考向25阅读理解(讲练结合)(重点)(原卷版+解析)-备战2022年中考英语一轮复习考点微专题(浙江专用)

考向25阅读理解（2021·浙江衢州市·中考真题）HomeForumBlogsFeedbackI’mintrouble.Lastweek,wehadafootballmatch,andwelost.Weplayedwell,butoneteammatedidn’tdohisbest,Ithink.Itwaslikehewasn’tevenonthecourt!Disappointedbyhisbehaviour,Isaidallthistomybestfriend.ButhetoldeveryoneelsewhatI’dsaid.I’mreallyangrywithmyfriend-whatshouldIsaytohim?AndshouldIsayanythingatalltomyteammate?ReplyThereisanoldAmericansaying,“Looselipssinkships.”Thismeansthatifyouspeaktoomuchaboutsomething,especiallytopeoplewhoyoudon’tknowsowell,it’llcauseallkindsoftrouble.Maybenowyou’reinthissituation.Forgetalltheseunhappythings.Like13ReplyPerhapsmostimportantly,thinkaboutyourownbehaviour.Whenfilledwithanger,youwouldsaywhatevercomestoyourmind.Youmighthurtothers.Takeadeepbreath,calmdown,andalwaysremember:thinkfirst,speaklater.Like11ReplyInmyview（观点）,youshoulddowhatyourparentsask.They’remucholderthanyouandyoushouldrespectthem.It’stheirhouseyouliveinandtheirmoneyyouspend!Like10ReplyHere’swhatyouneedtodo.First,apologisetoyourteammate.Haveachatwithhim,andtellhimdirectlyandhonestlythatyouweretalkingwithoutthinking.Thentellyourfriendyou’reangrywithhimforrepeatingwhatyousaidandmakingthesituationworse,butyouhopeyourfriendshipwillmoveon.Like101．Tonypostedhisproblemsontheforuminorderto______.A．discussthematch B．showfootballskillsC．gethelpfromothers D．catchhisteammate’sattention2．WhichisLingling’sviewaccordingtothetext?______A．It’spoliteofyoutoapologiseintime.B．It’simportanttoaskyourparentsforhelp.C．It’snecessarytosaywhatevercomestoyourmind.D．It’shelpfultokeepcalmwhenyou’reangry.3．Whosereplyisnotrelevant（关联）toTony’sproblems?______A．Betty’s. B．Lingling’s. C．MsLi’s. D．Daming’s.记叙文一、材料特点 人物故事类的阅读理解是中考英语的常考材料之一。这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。1.人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。2.短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生发展或结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因和后果的推测等方面着手，考查考生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。二、解题技巧1.阅读人物传记类文章时应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做过什么，然后通过分析推理、综合归纳的方法进行解题。2.阅读短篇故事类材料时，同学们一定要根据主要情节掌握文章主旨大意，同时抓住每一个细节，设身处地地根据文章内容揣摩作者的态度和意图，根据情节展开想象，这样的话即使是深层理解题也可迎刃而解。说明文＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。议论文议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。二、解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断)。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。应用文阅读理解之应用文包含广告、招聘、咨询和建议、通知等类型的文章。满分技巧 纵观历年各省市的中考题可以看出广告图表类的文章在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重，一般四篇阅读理解中至少有一篇是广告图表类。广告图表类的文章属于应用文的行列。考生在阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲图画上的文字或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。AWhatamIreading?Technologyhasgivenusachancetomoreinformationthaneverbeforeinhistory.Butthischancecomeswithgreatresponsibility.It’snotenoughtojustreadthenews-wehavetoknowhowtocriticallyevaluate(批判性地评估)it.Andthat’swhyIthinkpublicschoolsshouldoffermedialiteracycourses.Medialiteracyreferstotheabilitytoread,understandandevaluateanykindofmedia.Beingabletotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalseisanimportantpartofmedialiteracy.Unfortunately,itisaskillthatmanypeopledon’tseemtohave.Thislackofmedialiteracycanbeeasilyseenonsocialmedia.In2016,afake(假的)storyaboutawomanwinningthelottery(彩票)wassharedmorethan1.77milliontimesonFacebook.Thisisjustoneexampleofhowfarandwidefalseinformationcanspreadwhenpeopledon’thavemedialiteracy.▲Ifmedialiteracyistaughtinschools,kidswillgettheskillstheyneedtolookthroughadigitalworldfullofdisinformationandmisleadingstories.Manyoftheseskillsaresimple-forexample,beingabletotakealookatanewswebsiteandimmediatelytellifithasacertainkindofbias(偏见).Itisimportantthatkidslearntheseskillsfromanearlyage,asthemediafuturewillonlygetmorecrowdedastimegoesby.Learningtoseparatefactfromfiction(假想)willhelpkidsstayproperlyinformed(了解情况的)astheygrowupandlearnmoreabouttheworld.1．Whatismedialiteracyaccordingtothepassage?________A．Thehabittolookthroughnewwebsites.B．Areadingskillthatmanypeopledon’thave.C．Amethodtoreadandunderstandanykindofmedia.D．Theabilitytotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalse.2．Theexampleinparagraph3isgiventoshow________.A．howterribletheonlineworldis B．howwidefalseinformationcanspreadC．howtheonlineinformationinfluencesus D．howmanypeopleneedthemedialiteracy3．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe▲inparagraph4?A．However,therearewaystofixthis. B．However,it’shardtolearntheskill.C．Sopeoplealwayshaveabiastowardsnews. D．Soit’snecessarytospreadrealinformation.4．Thewriterwrotethepassageto________.A．showusthedisadvantagesofthetechnologyB．suggestkidslearnabouttheworldfromanearlyageC．encourageustolearnmoreaboutonlineinformationD．callonschoolstoteachkidstocriticallyevaluateonlineinformationBLifeartisastudent-runorganizationfoundedbyoneofmybestfriendsatmyschoolinBoston,US.Itsellsartworkandraisesmoneyforcancerresearch.Tocollectmoremoney,wesetoutontothestreetsofBostontosellourartworktothepubliclastspring.Wesetourselvesupneartheentranceofasubwaystationsothatwecouldgetmorecustomers.Itwasquitehardatfirst.Itwaswindythatday,soourcanvas(画布)keptfallingoverandthepricelabelskeptbeingblowingaway.Allofuswerequiteshyandwereabitafraidtoaskpeopleiftheywouldconsiderbuyingourartwork.Wewerealsoworriedaboutbeingdrivenaway.Oneofourgirls,Luna,triedtotalktoourfirstcustomer.Althoughhedidnotbuyanything,itgavesomecouragetotherestofus.Witheverynewcustomer,Lunabroughttoourlittlestand(摊位),wehadmorecourage.IalsosteppedforwardandtalkedtoaSouthKoreanwomanpassingby.Ifeltabitembarrassed(尴尬的)whenshesaidthatshedidn’thavetime.Butthankstothisshortconversationwithastranger,mycouragegrew.Ikepttalkingtomorepeople,includingsomeChinesepeople.Attheendoftheday,wesoldabout20piecesofart.Itmightnotbeasmuchaswehadexpected,butthecouragewegainedmadeupfortheday’sshortcomings(缺点).5．Whydidthewriterandhisfriendsselltheirartwork?________A．Becausetheywantedtofoundastudent-runorganization.B．Becausetheywerewillingtosharetheirworkswithothers.C．Becausetheywereaskedtotalktostrangersinthestreet.D．Becausetheyplannedtoraisemoneyforcancerresearch.6．Howdidtheyfeelatfirstwhensellingtheirartwork?________A．Excited. B．Confident. C．Nervous. D．Tired.7．Whomadethewriterkeeptalkingtomorepeople?________A．ThatgirlcalledLuna. B．Theirfirstcustomer.C．ASouthKoreanwoman. D．AChinesevisitor.8．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A．ThegirlsarepleasedwiththemoneytheyraisedatlastB．Thewriterwon’tfeelembarrassedanymoreinthefutureC．Thestudent-runorganizationwillbepopularwithyoungpeopleD．ThewritermaybemoreconfidenttocommunicatewithstrangersCThewidespreaduseofInternettechnologyhasmadeourliveseasierbutcausesabigchallengetoseniorcitizens(年长者),whoarenotalwayscomfortablewithsmartphonesandsomanynewapps.Onlyafewseniorcitizensareabletoenjoytheadvantagesthatnewtechnologiesoffer.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics,thenumberofpeopleaged60andabovewas255millionin2020,about17.9%ofChina’spopulation.Butonly23%ofthemwereabletousetheInternet.Thatmeansmorethanthree-fourthsoftheseniorcitizensarenotabletoenjoythedigital(数字的)advantages.Manyseniorcitizenswhocan’tusesmartphonesarefacingdifficultiesduringthispandemic(疫情).EvenwithasmartphoneinhandandtheInternet,manyofthemstillfeelhelpless.Theydon’tknowhowtocallataxithroughtheapps.Itisreportedthatmanyshopsrefusedtoserveelderswhodon’tknowhowtopaybysmartphones,insteadoflettingthempayincash(现金).Worsestill,astheydon’tknowhowtogettheInternet-basedhealthcode(健康码),theyarerefusedtoentermanypublicplaces.Newtechnologiesbecomepopularbecausetheyareoftenofgreatuseinourdailylives.Butmanyseniorcitizens,especiallythosewholiveinthecountrysideorthosewhosegrown-upchildrendon’tlivewiththem,arenotabletousetheInternetorsmartphones.Therearedifferentreasonsforthis.Someseniorcitizenscan’taffordsmartphones.Othersmayfeelitdifficulttolearnnewthingslikeusingsmartphones.Thedigitalgap(差距)betweentheelderlyandtheyoungisbecomingbigger.However,theelderlyshouldnotbecomeasilentgroupwhoarekeptawayfromnewtechnologies.Itisourresponsibilitytohelpthembridgethedigitalgap,andbepatientwiththemwhentheyfacedifficultiescatchingup.9．ThenumbersinParagraph2showthat_________.A．threefourthsoftheelderscan’taffordsmartphonesB．thereareasmallnumberofseniorcitizensinChinaC．only17.9%oftheseniorcitizenscanusethesmartphonesD．manyeldersfailtoenjoytheconvenienceofnewtechnologies10．Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?________A．Mosteldersneedhelpinhowtousetheapps.B．It’samustforeveryonetohaveasmartphone.C．CashisnolongeracceptedintheshopsinChina.D．Manyshopsrefusetoofferservicetoseniorcitizens.11．Accordingtothepassage,thewritermayfeel_________aboutthesituationofseniorcitizens.A．Excited B．worried C．surprised D．angry12．Whatisthewriter’spurposeinwritingthispassage?________A．Toshownewtechnologiestoseniorcitizens.B．Toencourageseniorcitizenstolearnnewtechnologies.C．Toraisemoneyforpoorseniorcitizenstobuysmartphones.D．Tocallonpeopletohelpseniorcitizenswithnewtechnologies.DWhilemotherslookforwardtoMother’sDay,sellersexpecttheholidayevenmore.That’sbecausethemoneyspentonmeals,flowers,andotherpresentsaddsuptobillionsofdollars,andthespendingkeepsincreasingyearafteryear.Notsurprisingly,giftslikeringsandnecklacestopthelistwith$4.6billion.Tripscomeinsecondof$4.4billion.$2.6billionwillgotowardsbuyingflowers.Othersincludeclothing($2.1billion),electronics($2.1billion),andpersonalservices.Thoughmotherhoodhasbeencelebratedacrosstheworldforcenturies,thisofficial(官方的)USholidaystartedbecauseofthehardworkofAnnaJarvis.Shecameupwiththeideain1905tohonormomsforthehardworktheydofortheirfamilies.Thefirstcelebrationin1908ataMethodistchurchinGrafton,WestVirginia,wassuchasuccessthatJarvismadeuphermindtomaketheholidayanationalholiday.Toachievehergoal,shestartedawritingcampaign(运动)tonewspapersandlawmakersabouttheimportanceofaspecialdaytohonormothers.Whilemanystates,towns,andchurcheshadacceptedtheholidayby1912,ittookanothertwoyearsforPresidentWoodrowWilsontosetthesecondSundayinMayasofficialMother’sDay.However,soonaftertheholidaybecameofficial,sellersgottheopportunitytomarkettheirproducts.Jarviswasnotpleasedwiththis.Soshespentyearsspeakingoutandfightingagainstthe“profiteers(投机商)”.WhileMother’sDayhasbecomeincreasinglycommercial(商业的),mostmomswouldchoosespendingtimewiththeirfamiliesandabreakfromdailychoresovergoingtoexpensivestorestobuythings.SoonMother’sDaythisyear,dosomethingthoughtfullikemakingbreakfastordoinglaundry,andmoreimportantly,spendtimewithyourmomandgiveherahug!13．AccordingtoParagraph2,peoplearemostlikelytospendtheirmoneyon_________onMother’sDay.A．Trips B．flowers C．clothing D．ringsandnecklaces14．Thethirdparagraphmainlytellsushow_________.A．AnnaJarvisthankedhermother B．thewritingcampaignwasorganizedC．Mother’sDaybecameanofficialholiday D．PresidentWoodrowWilsonhonoredmothers15．Jarviswasunhappywiththeholidaylaterbecauseshe_________.A．wantedtostartabetterholiday B．failedtomaketheholidaypopularC．foundithardtogetitacceptedbypeople D．gotdisappointedatthewayofcelebration16．Wecaninferfromthelastparagraphthatmostmoms_________.A．prefercookingathometoeatingoutsideB．expectsurprisinggiftsfromtheirchildrenC．considerdailyhouseworkreallygreatpleasureD．considerMother’sDayachancetostaywithfamilies考向25阅读理解（2021·浙江衢州市·中考真题）HomeForumBlogsFeedbackI’mintrouble.Lastweek,wehadafootballmatch,andwelost.Weplayedwell,butoneteammatedidn’tdohisbest,Ithink.Itwaslikehewasn’tevenonthecourt!Disappointedbyhisbehaviour,Isaidallthistomybestfriend.ButhetoldeveryoneelsewhatI’dsaid.I’mreallyangrywithmyfriend-whatshouldIsaytohim?AndshouldIsayanythingatalltomyteammate?ReplyThereisanoldAmericansaying,“Looselipssinkships.”Thismeansthatifyouspeaktoomuchaboutsomething,especiallytopeoplewhoyoudon’tknowsowell,it’llcauseallkindsoftrouble.Maybenowyou’reinthissituation.Forgetalltheseunhappythings.Like13ReplyPerhapsmostimportantly,thinkaboutyourownbehaviour.Whenfilledwithanger,youwouldsaywhatevercomestoyourmind.Youmighthurtothers.Takeadeepbreath,calmdown,andalwaysremember:thinkfirst,speaklater.Like11ReplyInmyview（观点）,youshoulddowhatyourparentsask.They’remucholderthanyouandyoushouldrespectthem.It’stheirhouseyouliveinandtheirmoneyyouspend!Like10ReplyHere’swhatyouneedtodo.First,apologisetoyourteammate.Haveachatwithhim,andtellhimdirectlyandhonestlythatyouweretalkingwithoutthinking.Thentellyourfriendyou’reangrywithhimforrepeatingwhatyousaidandmakingthesituationworse,butyouhopeyourfriendshipwillmoveon.Like101．Tonypostedhisproblemsontheforuminorderto______.A．discussthematch B．showfootballskillsC．gethelpfromothers D．catchhisteammate’sattention2．WhichisLingling’sviewaccordingtothetext?______A．It’spoliteofyoutoapologiseintime.B．It’simportanttoaskyourparentsforhelp.C．It’snecessarytosaywhatevercomestoyourmind.D．It’shelpfultokeepcalmwhenyou’reangry.3．Whosereplyisnotrelevant（关联）toTony’sproblems?______A．Betty’s. B．Lingling’s. C．MsLi’s. D．Daming’s.【答案】1．C2．D3．D【分析】文章主要是几个人针对Tony遇到的麻烦进行回复，提出了各自的意见。1．细节理解题。根据“whatshouldIsaytohim?AndshouldIsayanythingatalltomyteammate?”可知，Tony是为了寻求解决办法，所以才把自己的问题发到论坛上，故选C。2．推理判断题。根据“Perhapsmostimportantly,thinkaboutyourownbehaviour.Whenfilledwithanger,youwouldsaywhatevercomestoyourmind.Youmighthurtothers.Takeadeepbreath,calmdown,andalwaysremember:thinkfirst,speaklater.”可知，玲玲认为生气时保持冷静是非常有用的，故选D。3．细节理解题。根据“Inmyview（观点）,youshoulddowhatyourparentsask.They’remucholderthanyouandyoushouldrespectthem.It’stheirhouseyouliveinandtheirmoneyyouspend!”可知，这里回复是与Tony的问题无关的，是Daming的回复，故选D。记叙文一、材料特点 人物故事类的阅读理解是中考英语的常考材料之一。这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。1.人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。2.短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生发展或结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件之间的关系、作者的态度及意图、故事前因和后果的推测等方面着手，考查考生对细节的辨认能力以及推理判断能力。二、解题技巧1.阅读人物传记类文章时应该抓住时间线索来获取有关信息，即主人翁在某个时间做过什么，然后通过分析推理、综合归纳的方法进行解题。2.阅读短篇故事类材料时，同学们一定要根据主要情节掌握文章主旨大意，同时抓住每一个细节，设身处地地根据文章内容揣摩作者的态度和意图，根据情节展开想象，这样的话即使是深层理解题也可迎刃而解。说明文＂英语说明文＂，顾名思义，就是一种以＂说明、解释＂为主要表达方式的英语文体。它是对客观事物的性状、特点、功能和用途等作科学解说的。它既不像故事那样重在情节的叙述和描写，也不像议论文那样，重在阐明主张和论点论据；更不像科幻作品那样富于想象和虚构夸张。说明文是通过解说事物、阐明事理，使人们增长知识和技能。说明文是高考英语阅读理解题中的重点内容之一。说明文具有与自己特点相适应的说明方法，因此说明文结构复杂，专业术语多，易于拉开考生分数档次，便于高校分层次选拔人才。然而对于考生来说说明文抽象度高，解题难度大。高考对说明文的考查多为科普知识，动植物特性、自然现象和新产品、新工艺介绍以及人文地理、风土人情等方面的说明文，文中解释性、定义性、说明性的句子居多。因此考生要掌握说明文的命题特点，叙述方式，以冷静的心态阅读原文，重点突破长句结构特点和逻辑关系，以便对其做出准确的语意理解。说明文阅读理解的特征一般说来，英语说明文与其他文体一样，文章所涉及的内容不外乎以下几个方面，即who→what→when→where→how→why。1.who：问的是这篇文章的主体是谁？（即所要说明和描述的人或事物）2.what：问的是主体做了什么事情？（即主体表现出的特性、功能和用途）3.when和where：是在何时何地发生的？（即何时何地所表现出的特性、功能和用途）4.how：通过什么方式表现出来的？5.why：这种特性功能用途的原因是什么？做说明文阅读理解题的时候，一定要记住上面的wh-word。边阅读，边搜记，牢记要点，把握全文。议论文议论文往往有观点，有事实，逻辑性强，命题往往从事实的有关细节及文章的主旨或作者的表达意图等方面着手，考查我们的思维能力和判断能力。所以考生要培养根据上下文猜词的能力，或者说根据情境能揣测作者的意图。议论文的阅读同其他体裁文章的阅读理解一样，可以有主旨大意、细节理解、推理判断、词义猜测等几种出题方式。二、解题方法：一、重视文章标题，找准全文主题句，把握文章主旨标题往往是全文的主题，审视标题，有利于理解全文，提高解题效率。主题句对全文起提示、启迪、概括、归纳之作用。根据主题句既可以知道文章议论的是什么，也可以知道作者希望读者了解主题方面的哪些内容。议论文题材偏难，但其框架一般都很清晰，多采用总—分—总的结构，交替使用正面和反面的论证方式。通常，先总说现象或观点；其次，正面陈述、反面论证；最后作者表明自己的态度，再次总结文章。通常主题句会出现在文章的首句或句末，在这些地方要多留意表示归纳的词汇，也可以在具体事例之后或之前的表示观点的陈述句中寻找。二、细读文章，注意文章细节理解除主旨题外，细节理解题也是阅读理解题中的基础题，它主要考查学生对文中的具体事例、数字、时间、地点等的理解。经常出现排序题(按事情发展顺序排序)，图表题(按文章内容找出正确图形)，正误题(依据文章内容对所列的陈述进行正误判断)。对这种题型，无论细节题如何变化形式，立足点都应是从文章中找出相应词句作为依据。虽然答案中有的细节在文中很清楚，但可能与问题无关。细节题的破解一般用寻读法，即先看试题，再读文章。对有关信息进行快速定位，再将相关信息进行整合、分析、对比，有根据地排除干扰项，选出正确答案。假如问题采用的是反向思维，题中含有not或except等表示否定意义的词，则需要更加留意。此法可以加强阅读的针对性，提高做题的准确率。做此类题目还要特别注意句子的逻辑关系。三、理解整体语篇，掌握作者意图做推理判断题要求考生在阅读理解整体语篇的同时，对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断，站在作者的视角，而不是主观臆断、凭空想象，从而走入误区。英语文章讲究使用主题段与主题句，段与段之间通常有过渡性词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯。有时文章还会在时间顺序、空间顺序或逻辑推理上运用较高级的手段进行组编。要想准确、深刻地理解文章，必须对文章的结构有所了解，把握全篇的文脉，即句内、句间和段落间的修辞手段或逻辑关系。作者往往在构思语篇前会进行预先设定：读者知道什么，不知道什么，读者可能与自己共同拥有什么样的生活经验、思想见地和需求欲望等，然后设计一些隐藏在语篇深层的＂潜台词＂。因此，这类试题要求考生利用主题句进行推测，揣摩文字背后作者的意图，运用背景知识去挖掘文章的深层含义，从而正确理解作者的言外之意，同时认真体会文章的语气与感情基调。四、多读多背，扩大词汇量，掌握猜词技巧由于当今的阅读文章题材广泛，体裁多样，经常出现一词多义，甚至出现没学过的词汇。许多学生感到困扰很大，有的甚至烦躁得难以坚持阅读下去。要解决阅读中的生词问题，一是要扩大英语词汇量，二是要学习并掌握一些猜测生词词义的方法，如：利用同义、反义、上义、下义、词的集合、词的搭配等关系；利用照应、替代、省略、定义、举例等情境关系；利用词缀、转化、合成等构词法；利用后置定语或同位语等语法结构；利用前后对比或因果推理法等。总之，想要提高阅读能力，尤其是对考生来说难度较大的议论文阅读，学生应能从篇章和试题双方面入手。通过观察、体验、探究等积极主动的学习方法，优化阅读理解中议论文的解题思路和方法策略，提高学生自主学习的能力。应用文阅读理解之应用文包含广告、招聘、咨询和建议、通知等类型的文章。满分技巧 纵观历年各省市的中考题可以看出广告图表类的文章在阅读理解中占有相当大的比重，一般四篇阅读理解中至少有一篇是广告图表类。广告图表类的文章属于应用文的行列。考生在阅读这类材料时，主要从两方面入手：一是了解图表的主题，确定图表的主要内容，二是推敲图画上的文字或数字，找出它们之间的关联或试图表达的含义。AWhatamIreading?Technologyhasgivenusachancetomoreinformationthaneverbeforeinhistory.Butthischancecomeswithgreatresponsibility.It’snotenoughtojustreadthenews-wehavetoknowhowtocriticallyevaluate(批判性地评估)it.Andthat’swhyIthinkpublicschoolsshouldoffermedialiteracycourses.Medialiteracyreferstotheabilitytoread,understandandevaluateanykindofmedia.Beingabletotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalseisanimportantpartofmedialiteracy.Unfortunately,itisaskillthatmanypeopledon’tseemtohave.Thislackofmedialiteracycanbeeasilyseenonsocialmedia.In2016,afake(假的)storyaboutawomanwinningthelottery(彩票)wassharedmorethan1.77milliontimesonFacebook.Thisisjustoneexampleofhowfarandwidefalseinformationcanspreadwhenpeopledon’thavemedialiteracy.▲Ifmedialiteracyistaughtinschools,kidswillgettheskillstheyneedtolookthroughadigitalworldfullofdisinformationandmisleadingstories.Manyoftheseskillsaresimple-forexample,beingabletotakealookatanewswebsiteandimmediatelytellifithasacertainkindofbias(偏见).Itisimportantthatkidslearntheseskillsfromanearlyage,asthemediafuturewillonlygetmorecrowdedastimegoesby.Learningtoseparatefactfromfiction(假想)willhelpkidsstayproperlyinformed(了解情况的)astheygrowupandlearnmoreabouttheworld.1．Whatismedialiteracyaccordingtothepassage?________A．Thehabittolookthroughnewwebsites.B．Areadingskillthatmanypeopledon’thave.C．Amethodtoreadandunderstandanykindofmedia.D．Theabilitytotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalse.2．Theexampleinparagraph3isgiventoshow________.A．howterribletheonlineworldis B．howwidefalseinformationcanspreadC．howtheonlineinformationinfluencesus D．howmanypeopleneedthemedialiteracy3．Whichofthefollowingcanbeputinthe▲inparagraph4?A．However,therearewaystofixthis. B．However,it’shardtolearntheskill.C．Sopeoplealwayshaveabiastowardsnews. D．Soit’snecessarytospreadrealinformation.4．Thewriterwrotethepassageto________.A．showusthedisadvantagesofthetechnologyB．suggestkidslearnabouttheworldfromanearlyageC．encourageustolearnmoreaboutonlineinformationD．callonschoolstoteachkidstocriticallyevaluateonlineinformation【答案】1．D2．B3．A4．D【分析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍培养媒介素养的重要性，呼吁学校教孩子们批判性地评估网络信息。1．细节理解题。根据“Medialiteracyreferstotheabilitytoread,understandandevaluateanykindofmedia.Beingabletotellwhetheranewsstoryistrueorfalseisanimportantpartofmedialiteracy.”可知，媒体素养是指阅读、理解和评估各种媒体的能力；能够辨别新闻报道的真假是媒体素养的重要组成部分。故选D。2．推理判断题。根据“Thisisjustoneexampleofhowfarandwidefalseinformationcanspreadwhenpeopledon’thavemedialiteracy.”可知，这个例子说明当人们没有媒体素养时，虚假信息可以传播多远、多广泛。故选B。3．推理判断题。后句“Ifmedialiteracyistaughtinschools,kidswillgettheskillstheyneedtolookthroughadigitalworldfullofdisinformationandmisleadingstories.”提出解决办法，选项A“然而，有一些方法可以解决这个问题”符合语境，故选A。4．主旨大意题。本文主要介绍培养媒介素养的重要性，作者呼吁学校教孩子们批判性地评估网络信息。故选D。BLifeartisastudent-runorganizationfoundedbyoneofmybestfriendsatmyschoolinBoston,US.Itsellsartworkandraisesmoneyforcancerresearch.Tocollectmoremoney,wesetoutontothestreetsofBostontosellourartworktothepubliclastspring.Wesetourselvesupneartheentranceofasubwaystationsothatwecouldgetmorecustomers.Itwasquitehardatfirst.Itwaswindythatday,soourcanvas(画布)keptfallingoverandthepricelabelskeptbeingblowingaway.Allofuswerequiteshyandwereabitafraidtoaskpeopleiftheywouldconsiderbuyingourartwork.Wewerealsoworriedaboutbeingdrivenaway.Oneofourgirls,Luna,triedtotalktoourfirstcustomer.Althoughhedidnotbuyanything,itgavesomecouragetotherestofus.Witheverynewcustomer,Lunabroughttoourlittlestand(摊位),wehadmorecourage.IalsosteppedforwardandtalkedtoaSouthKoreanwomanpassingby.Ifeltabitembarrassed(尴尬的)whenshesaidthatshedidn’thavetime.Butthankstothisshortconversationwithastranger,mycouragegrew.Ikepttalkingtomorepeople,includingsomeChinesepeople.Attheendoftheday,wesoldabout20piecesofart.Itmightnotbeasmuchaswehadexpected,butthecouragewegainedmadeupfortheday’sshortcomings(缺点).5．Whydidthewriterandhisfriendsselltheirartwork?________A．Becausetheywantedtofoundastudent-runorganization.B．Becausetheywerewillingtosharetheirworkswithothers.C．Becausetheywereaskedtotalktostrangersinthestreet.D．Becausetheyplannedtoraisemoneyforcancerresearch.6．Howdidtheyfeelatfirstwhensellingtheirartwork?________A．Excited. B．Confident. C．Nervous. D．Tired.7．Whomadethewriterkeeptalkingtomorepeople?________A．ThatgirlcalledLuna. B．Theirfirstcustomer.C．ASouthKoreanwoman. D．AChinesevisitor.8．Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat________.A．ThegirlsarepleasedwiththemoneytheyraisedatlastB．Thewriterwon’tfeelembarrassedanymoreinthefutureC．Thestudent-runorganizationwillbepopularwithyoungpeopleD．Thewritermaybemoreconfidenttocommunicatewithstrangers【答案】5．D6．C7．C8．D【分析】本文讲述了Lifeart是一个学生组织，由作者和最好的朋友在我的学校创立的，它出售艺术品，并为癌症研究筹集资金。刚开始还觉得尴尬，后来能有勇气和陌生人推荐。5．细节理解题。根据“Itsellsartworkandraisesmoneyforcancerresearch.”可知它出售艺术品，并为癌症研究筹集资金，故选D。6．细节理解题。根据“Itwasquitehardatfirst.”可知一开始挺难的，可推测出他们感受难过。故选C。7．细节理解题。根据“IalsosteppedforwardandtalkedtoaSouthKoreanwomanpassingby…mycouragegrew”可知和这位韩国妇人的对话使我更有勇气，故选C。8．推理判断题。根据“Butthankstothisshortconversationwithastranger,mycouragegrew.Ikepttalkingtomorepeople,includingsomeChinesepeople.”可知但多亏了和一个陌生人的这段简短对话，我的勇气增强了。我继续和更多的人交谈，包括一些中国人，可推测出作者更自信了，故选D。CThewidespreaduseofInternettechnologyhasmadeourliveseasierbutcausesabigchallengetoseniorcitizens(年长者),whoarenotalwayscomfortablewithsmartphonesandsomanynewapps.Onlyafewseniorcitizensareabletoenjoytheadvantagesthatnewtechnologiesoffer.AccordingtotheNationalBureauofStatistics,thenumberofpeopleaged60andabovewas255millionin2020,about17.9%ofChina’spopulation.Butonly23%ofthemwereabletousetheInternet.Thatmeansmorethanthree-fourthsoftheseniorcitizensarenotabletoenjoythedigital(数字的)advantages.Manyseniorcitizenswhocan’tusesmartphonesarefacingdifficultiesduringthispandemic(疫情).EvenwithasmartphoneinhandandtheInternet,manyofthemstillfeelhelpless.Theydon’tknowhowtocallataxithroughtheapps.Itisreportedthatmanyshopsrefusedtoserveelderswhodon’tknowhowtopaybysmartphones,insteadoflettingthempayincash(现金).Worsestill,astheydo