《英语国家概况》Unit-9-British-Education课件

ASurveyofMajorEnglish-speakingCountries:Unit9Education2019-04-19英语国家概况DoYouKnow?FocusIn1GetReadyWarm-upWhatcoursesaretaughtinBritishprimaryschools?Doyouknowthemainexaminationsforsecondaryschoolstudents?CanahousewifeoracoalminergotouniversityinBritain?DoyouknowanyfamousuniversitiesintheU.K.?SchoolTodayPre-primarySchoolsPrimarySchoolsSecondarySchoolsUniversity/College

Pre-PrimarySchoolsPre-schooleducationisavailable(oftenonafee-payingbasis)forchildrenaged2to4/5throughplaygroupsandnurseryschools(manyareprivate).Theemphasisisongroupwork,creativeactivityandguidedplay.

1.StateSchools(公立学校):

11-year

Compulsory

Education(5-16) StatePrimarySchool→

ComprehensiveSchool(84%),GrammarSchool(3%)orSecondaryModernSchool(7%)2.PublicSchools/IndependentSchools(独立学校/公学): PrepSchool→

Public(Independent)School(7%)TwoSystemsofprimaryandsecondaryeducationPrimaryPhaseCompulsoryeducationbeginsat5inEngland,WalesandScotlandand4inNorthernIreland.Pupilsmainlyattendstatesectorprimaryschools(co-educationalormixedschools).Infants

Schools=FirstSchools(for2yearsfrom5)

Junior

Schools(for4yearsto11)There’slittleornospecialistsubjectteachingandgreatemphasisisonliteracyandnumeracyinearlyyears.PrepSchools(预备学校)(from7/8to13)(separate;fees;entranceexam)SecondarySchoolsStateSchools(93%)ComprehensiveSchools(综合中学)(84%)(Noentranceexam,generaleducation)GrammarSchools(文法中学)(“the11plus”examination选拔优秀小学生毕业考试,preparingstudentsforhighereducation)(3%)SecondaryModernSchools(现代中学)(7%)PublicSchools=IndependentSchools(7%)TheNationalCurriculumEnglishDesign&TechnologyGeographyMathematicsInformationTechnologyMusicScienceArtPhysicalEducationHistoryModernForeignLanguageTheAcademicYearTheAcademicYearinBritishSchoolsandCollegesisdividedintothreeterms:

Term1: SeptembertoDecember

Term2: JanuarytoMarch

Term3: ApriltoJuly Thereareshortholidaysatthemid-pointofeachtermandlongerholidaysbetweentermsExams

Compulsoryeducationendsatage16.At16,studentsinEnglandandWalestakeGCSE(GeneralCertificateofSecondaryEducation中学毕业证书)examinationsinvolvingafinalexam,anassessmentofworkdoneduringthetwo-yearcourse,orbothofthesethings.Thentheycanleaveschoolandfindajob.OtherpupilswhodecidenottogotouniversitymaychoosetotakevocationaltrainingandgettheGNVQ(GeneralNationalVocationalQualification国家专业资格证书,5levels).Tertiaryeducation延续教育(FurtherEducation)是继小学(Primary)中学(Secondary)教育之后的“第三级教育”(Tertiary)。为进入高等教育或者就业打下基础。也是中国的高中学生留学英国的关键阶段。一般来说接受延续教育的学生介于16和18岁之间。它分为两种体系：学业路线（AcademicRoute）和职业路线（VocationalRoute）。学业路线着重于培养学术研究方面的人才，职业路线则结合社会各层面的职业需要，培养在各种行业中具有专门技能和知识的人才。SomemoreambitiousandhardworkingstudentswilltakeGCEO-level(一般水平普通教育证书)exams.Iftheypass,theymaytransfertoaSixthFormschool(六年级学校)ortertiarycollege(三级学校)tolearnA-levelclassesfor2years.At18,theytakeGCEA-levelexaminations(AdvancedGeneralCertificateofEducation高级水平普通教育证书＝大学入学考试),usuallyinnotmorethan3subjects.It’snecessarytohaveA-levelsinordertogotoauniversityorotherinstitutionsofhighereducation.WidelyHeldBeliefsFirstly,“thebestwaytoensuregoodresultsistovest(赋予)responsibilityforajobinanindividualbodyandthenallowittogoinitsownway,intervening(干预)onlyifit’smanifestly(显而易见地)notperformingitsjobproperly.”Secondly,“aschoolisnotonlyaplaceforlearningbutalsoasociety,freetoplanandconductitscorporatelifeasseemsbesttoit,providedthatitkeepsthislifewithintheacceptedframeworklaiddownbysocialconventionandthenationalpolicyforeducation.”Howdoyouinterpretthebeliefsabove?Individualschoolsenjoygreatfreedomandspace!Althoughtheultimateresponsibilityfortheeducationalsystemlieswiththeparliament,itdoesn’tlaydownwhatsubjectsshallbetaught;nordoesitgiveanydirectionsaboutteachingmethods,orprescribe(规定、指定、开处方)anytextbooks.TheQueenoncesaid,“AheadmasteroncetoldmethatinhisopinionthefreedomwhichteachershaveisthemostvaluablethinginBritisheducation”.CaseStudyComparedwiththatinChinesecounterparts,thecurriculumintheUKprimaryorsecondaryschoolsismuchsimpler.(esp.mathematics&reading)

WHY?IstheirIntelligenceQuotientlow?AccordingtoaschoolmasterinBristol:1.Thecompulsoryeducationaimstocultivateeligible(合格的)citizensratherthanelites;2.Curiosityandself-confidencematteralotmorethantheknowledgeitself.3.Shapingcharactersandindividualityisemphasized.Teamspiritandleadershipcanbedevelopedthroughgames.PublicSchools

IntheUKprivate

schoolsareconfusinglycalledpublicschools!Onlyenrollpupilsfromprepschools.Hightuitionfees+largequantityofsocialendowments=affordingsmallerclasses+betterfaculty(withnicesalaries)Mainlysingle-sexratherthanco-edschools.Boardingschools.Question:Whoareattendingsuchschools?

Thestudentsarelargelyfromaristocratic(贵族)andupperclassfamilies.Despitethehighfeestheyaccountforaround7%ofthetotalschoolpopulation.BUTopponentsvoicedoubts:

It’ssociallydivisiveandbreedselitism;theyareofferingmorepromisingopportunitiesto7%ofBritishchildren,butit’sunfairfortheremaining93%!

TheMostWell-knownPublicSchools:EtonCollege(伊顿公学)(1440byKingHenryVI)

HarrowSchool(哈罗公学)(1571)(Byron,Churchill)(forBoysonly)WinchesterCollege(温切斯特公学)(1394)RugbySchool(拉格贝公学)(1567)(Rugbywasfirstplayedhere.)Tosendaboytoaleadingpublicschoolcosts￡1200to￡2000,even￡3500aterm.EtonCollegeForboysONLY!Itsstudentsarefromnobleandupperclassfamilies.(PrinceCharles,William&Harry)Sofar,about20PMswereeducatedatEton.Theschoolfeeincludestuition,board&lodging,laundry,personalaccidentinsurance,andthecostofmostactivities.HowmuchisthetuitionatEton?Anannualfeeofabout￡16,000.EtonCollegeEtonPupilswiththetutorQuestion:

Whatarethemaindifferences?StateschoolsPublicschoolsSchoolFundingStatefundingfromcentralgovernment;SupplementedbylocalfinanceTuitionfees;Endowments(捐赠)ordonationsfromsociety(esp.alumnitotheiralmamaters)Attendance93%7%TeachingStaffandFacilitiesPublicschoolshavebetterteachingstaff&facilities.GraduatesStudentsfromthepublicschoolsaremorepromising,e.g.EtonCollegehaseducated20PrimeMinisters,6ChancellorsofExchequers,etc.Chinese&BritishEducationSystemsYearChinaAgeBritainYear5PrimarySchool11ElementarySchool622733844955106611HighSchool77JuniorMiddleSchool1288139914GCSECourseGCSEExaminations1010SeniorMiddleSchool15111116A-LevelCourseA-LevelExaminations12121713HigherEducationAllBritishuniversitiesareself-governingandfee-charging.TheyreceivefinancialaidthroughtheUniversityGrantsCommittee(高校基金委员会)fromthegovernment.Over42%ofpupilsbecomeuniversitystudentsonleavingschoolat18.110universitiesinUK(93inEngland,13inScotland,2inWalesand2inN.Ireland)3categories:olduniversities,redbrickuniversities(1850-1930),newuniversities(WWII-present).HistoryofUniversity12thand13thcenturies:OxfordandCambridge14thand15thcenturies:fourScottishuniversitiesSt.Andrews(1411),Glasgow(1450),Aberdeen(1494)andEdinburgh

(1583)3.“red-brick”orcivicuniversitiesin19thand20thcenturies:Leeds,LiverpoolandManchester,whichwerecreatedbetween1850and1930.4.“newuniversities”aftertheSecondWorldWar:Sussex,YorkandEastAnglia;since1992polytechnicsandsomeotheruniversitiesweregranteduniversitystatusGlasgowUniversityNottinghamUniversityBuckinghamUniversityVerneyParkCampusChandosRoadCampusEntranceProceduresInthethirdtermofYear12,studentspreparetheirapplicationstouniversity.ApplicationsarethenmadeinthefirsttermoftheYear13throughonecentralizedorganizationknownasUCAS(UniversitiesandCollegesAdmissionsService大学院校入学委员会).Studentscanapplytoamaximumof6universities/institutions.Admission–selectiononbasisofAlevelresults&aninterview.Fee-charging(ontheaverage:￡1200-3000)DegreesBA/BSc3yearsfull-timeMA/MSc1yearfull-time/2yearspart-timePhDatleast3yearsoriginalresearchBA:BachelorofArts

(文学学士)

BSc/BS:BachelorofScience(理学学士)

TeachingMethodsTheUKeducationalsystemencouragesself-study,discussionsandpracticalwork.Thestudentsmayhavetime-tabledclassesormightbeencouragedtodomoreofindependentworkforasubstantialamountoftimedependingonthecourse.Mostofthecourseswouldincludethefollowingteachingmethods:A.Lectures讲座Theprofessorsdominatethelectureswhichservetoguidethestudents.Thesizeoftheclassisgenerallylarge,oftenupto100students.NOprescribedtextbooksbutreadinglistsandhandouts(讲稿)!B.Seminars讨论会Theseminarsprovidethestudentswithaplatformforsharingtheirviewsonagiventopic.Thestudentsaretoldinadvanceaboutatopic&arerequiredtoprepareapresentationonit.Whatisthepointofattendingseminars? Thediscussionsthattakeplaceinseminarsoftenhelpstudentsunderstandatopicbetterindifferentperspectivesandhelpstudentsdeveloptheircommunicationskills.C.Tutorials导师辅导课Tutorialsgiveyoufocusedguidanceonaparticulartopiconceaweek.Thesizeoftutorialsisquitesmall.(15-20) Everystudenthastospeakinclass.Thestudentsmeetwiththeprofessorsindividuallytodiscusstheirconcernsaboutthetopicthattheyhaveundertakenandthusseekindividualguidance.D.IndependentworkStudentsaresupposedtoinvestigateatopicindetailanddeveloptheirownviewsaboutit.(off-campusresearch)Thisusuallyinvolvesworkingindividuallyorinasmallgroupwithotherstudentstoresearchatopic.Producewrittenworkormakepresentationforaseminar.E.Coursework课程论文／学年作业Thismayincludeessays,reports,projects,presentationsorreflections.Courseworkisassessedandgivengrades.Assessment:acombinationofmethodsQuestion:

Isthewrittenexamamustforcourseassessment?

NOTnecessarily!TakeMarketingManagementforexample,coursework65%

(grouppresentation20%+individualreflection20%+businessplan25%)+writtenexam35%Plagiarism剽窃Plagiarismmeanspresentingotherpeople’sworkasone'sownwithoutacknowledgingthesourceorreferencing.Cheatingorplagiarismcanresultinstudentsnotbeingallowedtograduate.Adviceisnormallygivenbyyourprofessorsonanacceptablewayandamountofreferencing.(footnote/bibliography)TwocharacteristicsofoxfordandCambridgeCollegesystemTutorialsystemWhatdoyouknow?CambridgeUniversitywasfoundedin1209bystudentsfleeingfromOxfordafteroneofthemanyepisodesofviolencebetweentheuniversityandthetownofOxford.FamousStudentsJohnMiltonCharlesDarwinPrinceCharlesVice-Chancellor–

ProfessorAlisonRichardCambridgeisoneoftheworld’sgreatuniversities,andhastheabilitytotransformlives.Ifyoustudyhere,youwillexperiencethatqualityatfirsthand.Daytoday,youwillworkwithacademicstaffwhoareleadersintheirfields,andwhoarealsocommittedtoseeyousucceed,andtohelpyoudevelopyourideas,knowledgeandunderstanding.OxfordUniversity:Whatdoyouthink？FamousStudentsOscarWildeSamuelJohnsonBillClintonTonyBlairMargaretThatcherOxfordLegendhasitthatOxfordUniversitywasfoundedbyKingAlfredin872toencourageeducationandestablishschoolsthroughouthisterritory.Likeagrammarschool,itwasjustaplaceforteachingLatingrammaratthattime.TheUniversityactuallybeganinthe12thcenturyasgatheringsofstudentsaroundpopularmasters.Theuniversityconsistedofpeople,notbuildings.Thebuildingscamelaterasarecognitionofsomethingthatalreadyexisted.Inaway,Oxfordwasneverfounded;itgrew.ChancellorofOxfordOxfordisoneofthegreatestuniversitiesintheworld.Ithasplayedadistinguishedpartinthehistoryofourcountryandourcontinent,andhasmuchtocontributetooursuccessandourwell-beingasacivilizedcommunityinthefuture.ChristopherFrancisPatten彭定康OxbridgeBoatRaceTheBoatRacebetweenOxford&CambridgestartedJune10,1829.TheeventisnowaBritishnationalinstitution,andistelevised

liveeachyear.Theraceiscurrentlyrunoverafourmileand374yard(6.8km)stretchoftheRiverThamesbetweenPutneyandMortlakeinLondon.OxfordweardarkblueandCambridgelightblue.TheDarkBlueCrewTheLightBlues&DarkBluesUniversitygraduatesdominateBritishpoliticalleadership,especiallythosefromOxbridge–Thatcher&BlairfromOxford;2/3ofBlair’scabinetmemberseducatedatOxfordorCambridge.Students’ActivitiesOutingPubbingSportsRugbyFootballChoirChineseHigherEducationenrollmentexpansionResourcesarestraining.Educationqualityissuffering.Intensecompetitioninthejobmarket.eliteedu.vs.massedu.dilemma1345HaveadiscussiononthedefectsofChinesehighereducationDefect1:

BlindEnrollmentExpansionDefect2:

AwkwardTeachingMethodDefect3:

Prescribed/DesignatedTextbooksDefect4:

UnreasonableCurriculumDefect