非谓语动词的时态与语态.ppt

1、Lesson 2,非谓语,非谓语动词的时态与语态 1.动词不定式 例句：(1)Tell her we shall be delighted to come. (2)She is waiting to hear your answer. (3)She is said to have written a new book about peasants. (4)She seemed to have heard about it already,. (5)He felt ashamed to have done such a thing. (6)They seem to be getting alon

2、g quite well. (7)Its an honor for me to be asked to speak here.,2分词 例句：(1)They sat facing each other. (2)Having found the cause, they were able to propose a remedy. (3)He asked who was the man being operated on. (4)The new-type machine-tools produced by the factory are all of the first class.,3.动名词

3、例句：(1)I dont like troubling you.（与谓语同时） (2)They are all interested in climbing mountains.（现在或未来） (3)I have no idea of their having done such a thing. (4)He didnt mind being left at home.,（注）在某些动词后（或成语中），我们常用或可以用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作在谓语之前发生。例如： (1) He apologized for interrupting us. (2)On returning home, he

4、 found his mother seriously ill. (3)Excuse me for coming late.,非谓语动词的用法 作主语： 1不定式作主语 表1 To +V+V When(疑问副词)+to+V+V For Sb.+to+V (1) To persevere means victory. (2) When to start remains undecided. (3) For us to be red and expert is not only necessary but also possible. （注）不定式作主语，常用it 做形式主语改写成下列句型,表2

5、1.It is +N+to+V 2.It takes sb.+some time+to+V 3.It is +Adj.+for+to+V 4.It is +Adj+of sb.+to+V (1) It is our duty to support their struggle for liberation. (2) It only took us a year to complete the project. It is hard for me to master English.,（注）用于这一句型的形容词只限于下列几个：easy, difficult, hard, necessary, i

6、mpossible, unnecessary, important, 它们的共同特点是表示客观情况，不能改写成be of sb. +to +V (1) Its kind of you to think so much of us. (2)Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal. （注）后跟of sb.的形容词:kind, good, nice, clever, silly, wrong, right, wise, unwise, foolish, stupid, lazy, careless, cunning, rude, honest, na

7、ughty, impolite, considerate 以上在动词不定式前的for sb.或of sb都可看成它的逻辑主语。,2动名词作主语 表1 Doing.+V (1) Reading is an art. (2) Seeing is believing.,表2 Its no good/no use/fun/a good pleasure/a waste of time/a bore+doing (1) Its no use arguing about the point. (2) Its no good waiting here, lets walk home. (3) Its fun

8、 having guests for the weekend. (4) Its a waste of time arguing about it. We dont think its a bore doing the same kind of work everyday.,表3 There is no+doing (1) There is no telling what he is going to do. (2) There is no saying what may happen. 表4 Its+Adj. (nice, dangerous, tiring, senseless, expen

9、sive, enjoyable)+doing (1) It will be nice seeing them again. (2) Its expensive running this car. Itll be enjoyable studying and working.,(注)（1）用it 做形容词，把动名词置于句末。这通常适用上面这样一些形容词或名词之后。 Important, essential, necessary则不适用。 （2）动名词作主语和不定式作主语的区别： 1） 动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语通常表示具体动作。试比较： Smoking is prohibite

10、d here. It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 2） 动名词作主语通常不与特定动作执行者联系在一起，而不定式作主语往往与特定动作执行者联系在一起。试比较： Living in the West End has its disadvantage. 指一般情况，对许许多多的人而言 To live in the West End was the height of Mrs. Jamesons ambition. 对某个特定动作执行者而言,作表语 1不定式作表语 表示具体动作时，特别是表示将来动作时，多用不定式作表语。 1.To+V+is +

11、to+V( 一是条件，一是结果) 2.Pron. (N)+is (seem) +to+V(包括不定式完成式或被动态) 3.What clause +is+to+V (表语说明主语内容),(1) To do two things at a time is to do neither. (2) She seemed to have heard about it already. The book seems to have been translated into many languages already. (3) What I would suggest is to start work a

12、t once. (注) to be的过去时，有时可和不定式的完成式构成谓语，表示一个想做而未做成的事。 He was to have given the first talk, but he came late.,2动名词作表语 表示抽象的一般行为时，多用动名词作表语 (1) Our work is serving the people. (2) His hobby is collecting stamps. (He is collecting stamps.) （注）进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的情况或性质,3分词作表语 现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征能引起别人的感

13、情 过去分词作表语，表示主语受外界作用所处的状态。 (1)The present situation is encouraging. (2)This lecture was boring. (3)We are all pleased. (4)She looked disappointed.,作定语 1不定式作定语 1.S+V+O（N）+to+V(主动态) to+V(被动态) to+V+Prep. in(on) which +to +V 2There is (are) +N+to+V (1) She has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening.

14、Do you have anything more to say? （主动，动宾） (2) Have you anything to taken to the city?（被动） (3)She has a lot of things to attend to.,(4) It was a bad season in which to have outings. (5) There is no time to lose (to be lost). （注）1.不定式做定语和被修饰词之间： （1） 表示将来的动作 （2） 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系 （3） 抽象名词后做定语，相当于一个形容词。 （4）

15、不及物动词做定语，要加适当的介词，和被修饰词形成逻辑上的动宾关系 2.不定式做定语，在句中与被修饰词间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词与词又有逻辑上主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义仍用主动态（例句1）。如又有动宾关系而无逻辑上主谓关系，则仍用被动态。（见例句2） 3.There is (are)的句型中，不定式含被动意思，用主动或被动形式均可。,2分词（现在，过去）作定语 1). doing/used/Adv.+jused+N 2). N+doing phrase/used phrase (注)过去分词做定语： 1动作发生在谓动之前有被动含义。（见例句2中第2句） 2没有一定的时间性（见例句2中第3句）

16、 (1) All moving bodies have energy. This is rather complicated problem. Electricity remains the widely used form of energy in industry. (2) Here is a letter announcing his arrival. This is a book written by a peasant. He is a man loved by all.,非谓语动词做定语时，请特别注意下列情况 当非谓语动词与修饰的 词与词之间是被动关系时，有三种情况 1.指过去发生

17、的动作时，用过去分词做定语 The question discussed is of great importance. 2指正在发生的动作时，用现在分词被动态定语 The question being discussed is of great importance. 3.指将来发生的动作时，用不定式被动态做定语 The question to be discussed tomorrow is of great importance.,作宾语 1.不定式作宾语 表1 S+V +TO+V在此句型中，要求不定式做宾语的动词有：manage, try, ask, offer, agree, exp

18、ect, promise, want, begin, desire, learn, arrange, hope, like, wish, decide, afford, pretend, (1) He offered to help us. (2)We must try to become one with the masses. (3)I did not expect to find you here. (4)He pretended not to see me.,表2 S+V+it +OC+to+V (1)The workers think it necessary to increase production. (2)Do you consider it impossible to get everything ready in time? 表3 S+V+疑问代词/疑问副词+to+V 要求when, how, whether, where, which, what,who (whom)等+to +V做宾语的动词有： know, tell, teach, explain, discuss, consider, discover, guess, observe, find out, understand, wonder,I dont know what to