经典分析弥尔顿--失乐园分析.ppt

1、John Milton(16081674 ),He remained outside both Donnes and Jonsons influence,Paradise Lost takes its place in western literature along with Homers Illiad and Odyssey, Virgils Aneid伊尼伊德, and Dantes Divine Comedy and in English literature with Beowulf and Spensers Fairie Queene.,1. John Miltons Times,

2、1642-1649: English Civil War King/Anglican Clergy vs. Parliament (dominated by Puritans) Protestant Revolution (Death of King Charles I) 1649-1660: No British King 1649-1653: Commonwealth 1653-1658: Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell 1660: Restoration (of King Charles II),2.Miltons Religion 1). Milton

3、believed that each individual Christian should be his own church, without any establishment to encumber him. 2). In his later years, Milton came to view all organized Christian churches, whether Anglican, Catholic or Presbyterian, as an obstacle to true faith.,3. His revolutionary career,1). Pamphle

4、teering in the cause of religious and civil liberty in 1641-60. 2). Appointed Latin Secretary to Cromwells Council of State in 1649. 3). Censor and editor of the Commonwealth paper, Mercurius Politicu in 1651. Latin Defense of the People of England. 4). Totally blind in 1652 and imprisoned for a sho

5、rt time after the restoration and then retired to private life.,4. Miltons literary career,1625-1640: short poems: LAllegro and Il Penseroso (1632), Comus (1634, 宴会欢乐之神), and Lycidas (1638) 1640-1660: pamphlets and tracts: Areopagitica (1644论出版自由); The Defense of the English People (1650); The 2nd D

6、efense of the English People (1650). 1660-1674: Paradise Lost (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671).,1). Miltons Works of His Early Days,Poems written in Cambridge and at Horton: a. On the Morning of Christs Nativity 基督诞生晨颂, first important work b. LAllegro快乐的人 Penseroso幽思的人

7、c. Comus 科玛斯a mask假面剧, in blank verse d. Lycidas 利西达斯, expressing the pathos(哀颂)of his friend Edward Kings premature death,twin lyrical poems Rhyme: abbacdeec,2). Works of his adult years: a. pamphlets on religious reform Of Reformation in England论英国改革 b. pamphlets on marriage and divorce: Doctrine

8、and Discipline of Divorce 离婚的戒律与学说 c. Areopagitica 论出版自由 a prose work for the freedom of the press d. Defence of the English People 为英国人民声辩 A pamphlet against the divine right of the king. People made the king, so the king should do everything for the people.,e. The Second Defence of the English Peo

9、ple 再为英国人民声辩 An answer to the productions against the Commonwealth. Fight for the liberty of the nations in the world and recover their lost liberty. 3). Miltons works of old age a. Paradise Lost b. Paradise Regained c. Samson Agonistes,5. Paradise Lost (1667),1). Overview of Paradise Lost,_ Miltons

10、 masterpiece. _ A long epic in 12 books. _ taken from the Old Testament. _ Major characters: Satan, God, Archangel, Adam, Eve _ It is about Satans rebellion against God and the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Eden.,The creation The rebellion of Satan and his fellow angels Their defeat a

11、nd expulsion from Heaven Creation of the earth and of Adam and Eve Satan in hell plotting against God Satans temptation of Eve Departure of Adam and Eve from Eden,2). The Story of Paradise Lost,Paradise Lost Leading Up to the Beginning,At the beginning of poem, war in Heaven has been over for two we

12、eks; For nine days, Satan and those who fought God alongside him have been lying in Hell, stunned at the outcome; The first character to move is Satan, who begins by speaking to Beelzebub; Starts to sort of rally his troops.,At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Mi

13、ltons fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to Gods prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love. Eve, seduced by Satans rhetoric and her own confused ambition falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing h

14、uman love rather than obeying God. This is the error wherein his greatness lies. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But mans fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels. By lifting his argument to that plane, Milton raises the problem of evil

15、in a more intractable form. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil. There was evil in Heaven before Satan rebelled: Pride, Lust, Wrath, and Avarice were there.,3). Themes: a revolt against Gods authority,At the exaltation of the Son these forces erupted and were cast

16、forth. But God suffered them to escape from Hell and infect the Earth. And then the tragedy was re-enacted, but with a difference “Man shall find grace”. But he must lay hold of it by an act of free-will. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed. His poem attempts to convince us that

17、 the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ, which showed the mercy of God in

18、bringing good out evil.,Only Six major characters Satan, the leader of the fallen angels (now known as devils) Beelzebub, Satans closest friend/ally God, the Father The Son, also known as the Messiah, Christ Adam, the first man, living in Paradise Eve, his wife, supposed to be under his control,4).

19、The characters,Satan：a rebel against tyranny and Satan and his followers resemble a _. Major Quote: Better to reign in Hell then serve in Heavn!,republican Parliament,Satan: Chinese View 1. A rebel against tyranny 2. Miltons mouthpiece, uttering his hatred of tyranny. 3. Revolt against the dictator

20、and established doctrines.,Western View Satans qualities are perverted: evil and exaggerated. Satans defiance of God manifests: his egoistic pride, false conception of freedom, alienation from all good; Religiously and morally corrupt and blind. Consciousness of his own evil and damnation Satan and

21、his fellows are enveloped in dramatic irony because they fight and scheme in ignorance of the unshakable power of God and goodness.,Beelzebub Satans Best Friend He is talking to Satan about a return to Heaven for more fighting Disappears after Book I, since the rest of the story concerns Satan, God,

22、 and the First People,God The Father： selfish despot, cruel, unjust Called the Father because of Holy Trinity: The Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit Ruler of Heaven and Creator of Earth It was He who cast Satan out First appearance is in Book III: “Now had the Almighty Father, from above,From the pur

23、e Empyrean where he sitsHigh throned above all heighth, bent down his eye” Lines 56-58,The Son Also referred to as The Messiah When God the Father first speaks, it is The Son that He is addressing The Father and Son see Adam eat the apple The Son moves down, in Book X, to interview, pass judgement o

24、n, and clothe Adam and Eve,Adam The first man He lives with Eve in the Garden of Eden (Paradise, Earth) He eats from the Tree of Knowledge only after Eve does Referred to as “the patriarch of man”, Line 379, Book IX,Eve The first woman Satan uses her curiosity against her She is tricked into, and gi

25、ven a bad name for, eating from the Tree of Knowledge first Genesis 3:18 refers to her as “the mother of all living”,Adam but it is presented with Satan, thus idyllic innocence and happiness are seen only under the shadow of evil. far from attaining godlike knowledge, they succumb to animal lust. Th

26、ough there is promised redemption for the faithful, and though the poem is a divine comedy with a happy ending, Miltons panorama of human history gives little ground for hope on earth.,5). Understanding of the selection,Lines 50-58,Nine times the space that measures day and night To mortal men, he w

27、ith his horrid crew Lay vanquishd, rolling in the fiery gulf, Confounded though immortal. But his doom Reservd him to more wrath; for now the thought Both of lost happiness and lasting pain Torments him; round he throws his baleful eyes, That witnessd huge affliction and dismay Mixd with obdurate pr

28、ide and steadfast hate.,This carefully avoids the simpler expression of “nine days and nights” because the mutiny in heaven occurred before the Creation,Utterly defeated and ruined.,Judgment; punishment,Destined; kept for,Satans happy life in heaven now lost forever,The pain in hell which Satan must

29、 suffer now forever,Evil and suffering. Note the depth of Description here, and this from a blind man,依照人间的计算，大约九天九夜， 他和他那一伙可怕的徒众， 沉沦辗转在烈火的深渊中。 虽属不死之身，却象死者一样横陈； 但这个惩罚反激起他更大的忿怒， 既失去了幸福，又受无穷痛苦的煎熬。 他抬起忧郁的双眼，环顾周遭， 摆在眼前的是莫大的隐忧和烦恼， 顽固的傲气和难消的憎恨交织着。,Lines 59-64,At once, as far as Angels ken, he views The di

30、smal situation waste and wild: A dungeon horrible on all sides round As one great furnace flamd; yet from those flames No light, but rather darkness visible Servd only to discover sights of woe,In one comprehensive view,range of vision,reveal,霎时间，他竭尽天使的目力，望断 际涯，但见悲风弥漫，浩渺无垠， 四面八方围着他的是个可怕的地牢， 象一个洪炉的烈火

31、四射，但那火焰 却不发光，只是灰蒙蒙的一片， 可以辨认出那儿的苦难景况，,杜勒Albrecht Durer and 忧郁 (Melencolia I 1514 年,读拉奥孔,文字艺术不但能制造颜色的矛盾，还能调和黑暗和光明的真矛盾，创辟新奇的景象。例如金楼子第二篇箴戒“两日并出，黑光遍天”，冯明期滹沱秋兴“倒卷黑云遮古林，平沙落日光如漆”莱辛称赞弥尔顿乐园的丧失里有“诗歌的画”，在拉奥孔草稿中列举该诗章句为例，都是描述继续进展的动作的，“物质的画”画不出来。不过，弥尔顿有些形容状态的词句，也同样无法画入“物质的画”，拉辛似乎忽视了。,例如地狱里的阴火“没有亮光，只是可以照见事物的黑暗”，又魔鬼

32、向天堂开炮，射出一道“黑火”(black fire)。本身黑暗的光明或本身光明的黑暗，造型艺术很难表达。中国诗里的“黑日”也曾出现在雨果的诗里：“一个可怕的黑太阳耀射出昏夜”一位大画家确曾企图把黑太阳画出来；尽管度勒的名作忧郁里那枚黑太阳也博得雨果的叹赏，我们终觉得不如他自己的诗句惊心动魄。竟可以大胆说，我们要不是事先心中有数，还看不出度勒所画的是黑太阳呢。,Antithesis:,A rhetorical device in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp jux

33、taposition and sustained tension, as in the phrase “they promised freedom and provided slavery.” Abraham Lincolns “Gettysburg Address”: The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here.,Paradox:,An apparently self-contradictory statement, the

34、underlying meaning of which is revealed only by careful scrutiny. The purpose of a paradox is to arrest attention and provoke fresh thought. The statement “less is more” is an example. In George Orwells anti-Utopian satire Animal Farm (1945), the first commandment of the animals commune is revised i

35、nto a witty paradox: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”,Oxymoron,When a paradox is compressed into words, as in “loud silence”, “lonely crowd”, or “living death”, it is called an Oxymoron.,Lines 65-74,Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace And rest can neve

36、r dwell, hope never comes That comes to all, but torture without end Still urges, and a fiery deluge, fed With ever-burning sulphur unconsumd. Such place Eternal Justice had prepard For those rebellious; here their prison ordaind In utter darkness, and their portion set, As far removd from God and l

37、ight of Heavn As from the centre thrice to th utmost pole.,Hope that comes to all never comes to the fallen Angels.,presses on forever,And a fiery deluge, fed , still urges.,Here “eternal justice had” ordained their prison In utter darkness, and set their portion (i.e. lot),The Center: the earth. In

38、 Paradise Lost the starry universe is understood as a great hollow sphere enclosed in an opaque shell. A flight of stairs lead to heaven from the top of the sphere where an opening is made, through which passage between earth, heaven and hell can be effected.,The utmost pole: refering to the end of

39、the axis running through the starry universe, not the Earths pole.,Jacobs Ladder,The distance downward from earth to hell is twice as long as that from earth to heaven. In all, the distance between empyreal heaven and hell is three times that from the earth to the pole of the starry universe.,悲惨的境地和

40、凄怆的暗影。 和平和安息绝不在那儿停留， 希望无所不到，惟独不到那里。 只有无穷无尽的苦难紧紧跟着 永燃的硫磺不断地添注，不灭的 火焰，洪水般向他们滚滚逼来。 这个地方，就是正义之神为那些 叛逆者准备的，在天外的冥荒中 为他们设置的牢狱，那个地方 离开天神和天界的亮光， 相当于天极到中心的三倍那么远。,Lines 75-83,Oh how unlike the place from whence they fell! There the companions of his fall, oerwhelmd With floods and whirlwinds of tempestuous fir

41、e, He soon discerns; and weltring by his side One next himself in power and next in crime, Long after known in Palestine and namd Belzebub. To whom th Arch-Enemy, And thence in Heavn calld Satan, with bold words Breaking the horrid silence, thus began:,There he soon discerns the companions of his fa

42、ll and one next to himself in power and crime, weltering by his side, known in Palestine long after and named Beelzebub,Chief enemy, i.e. Satan.,In Hebrew, adversary”.,啊，这里和他所从坠落的地方 比起来是何等的不同呀！ 和他一起坠落的伙伴们 淹没在猛火的洪流和旋风之中， 他辨认得出，在他近旁挣扎的， 论权力和罪行都仅次于他的神魔， 后来在巴勒斯坦知道他的名字叫 别西卜。这个在天上叫做撒旦的 首要神敌，用豪言壮语打破可怕的 沉寂，

43、开始向他的伙伴这样说道：,Lines 84-92,If thou beest he-but oh how falln! how changd From him who, in the happy realms of light, Clothd with transcendent brightness didst outshine Myriads though bright!-if he whom mutual league, United thoughts and counsels, equal hope And hazard in the glorious enterprise, Joind

44、 with me once, now misery hath joind In equal ruin, into what pit thou seest From what highth falln.,Satans rebellion,The subjects of “joined” are “mutual league, united thoughts and counsels, equal hope and hazard.,Now misery hath joined (thee with me) in equal ruin. i.e. we are eqaully fallen and

45、ruined,“是你啊；这是何等的坠落！ 何等的变化呀！你原来住在 光明的乐土，全身披覆着 无比的光辉，胜过群星的灿烂； 你曾和我结成同盟，同心同气， 同一希望，在光荣的大事业中 和我在一起。现在，我们是从 何等高的高天上，沉沦到了 何等深的深渊呀！,Lines 92-99,So much the stronger provd He with his thunder-and till then who knew The force of those dire arms? Yet not for those, Nor what the potent victor in his rage Can

46、else inflict, do I repent or change, Though changd in outward lustre, that fixd mind, And high disdain from sense of injurd merit, 99That with the mightiest raisd me to contend,他握有雷霆， 确是强大，谁知道这凶恶的 武器竟有那么大的威力呢？ 可是，那威力，那强与力的 胜利者的狂暴，都不能 叫我懊丧，或者叫我改变初衷， 虽然外表的光彩改变了， 但坚定的心志和安然的骄矜 决不转变；由于真价值的受损， 激动了我，决心和强权决

47、一胜负，,Lines 100-105,And to the fierce contention brought along Innumerable force of Spirits armd, That durst dislike his reign and, me preferring, His utmost power with adverse power opposd In dubious battle on the plains of Heavn, And shook his throne.,率领无数天军投入剧烈的战斗， 他们都厌恶天神的统治而来拥护我， 拿出全部力量跟至高的权力对抗，

48、 在天界疆场上做因此冒险的战斗， 动摇了他的宝座。,Last Lines of Paradise Lost They looking back, all thEastern side beheld Of Paradise, so late their happie seat, Wavd over by that flaming Brand, the Gate With dreadful Faces throngd and fierie Armes; Some natural tears they dropd, but wipd them soon; The world was all befo

49、re them, where to choose Thir place of rest, and Providence thir guide: They hand in hand with wandring steps and slow, Through Eden took thir solitarie way.,Involved style with frequent inversions and very complicated sentence structure First lines: Hurled headlong flaming from thEthereal Skie With

50、 hideous ruin and combustion down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire, Who durst defie thOmnipotent to Arms. Here the inverted structure vividly depicts his being hurled to the hell head over heels.,6). Literary Style,Long and involved sentence The continuous

51、flow builds up a continuous onward pressure. Never monotonous, and the pattern of sound is so wedded to the pattern of sense that each is essential to the other.,Latinate syntax and diction Miltons means of achieving the elevation required by a lofty theme is intermixed with pure simplicity. enlarge

52、 and enrich his range of emphasis and his use of economy, contrast, suspension; to express his sublimity of thought, he wrote in a style that is unsurpassed in its sonority, eloquence, majesty and grandeur. This style is called the Miltonic style.,Grew steadily after 1667 and was well established be

53、fore Joseph Addisons papers on Paradise Lost appeared in The Spectator (1712); His influence on 18th-century verse was immense. Samuel Johnson: Its perusal is a duty rather than a pleasure. We read Milton for instruction, retire harassed and overburdened, and look elsewhere for recreation; we desert

54、 out master, and seek for companions.,6. Miltons Reputation,19th century two kinds of critical opinion: The revolutionary Romantic poets launched the Satanist misinterpretation of Paradise Lost and made its author a rebel; Other critics considered Miltons beliefs and ideas long-dead fundamentalism a

55、nd attended to the poems purely literary qualities.,The poets influence waned during the Victorian age, and in the 20th century the new poetry and criticism launched by Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot were strongly anti-Milton and pro-John Donne. T. S. Eliot: 弥尔顿“使英国语言受到了败坏” “弥尔顿任何一阶段的诗都没有突出地表现过视觉想象力。弥尔顿从

56、来就没有看到过任何东西读失乐园时，我发觉我感到最愉快的地方恰好是那些最不需要用眼睛看的地方。”,But during the 1940s and 50s a shift in critical attitudes took place, and dozens of books and hundreds of articles were given to the ideas and beliefs By the second half of the 20th century his works had regained their place in the canon of Western li

57、terature.,Macauley 弥尔顿的诗篇最显著的特征在于让读者产生的联想之极度邈远。它所制造的效果，不在于表达了什么，而在其暗示性；不在其直接表达的意思，而在与其相关联的其他含义。他通过导体，间接击中人的心灵。最没有想象力的人，也必然会理解伊利亚特。荷马让他没得选择，而且不要求他费任何力气，全由作者一手操办，意象场景描画得明明白白，想看不清楚都不成。相反，弥尔顿的读者，如果不用心主动与作者配合，将无法理解或欣赏他的诗作。他不会画出一幅完满的图画，也不会为消极被动的听众演奏。他仅是简笔白描，空白处都留待读者去填充。,我们经常听人说起诗歌的神奇影响力，这话一般而言浮泛而无意义，但用到弥尔

58、顿身上却再贴切不过。他的诗歌效力有如经咒，优点不在表层的意思，而在一种神秘的魔力。也许第一眼看上去，那些文词平平常常，与其他任何词句并无不同。但它们都是有魔力的咒语，一旦从口唇呼出，过去便回到现在，远方则来至目前。从没有过的美在瞬息间诞生，记忆的坟场中的所有逝者都将还魂重生。改动一下句子的结构，或替换一个同义词，马上，所有神奇的效果烟消云散。咒语不灵了；无论是谁，想要一试魔法，都会发现自己与阿拉伯故事里的卡辛一样失败，站在那里徒劳地喊叫：小麦开门，大麦开门。正确的魔咒只有一个：芝麻开门。,杨周翰,弥尔顿的天才表现在善于描写宏伟寥廓，不善于描写细节，这和他目力不佳有关。 弥尔顿的描写不具体，形象

59、不鲜明正是弥尔顿的长处，也是他意趣所在,7. Miltons handful of sonnets,1) 18 English and 5 Italian sonnets 2) They are compact（文体简洁，紧凑） and well organized. 3) The language is simple and unadorned（不加修饰的）, but powerful.,1. Satan is the most well-developed character in Paradise Lost. Is he a sympathetic character? Examine one of his soliloquies and identify the character traits and poetic techniques that make him seem appealing or forgivable. 2. Trace the appearance of autobiographical details in Paradise Lost. How are these details important to the story?