医学节肢动物学

MEDICALARTHROPODOLOGY

医学节肢动物学(MEDICALENTOMOLOGY)（医学昆虫学）Introduction

Medicalentomologyisabiologicalsciencedealingwitharthropodsthataffectthehealthofhumansorothervertebrateanimals,throughtheirabilitytotransmitcausalagentsofdisease,throughtheirdirectattacks,orasaresultoftheharmfuleffectsproducedbycontact.ThemaincharactersofarthropodMetamerism(体躯分节），orsegmentedbody,bilaterallysymmetricalforms(两侧对称），withsegmentedjoinedappendagesChitinousexoskeleton(几丁质外骨骼）Internalstructure:

ventralnervecord

opencirculatorysystemMainclassesof

MedicalArthropodaInsecta(昆虫纲）Arachnida

（蛛形纲）Crustacea

（甲壳纲）Chilopoda

（唇足纲）Diplopoda

（倍足纲）InsectaMosquitoes蚊,flies蝇,cockroach蟑螂，fleas蚤,sandflies

白蛉,lice虱,etc.ArachnidaMites螨，ticks蜱，spider蜘蛛，scorpion蝎子，etc.CrustaceaCrayfish蝲蛄,freshwatercrab溪蟹,etc.ChilopodaCentipede蜈蚣（百脚）DiplopodaMillipede马陆InjuriesofarthropodsDirectinjuries:Ectoparasites---annoyance,bloodortissuefluidfeedingEndoparasites---parasitizinginhostskin,viscera,

producingscabies(疥疮）,ormyiasis（蝇蛆病）Envenomization（螫刺）Allergicreactions---asthma(哮喘）,allergicrhinitis（过敏性鼻炎）InjuriesofarthropodsIndirectinjury—transmissionofvector-bornediseases(传播虫媒病）A.Mechanicaltransmission

Inthiscasearthropodisnotanintegralpartinthelifecycleofthemicroorganism.InjuriesofarthropodsIndirectinjury—transmissionofdiseases

（传播虫媒病）B.Biologicaltransmission

Inthiscasearthropodisanintegralpartinthelifecycleofthemicroorganism.Thisisthemostimportanttypeofdisease-transmission.BiologicaltransmissionCyclodevelopmentalbiologicaltransmission发育式Propagativebiologicaltransmission

繁殖式Cyclopropagativebiologicaltransmission

发育繁殖式Transovariantransmission

经卵传递式LifecycleInthelifecycle,theentiredevelopmentprogressofarthropodsusuallyundergoesaseriesofchangesbothinappearanceandinbehavior.Thistypeofgrowthistermedasmetamorphosis(变态）.metamorphosisA.Completemetamorphosis

(holometebolous)完全变态

Thecycleofdevelopmentinvolvesegg（卵）,larva（幼虫）,pupa（蛹）,andadult（成虫）.Eachstageismorphologicallydistinctfromtheothers,andalsopresentindifferenthabitat,e.g.mosquito,fly.metamorphosisB.Incompletemetamorphosis

(hemimetabolus)不完全变态或半变态

Thearthropodsundergogradual,orincompletemetamorphosis.Immaturestagescallednymphs(若虫）gothroughaseriesofmolts,graduallyassuminganadultform.Thedifferencesbetweenadultandimmaturestagesaremainlyofmorphologicalsizeandsexuallymaturity,e.g.cockroach.

Lifecycleofmitesandticksishemimetabolus.Ithasfourstages:egg,larva,nymph,andadult.BehaviorsofinsectsManyaspectsofinsectbehaviorinlifehistoryareimportantindiseasetransmission,especiallythoserelatingtorelationshipsbetweenvectorsandhosts.Tounderstandthebehaviorsofaspecificinsectwouldalsohelpinchoosingcontrolmeasures.BehaviorsofinsectsBreedingandrestingsites(孳生地和栖息地）Feedingbehaviors(取食行为）Movementsofinsectvector(昆虫的行为）Seasonalabundance(季节消长）Wintering(越冬）Arthropods,Vector-BorneDiseases,andBioweaponAmongthemostcontagiousanddeadlyorganismsofinfectiousdiseasesarethosecarriedbyarthropods.Diseasesthattransmittedbyarthropodsarecalledvector-bornedisease.Innature,insectsharbormanypathogens,andtheyhavetheabilitiesofpropagationanddispersion,theyhadbeenusedasidealvectorsforsomedeadlypathogensinwarshistorically.ControlofmedicalarthropodsVectorcontrolmethodsshould:BesafetotheuserandtheenvironmentBeeffectiveBeaffordableBesimpletounderstandandapplyControlofmedicalarthropodsMechanical(physical)controlBiologicalcontrolGeneticcontrolEnvironmentalmanagementLegalpestcontrolChemicalcontrolArthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(1)VisualIDCommonNameGenusDiseasesBitingmidges蠓Culicoides-Visceral

filariasis(mansonellosis)内脏丝虫病（曼氏丝虫病）-Oropouchefever奥罗普切（病毒）热Bodylice体虱Pediculus-Epidemictyphus流行性斑疹伤寒-Relapsingfever回归热-Trenchfever战壕热Blackflies蚋Simulium-Onchocerciasis(riverblindness)盘尾丝虫病（河盲症）flies蝇Dermatobia,Cordylobia,AmiotaMusca，Lucilia，Chrysomyia,etc.-Myiasis蝇蛆病-Biologicaltransmissionofdisease生物性传播疾病（结膜吸吮线虫病）-Mechanicaltransmissionofdiseases机械性传播疾病（肠道传染病）ArthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(2)Horseflies,Deerflies虻Chrysops-Eyewormdisease(loa

loa)罗阿丝虫病-Tularemia野兔热Fleas蚤Xenopsylla,etc.-Plague鼠疫-Murinetyphus鼠斑疹伤寒Kissingbugs锥蝽Rhodnius,Triatoma,Panstrongylus-Chagas'disease恰格氏病

(Americantrypanosomiasis)（美洲锥虫病）Mites螨Chiggermites恙螨Mousemites鼠螨Leptothrombidium

Sarcoptes

Lyponyssoides-Scrubtyphus恙虫病-Scabies疥疮-Rickettsialpox立克次体痘ArthropodsoftheMajorDiseasesTheyTransmit(3)VisualIDCommonNameGenusDiseasesMosquitoes蚊Aedes

伊蚊-Dengue登革热-Yellowfever黄热病-Viralencephalitis病毒性脑炎Anopheles按蚊-Malaria疟疾Culex,Aedes库蚊，伊蚊-Viralfevers多种虫媒病毒