2008年历年考研英语真题

绝密★启用前2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（科目代码：201）☆考生注意事项☆答题前，考生须在试题册指定位置上填写考生编号和考生姓名；在答题卡考生须把试题册上的“试卷条形码”粘贴条取下，粘贴在答题卡的“试卷条形码粘贴位置”框中。不按规定粘贴条形码而影响评卷结果的，责任由考生自负。选择题的答案必须涂写在答题卡相应题号的选项上，非选择题的答案必须书写在答题卡指定位置的边框区域内。超出答题区域书写的答案无效；在草稿纸、试题册上答题无效。填（书）写部分必须使用黑色字迹签字笔书写，字迹工整、笔迹清楚；涂2B铅笔填涂。（以下信息考生必须认真填写）考生编号考生姓名英语试题.PAGE英语试题.PAGE1.（14页）SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheofbeisoneofnotButis1toitHeis2awho3anyHehelpedtheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveaitwas5he,atthe6ofheistodo.twoheisanot7oneofisthebutthehasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralTheisdoinIQ9of100,andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWest,asthe12oftheirelites,includingseveralworld-renownedscientists,13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseases,suchasbreastThesefacts,14,havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffects,asaofThewasasa17ofgeneticisolation.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs.1．[A]selected2．[A]unique[B]prepared[B]particular[C]obliged[C]special[D]pleased[D]rare3．[A]of[B]with[C]in[D]against4．[A]subsequently[B]presently[C]previously[D]lately5．[A]Only[B]So[C]Even[D]Hence6．[A]thought[B]sight[C]cost[D]risk7．[A]advises [B]suggests [C]protests [D]objects8．[A]progress [B]fact [C]need [D]question9．[A]attaining [B]scoring [C]reaching [D]calculating10．[A]normal [B]common [C]mean [D]total11．[A]unconsciously [B]disproportionately[C]indefinitely [D]unaccountably12．[A]missions [B]fortunes [C]interests [D]careers13．[A]affirm [B]witness [C]observe [D]approve14．[A]moreover [B]therefore [C]however [D]meanwhile15．[A]givenup [B]gotover [C]carriedon [D]putdown16．[A]assessing [B]supervising [C]administering [D]valuing17．[A]development [B]origin [C]consequence [D]instrument18．[A]linked [B]integrated [C]woven [D]combined19．[A]limited [B]subjected [C]converted [D]directed20．[A]paradoxical [B]incompatible[C]inevitable [D]continuousSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Whilestillcatchinguptomeninsomespheresofmodernlife,womenappeartobewayaheadinatleastoneundesirablecategory.areparticularlysusceptibletodevelopingdepressionandanxietydisordersinresponsetostresscomparedtomen,”accordingtochiefpsychiatristatNewAdministrationHospital.Studiesofbothanimalsandhumanshaveshownthatsexhormonessomehowaffectthestressresponse,causingfemalesunderstresstoproducemoreofthetriggerchemicalsthandomalesunderthesameconditions.Inseveralofthestudies,whenstressed-outfemaleratshadtheirovaries(thefemalereproductiveorgans)removed,theirchemicalresponsesbecameequaltothoseofthemales.Addingtoaincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,”says“Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthansheobserves,justthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandnotesanotherdifferencebetweenthesexes.“Ithinkthatthekindsofthingsthatwomenareexposedtotendtobeinmoreofachronicorrepeatednature.Mengotowarandareexposedtocombatstress.Menareexposedtomoreactsofrandomphysicalviolence.Thekindsofinterpersonalviolencethatwomenareexposedtotendtobeindomesticsituations,by,unfortunately,parentsorotherfamilymembers,andtheytendnottobeone-shotdeals.Thewear-and-tearthatcomesfromtheselongerrelationshipscanbequitedevastating.”AdelineAlvarezmarriedat18andgavebirthtoason,butwasdeterminedtofinishcollege.“Istruggledalottogetthecollegedegree.Iwaslivinginsomuchfrustrationthatthatwasmyescape,togotoschool,andgetaheadanddoLater,hermarriageendedandshebecameasinglemother.thehardestthingtotakecareofateenager,haveajob,paytherent,paythecarpayment,andpaythedebt.Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”NoteveryoneexperiencesthekindsofseverechronicstressesAlvarezdescribes.Butmostwomentodayarecopingwithalotofobligations,withfewbreaks,andfeelingthestrain.Alvarez’sexperiencedemonstratestheimportanceoffindingwaystodiffusestressbeforeitthreatensyourhealthandyourabilitytofunction.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?arebiologicallymorevulnerabletostress.arestillsufferingmuchstresscausedbymen.aremoreexperiencedthanmenincopingwithstress.Menandwomenshowdifferentinclinationswhenfacedwithstress.researchsuggeststhatwomenneedextradosesofchemicalstohandlestress.havelimitedcapacityfortoleratingstress.aremorecapableofavoidingstress.areexposedtomorestress.AccordingtoParagraph4,thestresswomenconfronttendstobedomesticandtemporary.irregularandviolent.durableandfrequent.trivialandrandom.Thesentence“Ilivedfrompaychecktopaycheck.”(Line6,Para.5)showsthatAlvarezcaredaboutnothingbutmakingAlvarez’ssalarybarelycoveredherhouseholdexpenses.Alvarezgotpaychecksfromdifferentjobs.Alvarezpaidpracticallyeverythingbycheck.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?StrainofStress:NoOut?ResponsestoStress:GenderDifferenceStressAnalysis:WhatChemicalsSayGenderInequality:UnderStressText2Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforDependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.Nolonger.TheInternet–andpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoit–ismakingfreeaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilbeenakeyelementofscientificendeavour.Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbytheauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscussesthebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthatitprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.itemphasizesthecrucialroleofscientificknowledge.itfacilitatespublicinvestmentinscientificresearch.theopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredtocoverthecostofitspublication.subscribetothejournalpublishingit.allowotheronlinejournalstouseitcompletethepeer-reviewbeforesubmission.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthetext?TheInternetisposingathreattopublishers.Anewmodeofpublicationisemerging.Authorswelcomethenewchannelforpublication.Publicationisrenderedeasierbyonlineservice.Text3Intheearly1960sChamberlainwasoneoftheonlythreeplayersintheNationalBasketballAssociation(NBA)listedatoversevenfeet.Ifhehadplayedlastseason,however,hewouldhavebeenoneof42.Thebodiesplayingmajorprofessionalsportshavechangeddramaticallyovertheyears,andmanagershavebeenmorethanwillingtoadjustteamuniformstofitthegrowingnumbersofbigger,longerframes.Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.Thoughtypicallyabouttwoinchestallernowthan140yearsago,today’speople–especiallythoseborntofamilieswhohavelivedintheU.S.formanygenerations–apparentlyreachedtheirlimitintheearly1960s.Andtheyaren’tlikelytogetanytaller.“Inthegeneralpopulationtoday,atthisgenetic,environmentallevel,we’veprettymuchgoneasfaraswecango,”saysanthropologistWilliamCameronChumleaofWrightStateUniversity.InthecaseofNBAplayers,theirincreaseinheightappearstoresultfromtheincreasinglycommonpracticeofrecruitingplayersfromallovertheworld.Growth,whichrarelycontinuesbeyondtheageof20,demandscaloriesandnutrients–notably,protein–tofeedexpandingtissues.Atthestartofthe20thcentury,under-nutritionandchildhoodinfectionsgotintheway.Butasdietandhealthimproved,childrenandadolescentshave,onaverage,increasedinheightbyaboutaninchandahalfevery20years,apatternknownastheseculartrendinheight.YetaccordingtotheCentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,averageheight–5′9″formen,5′4″forwomen–hasn’treallychangedsince1960.Geneticallyspeaking,thereareadvantagestoavoidingsubstantialheight.Duringchildbirth,largerbabieshavemoredifficultypassingthroughthebirthcanal.Moreover,eventhoughhumanshavebeenuprightformillionsofyears,ourfeetandbackcontinuetostrugglewithbipedalpostureandcannoteasilywithstandrepeatedstrainimposedbyoversizelimbs.“Therearesomerealconstraintsthataresetbythegeneticarchitectureoftheindividualorganism,”saysanthropologistWilliamLeonardofNorthwesternUniversity.Geneticmaximumscanchange,butdon’texpectthistohappensoon.ClaireC.Gordon,senioranthropologistattheArmyResearchCenterinNatick,Mass.,ensuresthat90percentoftheuniformsandworkstationsfitrecruitswithoutalteration.Shesaysthat,unlikethoseforbasketball,thelengthofmilitaryuniformshasnotchangedforsometime.Andifyouneedtopredicthumanheightinthenearfuturetodesignapieceofequipment,Gordonsaysthatbyandlarge,“youcouldusetoday’sdataandfeelfairlyconfident.”ChamberlainiscitedasanexampletoillustratethechangeofheightofNBAplayers.showthepopularityofNBAplayersintheU.S..comparedifferentgenerationsofNBAplayers.assesstheachievementsoffamousNBAplayers.Whichofthefollowingplaysakeyroleinbodygrowthaccordingtothetext?Geneticmodification.Naturalenvironment.Livingstandards.Dailyexercise.Onwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?Non-Americansaddtotheaverageheightofthenation.Humanheightisconditionedbytheuprightposture.Americansarethetallestonaverageintheworld.Largerbabiestendtobecometallerinadulthood.learnfromthelastparagraphthatinthenearfuturethegarmentindustrywillreconsidertheuniformsize.thedesignofmilitaryuniformswillremainunchanged.genetictestingwillbeemployedinselectingsportsmen.theexistingdataofhumanheightwillstillbeapplicable.Thetextintendstotellusthatthechangeofhumanheightfollowsacyclicpattern.humanheightisbecomingevenmorepredictable.Americanshavereachedtheirgeneticgrowthlimit.thegeneticpatternofAmericanshasaltered.Text4In1784,fiveyearsbeforehebecamepresidentoftheUnitedStates,George52,wasnearlytoothless.Sohehiredadentisttotransplantnineteethintohisjaw–havingextractedthemfromthemouthsofhisslaves.afardifferentimagefromthecherry-tree-choppingGeorgemostpeoplerememberfromtheirhistorybooks.Butrecently,manyhistorianshavebeguntofocusontheroleslaveryplayedinthelivesofthefoundinggeneration.TheyhavebeenspurredinpartbyDNAevidencemadeavailablein1998,whichalmostcertainlyprovedThomasJeffersonhadfatheredatleastonechildwithhisslaveSallyHemings.Andonlyoverthepast30yearshavescholarsexaminedhistoryfromthebottomup.ofseveralhistoriansrevealthemoralcompromisesmadebytheearlyleadersandthefragilenatureofthecountry’sMoresignificantly,theyarguethatmanyoftheFoundingFathersknewslaverywaswrong–andyetmostdidlittletofightit.Morethananything,thehistoriansthefounderswerehamperedbythecultureoftheirtime.WhileandJeffersonprivatelyexpresseddistasteforslavery,theyalsounderstoodthatitwaspartofthepoliticalandeconomicbedrockofthecountrytheyhelpedtocreate.Foronething,theSouthcouldnotaffordtopartwithitsslaves.Owningslaveswas“likehavingalargebankaccount,”saysWiencek,authorofAnImperfectGod:GeorgeWashington,HisSlaves,andtheCreationofAmerica.ThesouthernstateswouldnothavesignedtheConstitutionwithoutprotectionsforthe“peculiarinstitution,”includingaclausethatcountedaslaveasthreefifthsofamanforpurposesofcongressionalrepresentation.Andthestatesmen’spoliticallivesdependedonslavery.Thethree-fifthsformulahandedJeffersonhisnarrowvictoryinthepresidentialelectionof1800byinflatingthevotesofthesouthernstatesintheElectoralCollege.Onceinoffice,JeffersonextendedslaverywiththeLouisianaPurchasein1803;thenewlandwascarvedinto13states,includingthreeslavestates.Still,JeffersonfreedHemings’schildren–thoughnotHemingsherselforhisapproximately150otherslaves.Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhiswill.Onlyadecadeearlier,suchanactwouldhaverequiredlegislativeapprovalinVirginia.英语试题.PAGE英语试题.PAGE10.（14页）Georgedentalsurgeryismentionedtoshowtheprimitivemedicalpracticeinthepast.demonstratethecrueltyofslaveryinhisdays.stresstheroleofslavesintheU.S.history.revealsomeunknownaspectofhislife.mayinferfromthesecondparagraphthatDNAtechnologyhasbeenwidelyappliedtohistoryresearch.initsearlydaystheU.S.wasconfrontedwithdelicatesituations.historiansdeliberatelymadeupsomestoriesoflife.politicalcompromisesareeasilyfoundthroughouttheU.S.history.WhatdowelearnaboutThomasJefferson?Hispoliticalviewchangedhisattitudetowardsslavery.Hisstatusasafathermadehimfreethechildslaves.Hisattitudetowardsslaverywascomplex.Hisaffairwithaslavestainedhisprestige.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?SomeFoundingFathersbenefitpoliticallyfromslavery.Slavesintheolddaysdidnothavetherighttovote.Slavesownersusuallyhadlargesavingsaccounts.Slaverywasregardedasapeculiarinstitution.decisiontofreeslavesoriginateditaryexperience.financialconditions.politicalstand.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesegmentshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Thetimeforsharpeningpencils,arrangingyourdesk,anddoingalmostanythingelseinsteadofwritinghasended.Thefirstdraftwillappearonthepageonlyifyoustopavoidingtheinevitableandsit,standup,orliedowntowrite.(41) Beflexible.outlineshouldsmoothlyconductyoufromonepointtothenext,butdonotpermitittorailroadyou.Ifarelevantandimportantideaoccurstoyouworkitintothedraft.(42) Grammar,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.Concentrateonwhatyouaresaying.Goodwritingmostoftenoccurswhenyouareinhotpursuitofanidearatherthaninanervoussearchforerrors.(43) pageswillbeeasiertokeeptrackofthatand,ifyouhavetoclipaparagraphtoplaceitelsewhere,youwillnotloseanywritingontheotherside.Ifyouareworkingonawordprocessor,youcantakeadvantageofitscapacitytomakeadditionsanddeletionsaswellasmoveentireparagraphsbymakingjustafewsimplekeyboardcommands.Somesoftwareprogramscanalsocheckspellingandcertaingrammaticalelementsinyourwriting.(44) Theseprintoutsarealsoeasiertoreadthanthescreenwhenyouworkonrevisions.Onceyouhaveafirstdraftonpaper,youcandeletematerialthatisunrelatedtoyourthesisandaddmaterialnecessarytoillustrateyourpointsandmakeyourpaperconvincing.Thestudentwhowrote“TheA&PasaStateofMind”wiselydroppedaparagraphthatquestionedwhetherSammydisplayschauvinisticattitudestowardwomen.(45) Rememberthatyourinitialdraftisonlythat.shouldgothroughthepapermanytimes–andthenagain–workingtosubstantiateandclarifyyourideas.mayevenendupwithseveralentireversionsofthepaper.Rewrite.Thesentenceswithineachparagraphshouldberelatedtoasingletopic.Transitionsshouldconnectoneparagraphtothenextsothattherearenoabruptorconfusingshifts.orwordyphrasingorunclearsentencesandparagraphsshouldbemercilesslypokedandproddedintoshape.makerevisingeasier,leavewidemarginsandextraspacebetweenlinessothatyoucaneasilyaddwords,sentences,andcorrections.Writeononlyonesideofthepaper.Afteryouhaveclearlyandadequatelydevelopedthebodyofyourpaper,payparticularattentiontotheintroductoryandconcludingparagraphs.It’sprobablybesttowritetheintroductionlast,afteryouknowpreciselywhatyouareintroducing.Concludingparagraphsdemandequalattentionbecausetheyleavethereaderwithafinalimpression.It’sworthremembering,however,thatthoughacleancopyfreshoffaprintermaylookterrific,itwillreadonlyaswellasthethinkingandwritingthathavegoneintoit.Manywritersprudentlystoretheirdataondisksandprinttheirpageseachtimetheyfinishadrafttoavoidlosinganymaterialbecauseofpowerfailuresorotherproblems.Itmakesnodifferencehowyouwrite,justsoyoudo.Nowthatyouhavedevelopedatopicintoatentativethesis,youcanassembleyournotesandbegintofleshoutwhateveroutlineyouhavemade.Althoughthisisaninterestingissue,ithasnothingtodowiththethesis,whichexplainshowthesettinginfluencesdecisiontoquithisjob.Insteadofincludingthatparagraph,sheaddedonethatdescribedcrabbedresponsetothegirlssothatshecouldleaduptotheA&P“policy”heenforces.Inthefinalparagraphaboutthesignificanceofthesettinginthehisjobbytohisrefusaltoacceptstorepolicies.Byusingthefirstdraftasameansofthinkingaboutwhatyouwanttosay,youwillverylikelydiscovermorethanyournotesoriginallysuggested.Plentyofgoodwritersdon’tuseoutlinesatallbutdiscoverorderingprinciplesastheywrite.Donotattempttocomposeaperfectlycorrectdraftthefirsttimearound.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)Inhisautobiography,Darwinhimselfspeaksofhisintellectualpowerswithextraordinarymodesty.Hepointsoutthathealwaysexperiencedmuchdifficultyinexpressinghimselfclearlyandconcisely,but(46)hebelievesthatthisverydifficultymayhavehadthecompensatingadvantageofforcinghimtothinklongandintentlyabouteverysentence,andthusenablinghimtodetecterrorsinreasoningandinhisownobservations.Hedisclaimedthepossessionofanygreatqu