专业英语讲稿

1、1,专业英语 Special English for Polymer Science 李扬，高分子楼623 Tel：87952444; email:liyang 一、教学内容： 专业外语通过对高分子化学、高分子材料加工等方面的原版文章的学习，讲授无机、有机和高分子化合物的命名规则，科技论文的阅读和写作。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握阅读本专业相关文献必需的基本词汇和基本的写作技能。 命名，阅读理解，翻译，摘要写作,2,参考书： 1、 大学专业英语阅读教程 ： 高分子材料 ; 程为庄，顾国芳编，同济大学出版社，1999 2、化学专业英语马永祥，兰州大学出版社 2000 3、高分子材料工程专业英语揣

2、成智， 中国轻工业出版社 ，1999年 4、 科技英语写作， 杨自辰，杨大成 编著 杨岂深 审定， 国防工业出版社 1991年10月第一版 5、 化学专业英语基础：图示教程; 英Michael Lewis编 ; 荣国斌,铙腊霞注释， 上海外语教育出版社出版日期: 2000,3,6、化学专业基础英语 Introductory chemistry speciality English ，魏高原编， 北京大学出版社，2001 7、化学专业基础英语 ; 设计分子世界 ; 前沿化学 ; 2 ; (美) Philip Ball著 ; 魏高原, 王剑波, 甘良兵注释，北京大学出版社，2001,4,教材： “

3、高分子材料工程专业英语”， 曹同玉，冯连芳主编，化学工业出版社，1999年第一版,5,教学安排 1、 (2.20-2.24) 引言 “Functional Polymers” (Unit 9) 阅读本课的阅读材料 2、 (2.27-3.3) “Chain Polymerization” (Unit 2) 无机化合物的命名 阅读本课的阅读材料 3、 (3.6-3.10 ) “Step-Growth Polymerization” (Unit 3) 有机化合物的命名 （I） 阅读本课的阅读材料,6,4、 (3.13-3.17) “Molecular Weight and its Distribut

4、ions of Polymers” (Unit 5) 有机化合物的命名（II）； 聚合物的命名（I） 阅读本课的阅读材料 5、 (3.20-3.24 ) “Structure and Properties of Polymers” ” (Unit 8); 聚合物的命名（II）； 阅读本课的阅读材料 6、(3.27-3.31) “Bulk Polymerization” (Unit 12) 科技论文的结构； 科技论文摘要写作（I） 写一篇高分子化学实验的短文,7,7、 (4.3-4.7 ) “Mechanical Properties of Polymers” (Unit 22) 科技论文摘要写

5、作（II）； 科技英语翻译（I） 摘要写作练习 8、 (4.11-4.14 ) “Processing and Fabrication of Thermoplastics” (Unit 25) 科技英语翻译（II） 复习 翻译练习 4.16 闭卷考试,8,引言 （Introduction） 科技英语的特点： 1、语法较为简单 多用被动语态，从句等,Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical , 1, 2001,79(1):28-32 “The properties of strongly pressed tin oxide-based gas sensors” Abst

6、ract : The properties of sensors manufactured by strong pressing of SnO2 (stannic oxide) have been studied. The correlation between the pressing pressure of SnO2 and sensitivity and stability was established. The results show that when the pressing pressure of SnO2 increases, the stability of sensor

7、s increases too, but the sensitivity strongly decreases. The best sensors performance is achieved by strong pressing (4000MPa) of SnO2 with 40wt.% content of Al2O3. (alumina),9,2、专有名词多，有规律可循（构词法）（读音较为复杂，无规律） W.E.Flood： 150个标准词素可组成30000个科技单词 词头（Prefix），词根（base, root），词尾（suffix） 和单词（word） 英语化学化工词分析，张铭

8、德，陈慎意，王琏编著 科学普及出版社，1985年 quadr-, quadri, quadru Latin, quattuor 四，第四，平方，二次 quadrangle（四边形）quadrivalence（四价的） quadruple（四倍的） alk- 表示烃类 alkane（烷烃）；alkoxy (=alkoxyl)烷氧基,10,转义： Yield：一般作产量，收率，但塑料工业（成型加工），则译作“屈服”或“挤出量” spin 原意为“旋转”，如 spin coating (旋涂) ESR: Electron Spin Resonance 电子自旋共振 转义为“纺丝”，（纺丝时在卷线筒上

9、不断旋转绕丝）,11,3、写作较为有规律（一般格式较为固定） Full Paper: Title, (Author names, Affiliation), Abstract (Synopsis), (Keywords), Introduction, Experimental, Results, Discussions (Results and discussions), Conclusions, Acknowledgements, References (Nomenclature),12,All NMR experiments were performed on a Bruker AVANC

10、E 400 NMR spectrometer. FT-IR spectra were obtained on a Vector-22 spectrometer (Bruker, Switzerland) with sample prepared as KBr pellets. TGA analyses were carried out using a Mettler- Toledo SDTA-851TGA system Elemental analyses (C, N and H) were performed on Elementar Vario E1 III analyzer (Germa

11、n). Data of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) were collected on a Max 2200PC power X-ray diffractometer (Rigaku, Japan) with Cu Ka (1.54051 ) radiation (40 kV, 20 mA). The morphologies of the surfaces of the samples were observed in an environment scanning electron microscope (ESEM, Quanta200, FEI, Hol

12、and). The optical transmittance of the polymer solution was monitored at =540 nm with a spectrophotometer (Hitachi, Japan, UV-4100). The pH measurements, with and without added salt (NaCl, 99.9% purity), were performed with a potentiometric pH meter (PHS-3).,Polymer 47 (2006) 742750 Zhao-Sheng Hou,

13、Ye-Bang Tan, Kimoom Kim, Qi-Feng Zhou,13,4、写作要求清晰明了,Polymer： Manuscripts should be written in English in a clear and concise manner and follow the style of a current issue of Polymer. Authors whose native language is not English should have the spelling, grammar, and style checked by someone fully p

14、roficient in the English language.,14,Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical ： All papers should be concisely written. Papers should be written in English (American or British spelling but with use of only one form in the same paper). The author should remember that the journal is international and read

15、widely by those whose first language may be other than that in which the paper is written. Clarity and precision are best achieved by the use of short words and simple sentences. Papers which do not satisfy the English language requirements will not be accepted.,Referee checklist: Is the English sat

16、isfactory? (Corrections may be noted in the margins of the manuscript),15,科技英语的重要性 (For scientific workers) English: International language Fermi (Italy) French Importance: Communication Goal: Understand and Understood （Fluent English ） 使用科技英语交流十分重要 “Follow Me to Science”,16,如何学习？ （1）记忆常见科技词汇（构词法） （

17、2）多阅读科技文章，学习如何用英语表达。 避免自创的新奇语句 （3）课后练习翻译，写作 （Practice makes perfect.） （4）听学术报告（Lecture） Geogre Odian “Principles of Polymerization”, 2nd edition,17,UNIT 9 Functional Polymers Functional polymers are macromolecules to which chemically functional groups are attached; they have the potential advantages

18、 of small molecules with the same functional groups. Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic properties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules. (1) “to which”: 定语从句介词前置 正常语序为：“attach to the macromolecu

19、les” (2) “whose”作“它的，它们的”解，一般用于定语从句中，修饰前面表示事物的名词,18,A) What is the weight of a block of aluminum whose volume is 0.4 cu. ft. (cubic feet) ? B) Besides the electrons, an atom also contains positive electrical particles whose total charge must be equal to that of the electrons. C) Air is a mixture, wh

20、ose components are of great use in the chemical industry. D) The house, whose roof was blown off, has been repaired.,19,The attachment of functional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use. However, the proper choice of the

21、polymer is an important factor for successful application. In addition to the synthetic aliphatic and aromatic polymers, a wide range of natural polymers have also been functionalized and used as reactive materials. （1）In addition to :除之外，可用“apart from”或“besides”代替 e.g.： In addition to these sensors

22、, a great deal of research has been also carried out on potentiometric (电位(测定)的)sensors, like zirconium oxide for O2 monitoring for automotive application. In addition: 此外 e.g ： In addition, the recovery times and sensitivities (100 to 200 mV) are appropriate for the proposed application.,20,Inorgan

23、ic polymers have also been modified with the reactive functional groups and used in processes requiring severe service conditions. In principle, the active groups may be part of the polymer backbone or linked to a side chain as a pendant group either directly or via a spacer group. A required active

24、 functional group can be introduced onto a polymeric support chain (l) by incorporation during the synthesis of the support itself through polymerization or copolymerization of monomers containing the desired functional groups, （1）eitheror作“或或”、“是还是”、“不是就是.”解： a) Crude oil contains gases and solids,

25、 either dissolved or dispersed. b) Current theories, either empirical or electronic, do not appear to account for this result. c) In the absence of force, a body will either remain at rest or continue to move with constant speed in a straight line,21,(2) by chemical modification of a non-functionali

26、zed preformed support matrix and (3) by a combination of (1) and (2). Each of the two approaches has its own advantages and disadvantages, and one approach may be preferred for the preparation of a particular functional polymer when the other would be totally impractical. The choice between the two

27、ways to the synthesis of functionalized polymers depends mainly on the required chemical and physical properties of the support for a specific application. Usually the requirements of the individual system must be thoroughly examined in order to take full advantage of each of the preparative techniq

28、ues. (i) each 作形容词，“各自的，每个的” Each element has some special properties. The created potential is controlled by the electrochemical reaction of oxygen at each electrode.,22,(ii) each 作代词，“各个”、“每个” each has its advantages. (iii) each 作副词，“各个地” Different kind of waves have each the same three characteri

29、stics: amplitude, frequency and length. (iv) each 作同位语 They each showed good catalytic activities. Take advantage of : 利用，运用 The product was purified by taking advantage of the reaction.,23,Rapid progress in the utilization of functionalized polymeric materials has been noted in the recent past. Int

30、erest in the field is being enhanced due to the possibility of creating systems that combine the unique properties of conventional active moieties and those of high molecular weight polymers. The successful utilization of these polymers are based on the physical form, solvation behavior, porosity, c

31、hemical reactivity and stability of the polymers. The various types of functionalized polymers cover a broad range of chemical applications, including the polymeric reactants, catalysts, carriers, surfactants, stabilizers, ion-exchange resins, etc.,（1）In the field: 领域 （2）due to 复合介词，作“由于” 1. Changes

32、 of state of matter are due to increase motion of molecules. （表语）,24,2. The force due to gravitation (地心引力) causes objects to have weight. (定语) 3. A part of the energy is wasted in machines due to friction. （状语） 4. The failure of this experiment is due to the fact that the reaction temperature was n

33、ot controlled. (表语) 注意辨别“due” 用作形容词 He is due to speak tomorrow. (due 作“预定”讲） 注意复合介词分开情况 In many waters are found various kinds of minerals, to which substances the hardness of water is due.,Waters (pl.) 河水，湖水，矿泉水,25,In a variety of biological and biomedical fields, such as the pharmaceutical, agric

34、ulture, food industry and the like, they have become indispensable materials, especially in controlled release formulation of drugs and agrochemicals. Besides, these polymers are extensively used as the antioxidants, flame retardants, corrosion inhibitors, flocculating agents, antistatic agents and

35、the other technological applications. In addition，the functional polymers possess broad application prospects in the high technology area as conductive materials，photosensitizers，nuclear track detectors，liquid crystals，the working substances for storage and conversion of solar energy，etc. Akelah A，M

36、oet AFunctlonalized Polymers and Their ApplicationsLondon：Chapman Hall，1990.3,the like: n.同样的东西，同类的事情 indispensable：必不可少的，不可缺少的,26,As 用作关系代词，引出定语从句 (a) such as 象这（那）样的，象之类的 As 所引导的从句修饰前面的名词，as本身在定语从句中可能是主语、宾语或定语 (I). We will give you such data as will help you with your measurements.（主语） (II). We ho

37、pe to get such an electrical circuit as he is using. (宾语) (III). Such instruments as (are) thermometers and barometers (气压计) can be found in any physics laboratory. （表语， as are thermometers） (IV). We must know such symbols as are used to represent chemical elements. (主语),27,The same as 和同样的 (I). Mol

38、ecular weights are expressed in the same units as atomic weights (are expressed). (as 作关系副词) (II). If one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another nearby, the two objects will repel each other. (as 作主语) As many as, as much as： 如一般多；凡的都 (I). As many instruments as are

39、 in the laboratory have been made use of. (主语) （充分利用了） (II). These generators supply only half as much energy as (is) required. （主语）,28,As 代替整个主句，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语 1.This machine, as might be expected, has stopped operation. (主语) 2. As we know, materials expand and contract with the increase and decreas

40、e of temperature. (宾语) As 作为代替整个主句的关系代词： 1. as has been said before 如上所述 2. as is well known 众所周知 3. as we all can see 正如所能看到的那样 4. as will be shown in Fig. 6 将如图6 所示 5. as has been explained in the preceding paragraph 如上段所解释的那样 6. as has been already pointed out 正如所指出的那样,29,缩略词： (a) etc., et cetra

41、= and so on （等等）(不用于指人) (b) et al. 读作 “and others”，等（人） (c) i.e. = that is； (d) viz. = that is Binary means two, implying that only two digits are used, viz., 0 and 1. (e) e.g. = for example; (f) ibid (ibidem) = the same 同上，同前，在同书, 出处同上（多用于脚注）(References),30,Comparison of the Two Synthetic Approache

42、s One cannot generalize that either approach is more useful than the other even though the functionalization of existing polymers (especially polystyrene) is probably the most often employed approach. The two approaches should be considered as complementary. The functionalization of a polymer may be

43、 more advantageous for a particular system due to the availability of the appropriate polymer and the ease of accomplishing the required functionalization reaction in high yield with a minimum of side reactions.,31,It may be completely unsuitable for a system where the appropriate polymer is not rea

44、dily available and/or the required functionalization reaction does not proceed cleanly to high yield. The polymerization of a functional monomer will be advantageous for a system if synthesis of the required monomer can be accomplished in high yield and purity and polymerization or copolymerization

45、proceeds to yield a high polymer of the required mechanical strength with good thermal and chemical resistance. The approach may be impractical if either monomer synthesis or polymer formation do not proceed satisfactorily. For any specific polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate, one approach may b

46、e more suitable than the other.,32,Advantages of Polymer Reagents, Catalysts and Substrates Polymer reagents, catalysts and substrates have practical advantages compared to their small molecules analogues （相似物 ）. An insoluble polymer reagents, catalyst, or substrate can be easily separated from the

47、other (i.e., the small molecules) components of a reaction system by filtration. This ease of separation allows the synthesis of high purity products and the recovery of the polymeric species with resulting economies. Reactions with insoluble polymer reagents, catalysts, and the substrates are often

48、 advantageously (有利地，方便地) carried out in a manner similar to column chromatography.,33,The polymeric species is packed in a column and the small molecule species poured through the column. A soluble polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate also offers the advantage of ease of separation since it can

49、be selectively precipitated by an appropriate nonsolvent and then filtered off. Since the polymer reagent, catalyst, or substrate is often easily recoverable, it can be economically used in large excess to achieve high yields in a reaction.,34,Natural Polymers (Reading materials for Unit 9 ) (1) Wha

50、t is the major source for bitumen? (2) Which one is polymeric, rosin or drying oil? (3) Please give an example of the application of unvulcanized rubber. (4) According to the paper, which one will be more soluble and softer, cis- or trans- 1,4-polyisoprene? (5) What are the two major components of w

51、ood? (6) What kind of resin may be helpful for the conservation of soil and water?,35,Natural Polymers (Reading materials for Unit 9 ) (1) What is the major source for bitumen? The residue from petroleum distillation is the major source of bitumen though they are also available in natural deposits.

52、(2) Which one is polymeric, rosin or drying oil? Neither is polymeric. (3) Please give an example of the application of unvulcanized rubber. Unvulcanized rubber can be used in shoe soles in the form of crepe (due to its high resistance to abrasion) (4) According to the paper, which one will be more

53、soluble and softer, cis- or trans- 1,4-polyisoprene? Cis-1,4-polyisoprene (5) What are the two major components of wood? Polysaccharide cellulose and lignin. (6) What kind of resin may be helpful for the conservation of soil and water? Humid acid, which is another kind of fossil resin.,36,无机化合物命名 （I

54、norganic Chemical Nomenclature） 1、元素命名（元素周期表）(Periodical Table),37,Left upper: mass number; Left lower: atomic number; Right upper: ionic charge; Right lower: number of atoms,A doubly charged molecule containing two atoms of sulfur, each atom having the atomic number 16 and mass number 32,38,Names a

55、nd Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,39,Names and Symbols for Some Chemical Elements,40,Name of compounds Stock system (Albert Stock）: For the naming of compounds of metals (oxides, hydroxides and salts) in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state: The oxidation state of the metal

56、is shown by a Roman numeral in parentheses immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its oxidation number. No numeral is used if the metal has only one common oxidation number e.g. NaCl: sodium chloride; Al(OH)3: aluminum hydroxide FeBr2: iron (II) bromide;,Monovalent,

57、 divalent, trivalent, etc.,41,Cr2(SO4)3: chromium (III) sulfate 如果不用罗马数字表明其价态，也可用离子的名称表示 e.g. FeCl2 : ferrous chloride (iron (II) chloride) FeCl3: ferric chloride (iron (III) chloride),42,Some Common Ions (Cation),43,Some Common Ions (Anion),44,Naming nonmetal oxides Using the Greek prefixes for bot

58、h the number of oxygen atom and that of the other element in the compounds The prefix used are: (1) mono- (mon-); (2) di-; (3) tri-; (4) tetra-; (5) penta-; (6) hexa-; (7) hepta; (8) octa-; (9) nona-; (10)deca-. Generally the letter “a” is omitted from the prefix (from tetra on) when naming a nonmet

59、al oxide and often “mono-” is omitted from the name altogether,45,Name of some nonmetal oxides,46,Names of some acids and acid ions H3PO4 : phosphoric acid PO4- : Phosphate H3PO3 : phosphorous acid PO33- : phosphite H2SO4 : sulfuric acid; SO42-: sulfate H2SO3 : sulfurous acid SO32- : sulfite HClO4 : perchloric acid; ClO4- : perchlorate HClO3 : chloric acid ClO3- : chlorate HClO2: chlorous ac