专题一　题型4　词句猜测题

四选一阅读专题一汇报人：词句猜测题题型401词句猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。此类题型旨在考查考生根据上下文推断单词、短语或句子的本意或外延含义的能力，既可以考查生词的意义，也可以考查熟词的新义，还可以是对代词所指代内容的判断。词义猜测题主要考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个单词或词组含义的能力，这些词和词组往往超出考纲范围，但在文章阅读中起到一定的作用。词义猜测题的设问方式主要有：Whatdoestheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inparagraph...mean/referto？What’sclosestinmeaningto“...”inparagraph...?Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“...”underlinedinparagraph...？Whichexpressioncanbestreplacetheunderlinedword/phrase“...”inparagraph...?考向1词义猜测题(2024·新课标Ⅱ，D片段)Inthewronghands，suchabookcouldproveascomplicatedto

processasthecomputercode(代码)thatpowersAIbut，thankfully，Campbellhasmorethantwodecades’professionalexperiencetranslating

theheadyintotheunderstandable.Shewritesfromthepracticalangle

ofabusinesspersonratherthanasanacademic，makingforaguidewhichishighlyaccessibleandinformativeandwhich，bytheclose，willmakeyoufeelalmostassmartasAI.典例剖析线索句信号词线索句验证句技法1根据逻辑关系猜词义32.Whatdoesthephrase“Inthewronghands”inparagraph2probablymean?设问方向：第二段中画线短语“Inthewronghands”的意思A.Ifreadbysomeonepoorlyeducated.B.Ifreviewedbysomeoneill-intentioned.C.Ifwrittenbysomeonelesscompetent.D.Iftranslatedbysomeoneunacademic.判断逻辑关系：信号词but，thankfully表示转折关系，暗示画线短语所在部分与后面的意思相反。分析解题线索并推断词义：后面的句子提到坎贝尔有20多年的专业经验，能把复杂难懂的东西翻译成可以理解的东西。结合转折关系可以推断，前面应该表示“如果是由能力较差的人来写，这样一本书可能会和驱动人工智能的计算机代码一样复杂”，故推测画线短语表示“如果是由能力不足的人写的”。验证词义：后文说她从一个商业人士的实际角度而不是从一个学者的角度来写作，这使得这本指南非常容易理解而且信息丰富。这也证明了她有能力，写得好，故C项正确。技法归纳A(因果关系)Thediscoveryismomentousbecausemicroplasticsaresosmallthatscientistshavestruggledtoremovethemfromoceans，rivers，andotherbodiesofwater.Typicalwastewatertreatmentplantssimplydonothavethetechnologytofullycatchthemsotheyoftenmaketheirwaytotheocean，wheretheyarelikelytobeeatenbyfish.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“momentous”probablymean?A.Accidental. B.Significant.C.Complex. D.Interesting.√即时演练词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的原因状语从句“becausemicroplasticsaresosmallthatscientistshavestruggledtoremovethemfromoceans，rivers，andotherbodiesofwater”以及后文的补充可知，这一发现意义重大。故选B。B(对比关系)MonetwasraisedinLeHavre，Normandy.Hebecameinterestedintheoutdoorsanddrawingfromanearlyage.HismotherLouiseJustineAubréeMonetendorsedhisambitionstobeapainter，whilehisfatherClaudeAdolphedisapprovedandwantedhimtopursueacareerinbusiness.However，Monetchosetofollowhisheart.2.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“endorsed”？A.Fulfilled. B.Trusted.C.Supported. D.Confirmed.√词义猜测题。根据画线词后面的句子“whilehisfatherClaudeAdolphedisapprovedandwantedhimtopursueacareerinbusiness”可知前后为对比关系，妈妈支持他，然而爸爸反对。故选C。C(选择关系)“Forexample，doctorscouldsomedayusethetechnologytohelpthemdecidewhethertocontinueorterminatethetreatmentofpeoplewithdisorders，”Lanovaz，aresearcherofthestudy，said.3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“terminate”mean?A.Postpone. B.Receive.C.Stop. D.Refuse.√词义猜测题。根据画线词前面or可知前后为选择关系，画线词与前面的单词continue“继续”意义相反，故可以猜测画线词“terminate”是“停止”的意思。故选C。D(递进关系)Constantly，wetlandsare“transitionzones”betweendrylandandwater.Duringfloods，theyspongeupexcess(过量的)rainwaterandevenprotectpeoplefromthedamageofflooding.Onthecoast，wetlandshelpreducetheimpactofstormsurgepushedontolandbypowerfulstormslikehurricanes.Protectingenvironmentcanhelpwildlifegrowwellandprotectusfromthechangingclimate.4.Whichofthefollowingbestexplainstheunderlined“spongeup”？A.Block. B.Absorb.C.Steam. D.Produce.√词义猜测题。结合画线词所在句的句意“在洪水期间，它们可以

过量的雨水，甚至保护人们免受洪水的危害”可知，“andeven”前后为递进关系，应同样表示湿地的好处，且后半部分的程度应比前半部分深，结合常识可推知应是吸收过量的雨水，故画线词组表示“吸收”。故选B。(2021·全国甲，C片段)Southbank，ataneasternbendintheThames，isthecenterofBritishskateboarding，wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite：

Safe.

Safemeant

cool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon’tworryaboutit.Once，whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam(横杆)，Ifellontothestones，damaginganerveinmyhand，andTobycameover，helpingmeup：“Safe，man.Safe.”Afewminuteslater，whenIlandedthetrick，myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud，shouting：“Safe!Safe!Safe！”Andthat’swhatmattered—landingtricks，beingagoodskater.原文关键词＝题干线索词信息句

信号词典例剖析·····技法2根据语法关系猜词义29.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe！Safe！Safe！”probablymean？分析句子，找寻语法关系信号词，做出猜测：由信息句可知，信号词为meant，说明后面的内容是对前面的解释，所以根据后面的cool，hello和don’tworry可知，safe在这一群人之间可以表示赞扬、问候或安慰，结合画线词是朋友们在作者掌握一项技巧之后所说，故推断“Safe！Safe！Safe！”应该是赞扬的意思。对比选项，确定答案：对比选项知B项“做得好！”为正确答案。设问方向：画线词“Safe！Safe！Safe！”的意思A.Becareful!B.Welldone!C.Noway!D.Don’tworry!定位题干线索词

技法归纳1.Pantomime

referstoashortplayinwhich

nowordsarespoken.____

2.Semantics，thestudyofthemeaningofwords，isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.______3.Youmayborrowfromthelibraryanyperiodicals：NewsWeekly，Reader’sDigest._____哑剧语义学期刊即时演练4.IamaboywholikesreadingandIreadallkindsofbooks.WhenIdothis，Ihaveendedupwithtwospeeds—fastandslowdependingonhowworthwhileIfindthebook.Iliketoanalyzeandponderoverthewordsandcontentsofthebooks，whichcansharpenmymind.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“ponderover”inthisparagraphmean?A.Thinkabout. B.Speakout.C.Cutdown. D.Takeover.√词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“thewordsandcontentsofthebooks，whichcansharpenmyminds”可推知，作者喜欢分析和思考书中的文字和内容，这可以使他的头脑变得清晰。故ponderover意为“考虑，琢磨”。故选A。(2023·新课标Ⅰ，C片段)Thegoalofthisbookistomakethecasefordigitalminimalism，includingadetailedexplorationofwhatitasksandwhyitworks，andthentoteachyouhowtoadoptthisphilosophyifyoudecideit’srightforyou.Todoso，Idividedthebookintotwoparts.Inpartone，Idescribethephilosophicalfoundationsofdigitalminimalism，startingwithanexaminationoftheforcesthataremakingsomanypeople’sdigitallivesincreasinglyintolerable，beforemovingontoadetaileddiscussionofthedigitalminimalismphilosophy.典例剖析技法3根据构词法猜词义Partoneconcludesbyintroducingmysuggestedmethodforadoptingthisphilosophy：thedigitaldeclutter.[1]判断画线词类型：派生词：词根clutterv.凌乱地塞满；乱堆放

n.杂乱的东西；杂乱前缀de-为否定前缀，有去除之意[2]初步确定词义：所猜词意思＝词根意思＋前缀意思，“去除杂乱的东西；使不再凌乱”，即“清理”Thisprocessrequiresyoutostepawayfromoptionalonlineactivitiesforthirtydays.Attheend

ofthethirtydays，youwillthenaddbackasmallnumberofcarefullychosenonlineactivitiesthatyoubelievewillprovidemassivebenefitstothethingsyouvalue.[3]验证词义：画线词后句中的Thisprocess指代thedigitaldeclutter。该句提到这个过程要求读者在30天内远离可选择的网络活动。由此可知，作者应是建议读者进行网络活动的清理，推知declutter意为“清理”，备选项中，clear-up与此同义，故A项为正确答案。Inthefinalchapterofpartone，I’llguideyouthroughcarryingoutyourowndigitaldeclutter.Indoingso，I’lldrawonanexperimentIranin2018inwhichover1,600peopleagreedtoperformadigitaldeclutter.You’llheartheseparticipants’storiesandlearnwhatstrategiesworkedwellforthem，andwhattrapstheyencounteredthatyoushouldavoid.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“declutter”inparagraph3mean?设问方向：第三段中画线单词“declutter”的意思A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.技法归纳1.(合成词)Goodtooldesignisimportantinthepreventionofoveruseinjuries.Well-designedtoolsandequipmentwillrequirelessforcetooperatethemandpreventawkward(别扭的)handposition.___________2.(派生词)Exhibitionofficialssaidthatapersonbittenbyoneofthesesnakeswouldneedatleast80mlofananti-poisonmedicinetobesaved.设计精良的解毒______即时演练3.(转化词)RainforestsliketheAmazonareimportantformoppingupCO2fromtheatmosphereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.Theunderlinedphrase“moppingup”intheparagraphmeans

.A.cleaningup B.takinginC.wipingout D.givingup√词义猜测题。mop本义为名词“拖把”，此处转化成了动词，与up构成短语，结合句意可知，雨林应是吸收大气中的二氧化碳，所以画线短语与B项“吸收”同义。故选B。技法4根据上下文语境猜词义上下文语境是猜测画线部分含义的重要依据之一。在解题时，考生需要“瞻前顾后”，全面考虑文章所要表达的含义。有时，文章会在上下文中给出线索，考生可依此猜测画线部分的含义。(2024·新课标Ⅰ，C片段)Whenreadingtextsofseveralhundredwordsormore，learningisgenerallymoresuccessfulwhenit’sonpaperthanonscreen.Alargeamountofresearchconfirmsthisfinding.

Thebenefitsofprintreadingparticularly

shinethrough

whenexperimentersmovefromposingsimpletasks—likeidentifyingthemainideainareadingpassage—toonesthatrequirementalabstraction—suchasdrawinginferencesfromatext.典例剖析线索1线索3线索228.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“shinethrough”inparagraph2mean?设问方向：画线短语“shinethrough”的意思A.Seemunlikelytolast.B.Seemhardtoexplain.C.Becomereadytouse.D.Becomeeasytonotice.瞻前顾后寻找线索：线索1：当阅读几百或更多字的文本时，在纸上学习通常比在电子屏幕上学习更成功。线索2：阅读印刷品的好处尤其……线索3：当实验人员从提出简单的任务(如识别阅读文章中的主要思想)到需要思维抽象的任务(如从文本中推断)时。分析解题线索并推断词义：由画线词前面的线索1可知，在纸上学习非常有优势，线索2在程度上递进说优势尤其

，画线词后面的线索3提到当实验人员把任务从易到难推进时的情境，可以推测画线短语应该是表示阅读印刷品的优势在此情境的特点，结合短语中shine“闪耀；出色”可推知，画线短语应该意为“更为明显”。对比选项，确定答案：对比选项发现D项“容易被注意到”与猜测词义相近，故为正确答案。技法归纳A(2023·全国甲，B片段)TerriBoltonisadabhandwhenitcomestoDIY(do-it-yourself).Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogetherfurniture，sheneverpayssomeoneelsetodoajobshecandoherself.1.Whichisclosestinmeaningto“adabhand”inparagraph1?A.Anartist. B.Awinner.C.Aspecialist. D.Apioneer.√即时演练词义猜测题。根据画线短语后文“Skilledatputtingupshelvesandpiecingtogether...”可知她很擅长自己组装家具，可推知TerriBolton是一位DIY高手。C项最接近画线短语的意思。故选C。B(2022·新课标Ⅰ，C片段)WendyWilson，extracaremanagerat60PenfoldStreet，oneofthefirsttoembarkontheproject，said：“Residentsreallywelcometheideaoftheprojectandthecreativesessions.Wearelookingforwardtothebenefitsandfuntheprojectcanbringtopeoplehere.”2.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“embarkon”meaninparagraph7?A.Improve. B.Oppose.C.Begin. D.Evaluate.√词义猜测题。根据画线处前的“oneofthefirst”以及后文“Wearelooking...bringtopeoplehere.”可知，WendyWilson是这个项目的发起人之一，所以画线词的含义与C项相近。故选C。代词指代题常出现在人物或事物变换多、动作转换频繁的语境中，考生应根据语境判断人称代词、不定代词和指示代词的指代对象。有时也会考查定语从句中关系代词的指代内容。常见的设问形式有：Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that/this/it/...”inparagraph...referto?考向2代词指代题(2024·浙江1月，B片段)Whenwasthelasttimeyouusedatelephonebox?Imeantomakeanactualphonecall—nottoshelterfromtherain.Agesago，right?ThelasttimeIusedaphoneboxforitsintendedpurposewas...2006.Iwasconductingauditions(试演)formyplayinmytinyoldsharedhouseinLondon.Hopingtoimpresssometalentedactorstocomeandworkformefornothing，Ispreadsomethrowsoverthesofasandlitcandlestomakeitseemabitmore“youngprofessional”.就近名词解题关键句代词位置：段末，应指代上文典例剖析24.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inthefirstparagraphreferto?设问方向：第一段画线代词“it”的指代对象A.Theplay. B.Thesharedhouse.C.Thesofa. D.Thetelephonebox.寻找解题线索：代词it指代单数，可知指代内容应为画线词前面的单数事物。分析关键句，识别指代内容：关键句提到为了给一些有才华的演员留下深刻印象，让他们免费为“我”工作，“我”在沙发上铺了一些垫子，点燃了蜡烛，为了让它看起来更“年轻专业”一点。此处的“它”应该指代上文提到的“我的小旧合租房”。故答案选B。技法归纳A(2020·新课标Ⅰ，C片段)Inthemid-1990s，TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths，physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater，stillattractedtothecountry，hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.即时演练Hisvisit，however，endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook，Chasing

the

Sea：Lost

Among

the

Ghosts

of

Empire

in

Central

Asia，whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan，wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland，andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway：Rustam，histranslator，alovely24-year-oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia，OlegandNatasha，hishostsinTashkent，andastringofforeignaidworkers.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inparagraph2referto?A.Developingaseriousmentaldisease.B.TakingaguidedtourinCentralAsia.C.WorkingasavolunteerinUzbekistan.D.WritinganarticleabouttheAralSea.√代词指代题。依据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线代词指代第一段最后一句的内容，即that指的是“写一篇有关咸海消失的文章”这件事。故选D。BCory’sshearwatersarelong-lived，rarelyproducingyoungsuccessfullybeforeagenine.Thisleavesanopeningforlearningandpracticetodeveloptheirmigrationpatterns.Researcherscallthisthe“exploration-refinement”，anduntilnowithasbeenhypothetical(假设的)becauseofdifficultiesintrackingmigratoryanimals’movements.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“this”referto?A.Theopeningforlearningandpractice.B.TheuniquelivinghabitofCory’sshearwaters.C.ThewayCory’sshearwatersformtheirmigrationpatterns.D.TheprocessscientiststrackCory’sshearwaters’movements.√代词指代题。根据代词永远出现在原词之后可知，画线词this的指代内容在前文中，结合其所在部分“Researcherscallthisthe‘exploration-refinement’”可知，this的指代内容包括探索和改进的过程，可推知this指代的是它们通过学习和练习来形成迁徙模式的方式。故选C。高考阅读理解有时会对某一个句子的本意或外延含义进行考查，因此要求考生准确理解前后句所表达的含义，巧解句意猜测题。设问方式有：Whatdoestheunderlinedexpression/sentence“...”inparagraph...mean?考向3句意猜测题(2019·浙江，B片段)Moneywithnostringsattached.It’snotsomethingyouseeeveryday.ButatUnionStationinLosAngeleslastmonth，aboardwentupwithdollarbillsattachedtoitwithpinsandasignthatread，“GiveWhatYouCan，TakeWhatYouNeed.”原文画线句关联信息句典例剖析24.Whatdoestheexpression“moneywithnostringsattached”inpa