences Ongoing research around the world on acupuncture, herbs, massage and Tai Chi have shed light on some of the theories and practices of TCM. 全世界有关针灸、草药、按摩和太极拳的持续研 究已阐明了中医的有些理论和实践。 For the time being, evidence based on large case series should be considered in determining recommendations for clinical practice while evidence derived from more vigorous research designs is being carried out. (Para. 4) 尽管来自更有力研究设计的证据源源不断，目前 ，在确定推荐何种临床操作时，应该考虑基于大 规模病例系列研究所取得的证据。 The synthesis of evidence is completely dependent on the completeness of the literature search, which is often not available for foreign studies, as well as the accuracy of evaluation. (Para. 10) 综合证据除了取决于评估的准确性之外，则完全 取决于对文献进行彻底检索，而国外研究的相关 文献通常无法获取。 Consensus in the real world of health care often requires using information that is less stringent than so-called hard data. (Para.10) 现实中，卫生保健界的共识是利用的信息与所谓 的硬指标比需要降低标准。 On the clinical level, blending involves the integration of the concepts and techniques of the two systems - modern medicines analytical, quantitative, mechanistic approach with the systemic, holistic, individualistic approach of TCM. (Para. 12) 从临床的层面讲，融合就是把两个体系的概念和 技术相互结合，即把现代医学所采用的分析、定 量及机械的方法和中医所用的系统、整体及个体 化的方法相结合。 As our graying society falls victim to an increasing number of chronic illnesses (Para. 12) 当我们的老龄化社会日益遭受慢性病侵扰之时 Text A Language Building-up Vocabulary Test _medicine(补充医学) _medicine (替代医学) a medical _(医疗模式) _and herbs(针灸和草药) _treatment(辅助治疗) _and vomiting(恶心，呕吐) _dental pain (术后牙痛) _trails(临床试验) _therapy(物理疗法，理疗) _modalities(治疗方法) a therapeutic_(治疗干预) complementary alternative paradigm acupuncture adjunct nausea post-operative clinical physical therapeutic intervention 幻灯片30 research_(研究设计) magnetic _(磁共振) positron _tomography(正电子发射型计算机断层 成像) _effect (止痛效果) biomedical _(生物医学界) _unit(康复中心) _acupuncturist(持照针灸师) therapeutic_(治疗策略) herbal_(草药配方) a wide _ of complications(各式各样的并发症) _East-West medicine(中西医结合) design resonance emission analgesia establishment rehabilitation licensed strategies formulas array integrative Text B Difficult sentences sent me on a curious 40 years professional odyssey. (Para. 1) 使我踏上了一条非同寻常、持续40年之久的 学术探索之路。 Would my University and others like it be receptive to this line of inquiry or would their senior faculty reflexively view such an effort as advocacy work propelled by bias, naivety and backward thinking? (Para. 3) 我学习的哈佛大学和其他一些院校是否乐意接受 这种探究方式，抑或是他们的资深教职员把这种 努力反过来看，认为是受偏见、天真和落后想法 驱使所进行的宣传工作。 The stage is now set for the next generation of young investigators interested in the “integration of Chinese and Western medicine” and the development of evidence-based, patient-centered participatory and financially sustainable models of care to make their contributions. (Para. 6) 对于下一代年轻的研究者来说，如果对“中西医 结合”的研究感兴趣，如果对建立循证型、以病 人为中心参与型、经济上可持续发展型的医疗保 健模式感兴趣的话，给他们施展才华的舞台现在 已经搭就，他们可以登台贡献。 How do context, belief, conditioning and placebos alter the brain, central and peripheral nervous systems? (Para. 6). 环境、信