考研英语二(阅读)模拟试卷16(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语二（阅读）模拟试卷16（题后含答案及解析）

全部题型2.ReadingComprehension

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbelow

eachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

Whyisitthatmostofuscanrememberourprecisesurroundingsthe

momentthatwefirstlearnedofJohnFitzgeraldKennedy'sassassination,the

ChallengerexplosionorthefalloftheTwinTowers,butnotsay,whatgroceryaisle

wewerestandinginwhenthephonecallcametoremindustopickupmilk?Whatis

itaboutthetiming——ormorespecifically,thecoincidencewithintenseexperience—

thatsealsinvisualmemoriesmoreeffectively?That'sthequestionthatanewstudy

frompsychologistsattheUniversityofWashingtonsetouttoanswer.Thestudy,

publishedonlinerecentlyintheopen-accessjournalPLoSBiologyincludedaseries

offourexperiments.Ineachexperiment,whichincludeddistinctparticipants,Jeffrey

Y.Linandcolleaguesshowedstudysubjects16photographsdepictingfamiliar

landscapes.Thefirsttime,participantsmerelylookedattheimages;thesecondtime,

theywerealsoaskedtofbcusonanumbershowninthemiddleoftheimage;thethird

time,theyalsohadtomakenoteofanauditorycueastheylookedattheimages;and

finally,theywereshownimageswithanumberinthemiddle,buttoldtoignorethe

numberandfbcusonlyonthescenedepicted.Researchersfoundthat,when

shownanimagelaterandaskedtorecallifithadbeenamongthosethey'dalready

seen,subjects9memoryformationwasconsistentlybestwhentheyhadalsobeen

tryingtoconcentrateonanothertaskinboththesecondandthirdexperiments,which

involvedviewingnumbersorhearingaudiotoneswhiletheimageswerepresented,

subjectsformedclearermemoriesthaninthefirstexperiment一whentheywere

simplyinstructedtolookatthephotos一andthaninthefourthexperiment一when

theywereshownnumbersinthecenterofphotos,buttoldtoignorethemandfocus

ontheimagesthemselves.Thefindingssuggestthatitisn'tthenoveltyofwhat

we9reseeing,buttheexperiencethatwearehavingwhilewelookatsomething,that

determineshowwellwestoreitawayinourmemories.Or,astheauthorsphraseit,

thestudyresultsprovide"evidenceofamechanismwheretracesofavisualsceneare

automaticallyencodedintomemoryatbehaviorallyrelevantpointsintimeregardless

ofthespatialfocusofattention.Whenitcomestomakingmemories,timingisofthe

essence.

1.Thequestionsatthebeginningofthetextareintendedto.

A.describeaconfusingphenomenon

B.showthecomplexityofourmemory

C.drawforththetopicofthistext

D.supporttheargumentoftheauthor

正确答案：c

解析：题干的questions指第一段前两句提出的问题，这两个问题可概括为

“我们为什么能够清楚地记得某些情况，却不记得另一些情况？”和“什么样的

时机会加深记忆?，第一段末句则指出第二个问题是某项研究的研究话题，第二

段紧接着介绍了这项研究，所以可推知，这些问题是为了引出本文要讨论的话题，

由此可判断C项符合题意。知识模块：阅读A节

2.Whichofthefollowingsistrueofthestudymentionedinthistext?

A.Itwasconductedbysomeanthropologists.

B.Itstudiedthestepsofmemoryformation.

C.Itsconclusionwasbasedonseveralexperiments.

D.Itsfindingsoverturnedmanypreviousresearches.

正确答案：C

解析：四个选项均与研究的基本信息相关。第二段详细说明了实验进行的方

式和内容，其中①句说到该研究包括四组实验，而根据第三、第四段的“Inboth

thesecondandthirdexperiments,,uinthefirstexperiment,,(iinthefourthexperiment

等字眼可知，研究人员发现的结果(findings)是来自于这四组测验，C项所说的该

研究建立在几组实验的基础上与文意相吻合，故C项正确。知识模块：阅读A

节

3.Thestudyshowsthatpeoplerememberathingbetterwhenthey..

A.concentrateonotherthingsmeanwhile

B.strivetorememberthatthing

C.arestronglyattractedbyit

D.repeatitconstantlyinmind

正确答案：A

解析：本题询问人们能更好记住事件的条件，这正是文中研究的结果，文中

第三段为研究的结论，与本题相关。其中该段①句总结说到，研究发现如果看图

的同时精力还集中于另一任务(concentrateonanothertask),参与者的记忆往往更

加清晰，接着②句进一步阐述此观点在这一研究中的具体表现和反映，即“同时

需关注数字或记下声音提示的实验参与者记忆更清晰”，A项的观点与此不谋而

合，故A项正确。知识模块：阅读A节

4.ItisimpliedinParagraph4thathowwellthememoryisstoreddependson

A.timingofthething

B.thelevelofnewnessofthething

C.therelatedexperiencetothething

D.thetracesofthevisualscene

正确答案：A

解析：根据题干可直接定位到第四段。该段①句说实验表明我们能否记住某

事取决于看到某事时的经历(theexperiencethatwearehaving),最后一句则总结说

“时机是非常重要的”，A项复现了末句的timing,也与①句所述对应，故可确

定A项为本题答案。知识模块：阅读A节

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemainideaofthistext?

A.Timingiscriticaltomemoryformation.

B.Memorycanbemanipulatedforourgood.

C.Peopletendtorememberbigeventsbetter.

D.It'sbettertoremembertwothingsthanone.

正确答案：A

解析：这道题目需要通观全文，总结性的观点一般出现在文章的开头或者结

尾。这篇文章的开头即引出了文章的主题，那么概括的部分应在文章的末尾，所

以定位在最后一段。文中最后一句谈到“就能否形成记忆来说，时机是至关重要

的”，A项中的memoryformation对应该句中的makingmemories,而iscriticalto

“是……的关键”则与文中的oftheessence“非常重要的”相吻合，故A项为正

确答案。知识模块：阅读A节

Encouragementandpraisecancomeinmanyforms,andsomewaysare

betterforchilddevelopmentthanothers.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicago

andStanfordUniversitywhostudiedmother-childinteractionsoverthecourseof

severalyearsfoundthatthetypeofpraisechildrenreceiveaffectstheirattitudes

towardchallengeslaterinlife.Specifically,praisethatcamewithfeedbackabout

theirbehaviorandthechoicesthattoddlersmadehelpedthemtocopebetterwith

difficultexperiencesfiveyearslater,comparedwithcomplimentsthatfocusedmore

onthechildhimself,like"You'reagoodboy.^^Thestudy,whichappearsinthe

journalChildDevelopment,isthefirstmajorstudyofpraiseandchildhood

developmentdoneoutsideofalabsetting.Inthestudy,researchesfoundthatthe

childrenwhogrewupwithmoreprocesspraise(commentssuchas“Youworked

reallyhard"or"You'redoingagreatjob,"whichemphasizethechild'sactions.)were

moreopentochallenge,andwereabletoidentifymorewaysofovercomingdifficult

problems.Theywerealsomorelikelytosaythattheycouldimprovetheirintelligence

withhardwork.Whilepersonpraise(commentslike"You'resosmart"or"You'reso

good,“whichfbcusonachild'sinherentqualities.)didn'tseemtohaveanynegative

effectonthechildren,thestudysuggeststhatprocesspraiseteacheschildrenthattheir

talentsandabilitiescanbedevelopedandimproved,whilepersonpraisesendsthe

messagethattheirabilitiesarefixedandthereforenoteasilyaltered."Thisstudy

ismonumental,,9saysCarolDweck,aco-authorofthestudyandaprofessorat

StanfordUniversitywhoseearlierresearchlaidthefoundationforunderstandingthe

roleofpraiseinchilddevelopment.Anotherrevelationfromthestudyinvolved

howpraiseaffectsboysandgirlsdifferently.Parentsgaveboysandgirlsthesame

amountofpraise,butoftheencouragementboysreceived,24%wasprocesspraise,

whilegirlsreceivedonly10%ofthistype.Previousresearchsuggestedthispattern,

butGunderson,anassistantprofessorofpsychologyatTempleUniversity,saysshe

wassurprisedbyhowgreatthedifferencewas.Theinequalitycouldhave

consequencesforhowgirlsevaluatetheirabilitiesastheyprogressinschoolandmay

playaroleinaggravatingsomeoftheself-esteemissuesthatbecomemorecommon

amongteensandadolescents.Thefindingssendaclearmessagetoparents."The

biggesttakeawayisthatparentpraisematters,Dwecksays."Theparents,evenwhen

thechildrenareveryyoung,arestartingtoshapethechild\motivation,thechildren's

attitudestowardthemselvesandtheirstancetotheworld.^^Notallpraise,itseems,is

equal.

6.Itcanbelearnedfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat.

A.themorepraisechildrenreceive,thebetter

B.praiseofdifferenttypeshasdifferenteffects

C.praiseplaysamajorroleinchildhooddevelopment

D.praisecanhelpchildrendealwithhardshipbetter

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干可直接定位到第一、第二段。第一段①句开门见山，指出鼓

励和表扬有多种方式，而且对孩子的发展影响不同。第二段开头的Specifically

一词表明第二段是对第一段的具体说明，进一步指出具体某种表扬方式能让孩子

日后更好地处理困难情况，故确定B项正确。知识模块：阅读A节

7.WecaninferfromParagraph3that.

A.childrenwithmorepersonpraisedevelopbetterthanotherwise

B.processpraiseistemporarywhilepersonpraiseispermanent

C.personpraiselike“youaresosmart“shouldbecompletelyavoided

D.processpraisehasmorepositiveeffectsonchildrenthanpersonpraise

正确答案：D

解析：根据题干可直接定位到第三段。该段详细讲述了研究的结果，对比了

processpraise"行为表扬"及personpraise"个人表扬"的影响。该段前两句提

到，受到行为表扬多的孩子，更敢于应对挑战，应对困难的方法也更多，也更有

可能认为他们可以通过努力来提升智力，这些是personpraise所没有的，故D项

的概括正确。知识模块：阅读A节

8.CarolDweck'sattitudetowardthestudyis.

A.skeptical

B.positive

C.cautious

D.objective

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干中的人名CarolDweck可定位到第四段。本题考查的是Carol

Dweck对前三段提到的研究持什么态度。从该段中的Thisstudyismonumental“该

研究是意义重大的”可看出CarolDweck对该研究的态度是积极的，故B项为正

确答案。知识模块：阅读A节

9.AccordingtoParagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueofgirls?

A.Girlsreceivemoreprocesspraisethanboys.

B.Mostparentsareusuallyprejudicedagainstgirls.

C.Girlsreceivelessprocesspraisethanboys.

D.Theself-esteemissueisuncommonamonggirls.

正确答案：C

解析：根据题干可直接定位到第五段。该段①句就提到表扬对男孩和女孩的

影响存在差异，②句对比了两者受到的processpraise数量上的差异，从两个百

分比数字（24%和10%）可以看出，女孩受到的行为表扬数量要低于男孩所受到的

行为表扬数量，故C项为正确答案。知识模块：阅读A节

10.Bysaying“Notallpraise,itseems,isequal”,theauthorimpliesthat.

A.thereisabetterwaytopraisechildren

B.inequalityisverycommoninoursociety

C.parentsshouldencourageandpraisemore

D.girlsshouldbegivenmoreprocesspraise

正确答案：A

解析：题干中的直接引语为全文的最后一句。统观全文，可知文章主要讲的

是不同的表扬类型（本文重点在对比processpraise及personpraise）对孩子会产生

不同的影响，所以作者说“似乎不是所有表扬都是平等的"，结合文章的写作意

图，不难看出本文是想表明表扬孩子的方式有差异，存在优劣，故A项为正确

答案。知识模块：阅读A节

WhatisthedifferencebetweenJoeSix-Pack,JoethePlumberandJoe

Biden?Oneisvicepresident;theothertwoarenot.Why?Theanswerdependsona

hostofinteractivevariablesthatmustbefactoredintoanyequationofsuccess:genes,

parents,brothersandsisters,peers,teachers,practice,drive,culture,timing,legacy

andluck.Therubforthescientistisdeterminingthepercentageofinfluenceofeach

variableanditsinteractions,whichrequiressophisticatedstatisticalmodels.

Journalists,whoareunrestrictedbyresearchterms,veryquicklyproducelarge

quantitiesofself-helpbooksthatfocusonselectvariablesthatinterestthem.Fewdo

sobetterthanMalcolmGladwell,andinhisbookOutliers:TheStoryofSuccess,the

NewYorkerwriterclaimsthatsuccessfulpeoplearenot“self-made“butinstead“are

invariablythebeneficiariesofhiddenadvantagesandextraordinaryopportunitiesand

culturallegaciesthatallowthemtolearnandworkhardandmakesenseoftheworld

inwaysotherscannot.^^BillGates,forexample,maybesmart,butGladwell

preferstoemphasizethefactthatGates9swealthyparentssenthimtoaprivateschool

thathadacomputerclubwithateletypetime-sharingterminalwithadirectlinktoa

mainframecomputerinSeattle,andin1968thiswasveryunusual.Hisgoodfortune

tobeborninthemid-1950salsomeantthatGatescameofagewhenthecomputer

industrywasreadytohavesomeoneofhisexperiencestartasoftwarecompany.

Similarly,Gladwellsays,Mozart'sfatherwasacomposerwhomentoredtheyoung

Wolfgangintogreatnessfromagesixuntilhisearly20s,whenhiscompositions

changedfrompleasantlymelodiousintomasterful.TheBeatles7luckybreakcamein

Hamburg,Germany,wheretheywereabletologinmorethan1,200live

performancesandtherebymeetthewell-known10,000-hourruleforperfectinga

profession.Asianwonderchildrenaretheproductof“thetraditionofwet-rice

agricultu^e^^thatmustbepracticedyear-roundandthatrequires“thehighestemphasis

oneffortandhardwork,“andthat'swhytheystudyallsummerwhileAmerican

studentsgotothemall.Suchgeniuses,Gladwellsays,“areproductsofhistory

andcommunity,ofopportunityandlegacy.Theirsuccessisnotexceptionalor

mysterious.Itisgroundedinawebofadvantagesandinheritances,somedeserved,

somenot,someearned,somejustplainluckybutallcriticaltomakingthemwhothey

are.”

11.Byaskingtwoquestionsatthebeginningofthetext,theauthorintendsto

A.showdifferentachievementsofdifferentJoes

B・introducethecontributoryfactorsofsuccess

C.introduceastudyondeterminantsofsuccess

D.discussthedifficultyofsuccessfortheordinary

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干关键词beginningofthetext定位到第一段。两个问题即“乔

六包、水管工乔和乔・拜登有什么不同？”和“为什么会有不同？"，这里关键语义

落在后一句“Why?”，探究造成这一情况的原因，以此引出促成成功的各种变量，

B项的contributoryfactors“促成因素”对应本段④句的Theanswerdependson…

variablesthatmustbefactoredinto・・・success,这里的answer即是对why的回答，

故B项为答案。知识模块：阅读A节

12.AccordingtoParagraph2,Gladwellbelievesthat.

A.journalistsabidebyresearchresultaccurately

B・manyexternalfactorscontributetosuccess

C.journalistsareinterestedinself-helpbooks

D.peoplesucceedthroughtheirownefforts

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干中的Gladwell可定位到第二段②句。该句首先提到Malcolm

Gladwell,句子后半部分的theNewYorkerwriter是其代名词，文中的claims对

应题目的believes,表示Gladwell相信成功人士并不是“仅靠自身努力而取得成

功的"(self-made),而是隐性优势、非凡机遇和文化传承的受益者，B项“许多

外在因素促成成功”与原文的意思相符，故为答案。知识模块：阅读A节

13.AccordingtoGladwell,whichofthefollowingistrueofGates?

A.Hisgreatsuccessisduetohisowntalent.

B.Hisbirthtimepartlycontributestohissuccess.

C.Hisinterestinsoftwaremadehimsucceed.

D.Heisfortunatetoreceiveunusualeducation.

正确答案：B

解析：根据题干中的关键词Gates可定位到第三段。该段以比尔・盖茨为例

说明第二段的观点：成功人士是隐形优势、非凡机遇和文化传承的受益者。其中

②句中的Hisgoodfortunetobeborninthemid-1950s说明他出生于一个恰当的时

机，B项所述与此对应。知识模块：阅读A节

14.WemaylearnfromParagraph4that.

A.geniusesworklessharderthantheordinary

B.musicians9successisduetotalentmostly

C.manyfactorshelpgeniusesbecomesuccessful

D.AsiansworklessharderthanAmericans

正确答案：C

解析•：根据题干可直接定位到第四段。该段依旧是列举名人事例说明论点：

成功人士不是self-made。其中谈到了莫扎特、披头士和亚洲神童的成功。Gladwell

强调了莫扎特的作曲家(composer)父亲(他一直辅导莫扎特到二十岁)、披头士的

机遇(luckybreak)以及亚洲神童的努力和辛勤工作(effortandhardwork),C项“许

多因素促使天才获得成功”与文意相吻合，故为答案。知识模块：阅读A节

15.Thewebofadvantagesandinheritancesare.

A.thefoundationofsuccess

B.peculiartogeniuses

C.lessimportanttogeniuses

D.possessedbyeveryone

正确答案：A

解析：根据题干定位到最后一段。其中该段①句总结表明，天才是历史和社

会、机遇和传承的产物，③句进一步阐述他们的成功建立在一张优势和传承交织

的网上(groundedinawebofadvantagesandinheritances),所以这个网是成功的基

石(foundation),A项语义与此对应，故为正确答案。知识模块：阅读A节

“Ibelieveinequalityforeveryone,exceptreportersandphotographers,

MahatmaGandhioncesaid.Journalist-haterslikehimmightnotcareabouttheagony

ofAmerica'snewsfirms,butmanyAmericansdo.Nearlyathirdofthemsaythey

haveabandonedanewssourcebecausetheythoughtthequalityofitsinformationwas

declining.Accordingto“TheStateoftheNewsMedia2013”,areportbythe

ProjectforExcellenceinJournalismatthePewResearchCentre,thedeteriorating

financialstateofnewsorganizationshashurttheiroutput.Newspaperstaffshave

shrunkbyaround30%sincetheirpeakin1989,andnewspaperscollectivelynow

employfewerthan40,000full-timeprofessionals,thelowestnumbersincethe

mid-1970s.Americanswhothinkmediafirmsareputtingoutfeweroriginal,

thoughtfulstoriesareprobablyright.Weather,trafficandsportnowaccountfor

around40%oflocaltelevisionnewscasts.Theaveragelengthofastorykeepsfalling.

Only20%oflocalTVstoriesexceedaminute,andhalftakelessthan30seconds.

Oncable-newschannels,livereports,whichrequirecameracrewsandjournalists

actuallytoshowupsomewhere,havefallenbyathirdindaytimeprogramsinthepast

fiveyears.Interviewsegments,whicharecheap,haverisen.Americansmayalso

prefertalkingheadsbecausetheyincreasinglyprefertohearopinionratherthanfact.

ThistrendishighlightedbythepopularityofFox,aconservativenewsnetwork,and

ofMSNBC,itsleft-leaningcounterpart.CNN,whichtendstotoethemiddleline,

continuestostrugglewithitsratingsunlessthereisabignewsevent.Whereis

thegoodnews?LastyearlocalTVstations,especiallythoseinswingstateslike

FloridaandOhio,gotawelcomeboostfromthe$3billionspentonTVadvertising

duringtheelection.Andnewspapersarenowstartinginlargenumberstodemand

paymentfortheirdigitalcontent.PewreckonsthataroundathirdofAmerica's1,380

dailieshavestarted(orwillsoonlaunch)paywalls,inspiredbythesuccessoftheNew

YorkTimes,where640,000subscribersgetthedigitaleditionandcirculationnow

accountsforalargerportionofrevenuesthanadvertising.Boostingcirculation

revenuewillhelpstemlossesfromprintadvertising,sinceithasbecomeclearthat

digitaladvertisingwillnotbeenough.Forevery$16lostinprintadvertisinglastyear,

newspapersmadeonlyaround$1fromdigitalads.Thebulkofthe$37.3billionspent

ondigitaladvertisingin2012wenttofivefirms:Google,Yahoo,Facebook,Microsoft

andAOL.NotmuchGandhianequalitythere.

16.Thedeclineofnewspapers9informationqualityismainlycausedby.

A.financialdownturnofnewsgroups

B・ashortageoftalentedstaffs

C.decreaseinnewspaperreaders

D.increasingnumberofjournalist-haters

正确答案：A

解析：题干提及的“报纸信息质量下降”首先出现在第一段末句。而第二段

①句末的hurttheiroutput与此对应。该句讲述造成该现象的原因是the

deterioratingfinancialstateofnewsorganizations”新闻机构不断恶化的财政状况”，

A项所述与此对应，故为答案。也许有同学不理解deteriorating“恶化的”一词，

但根据全文上下的语境，至少能判断出这是一个贬义词，因而可推测原因是由于

报业集团不好的经济状况造成，也能选出A项。知识模块：阅读A节

17.AccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofcable-news

channels?

A.Livereports